Viral infections arabic بالعربية
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ملخص محاضرة د. محمد حمو 
ملخص محاضرة د. محمد حمو Cezar Edward Lahhamالمؤتمر العاشر لكلية طب الاسنان - جامعة دمشق
اعداد: سيزار لحام
Periodontal surgery dentist cezarجراحة اللثة بالعربية 
Periodontal surgery dentist cezarجراحة اللثة بالعربية Cezar Edward LahhamFacebook page: Dentist Cezar د. سيزار
Periodontal surgery cezar pdf
Periodontal surgery cezar pdfCezar Edward LahhamThis document provides an outline for a chapter on periodontal surgery and access therapy techniques. It discusses the indications, classifications, and techniques for various periodontal surgeries including gingivectomy, Widman flap, papilla preservation flap, and osseous surgeries. Post-operative healing processes and advantages and disadvantages of different surgical approaches are also summarized.
Periodontal surgery Access Therapy
Periodontal surgery Access TherapyCezar Edward LahhamThis document provides an overview of periodontal surgery techniques. It begins with definitions of periodontal surgery indications and contraindications. Several flap techniques are then described in detail, including gingivectomy, Widman flap, Neumann flap, Kirkland flap, and apically positioned flap. For each technique, the document outlines the procedure, advantages, disadvantages, and healing process. It provides illustrations and defines important surgical instruments. In summary, the document is a chapter on periodontal surgery that classifies flap types and thoroughly explains common periodontal soft tissue and bone modification procedures.
Irrigation in endodontics
Irrigation in endodonticsCezar Edward LahhamThis document provides an outline and overview of various irrigants used in endodontics (root canal treatment). It discusses the components of the dental pulp that need to be removed during root canal treatment and the ideal characteristics of an irrigant. Several commonly used irrigants are described in detail, including sodium hypochlorite, chlorine dioxide, EDTA, citric acid, and chlorhexidine. The document outlines the advantages and disadvantages of each irrigant and notes important interactions between irrigants. The goal of irrigation is to fully cleanse the root canal of both organic and inorganic tissues and microbes.
Tooth movement bio histo
Tooth movement bio histoCezar Edward LahhamCezar Edward Lahham graduated from Al-Quds University in 2018 with a BDS and MJDF. The document discusses various topics related to physiologic and orthodontic tooth movement including theories of tooth eruption, migration/drift of teeth, tooth movement during mastication, piezoelectric effects, force magnitudes, anchorage, modes of tooth movement, and effects of drugs on orthodontic treatment. It provides detailed explanations of the biological processes and cellular activities involved in different types of tooth movement in response to forces.
Root resorption by Cezar edward lahham "BDS"
Root resorption by Cezar edward lahham "BDS"Cezar Edward LahhamThis document discusses root resorption, including its causes, treatment, and relationship to pulpal infection and other dental procedures. It notes that root resorption can be caused by pressure, infection, chemicals, mechanical trauma, or unknown factors. Treatment involves removing the stimulus, such as through endodontic therapy or surgery. If the stimulation is small, repair may occur, but large stimulation can lead to replacement resorption or ankylosis. The document provides guidance on treating different patterns of internal or external resorption depending on pulpal health and location on the root.
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Ischemic heart disease & DentistryCezar Edward LahhamIschemic heart disease is caused by a constriction of the coronary arteries reducing blood supply and oxygen to the heart. Key predisposing factors include smoking, hypertension, high fat diet, stress, and genetic predisposition. There are different types of ischemic heart disease including chronic forms with no acute symptoms, angina which causes temporary chest pain, and myocardial infarction where there is irreversible damage due to complete artery occlusion. Management involves stopping any dental treatment, activating emergency services, giving medications like nitroglycerin and aspirin, and oxygen supplementation. Dental procedures require consideration of medications the patient is taking and reducing stress and trauma.
Orthodontics Removable appliances ch17
Orthodontics Removable appliances ch17Cezar Edward Lahham1. Removable appliances use tipping movements to move teeth since they apply a single point of contact to the tooth crown.
2. They can influence eruption of opposing teeth using flat bite planes or buccal capping.
3. Removable appliances are useful for applying extraoral traction to segments of teeth for intrusion and distal movement.
Management of incomplete root apex for vital tooth
Management of incomplete root apex for vital toothCezar Edward LahhamThis document outlines the management of incomplete root formation in vital teeth. It discusses the embryology of tooth development, factors that can influence root development, and the goal of apexogenesis to promote continued root development and closure of the apex. Three techniques for apexogenesis are described: indirect pulp capping, direct pulp capping, and pulpotomy. For each technique, the definition, goals, indications, contraindications, materials used, and procedure are explained. Calcium hydroxide and MTA are highlighted as common medicaments used. Successful outcomes of apexogenesis include continued root development, a calcified barrier over the radicular pulp, and maintenance of pulp vitality and normal responses to testing.
Ch12 openbite
Ch12 openbiteCezar Edward LahhamThis document discusses anterior and posterior open bites, including their definitions, causes, and management approaches. Anterior open bite is defined as a lack of overlap of the front teeth, while posterior open bite is a space between back teeth when biting. Causes of anterior open bite include skeletal growth patterns, soft tissue factors like tongue position, habits like digit sucking, localized developmental issues, and sometimes mouth breathing. Management can involve removing causes, orthodontic treatment like headgear or appliances, or in severe cases, surgery. Posterior open bite has a less clear etiology but may relate to vertical growth, eruption issues, or unilateral condylar hyperplasia in rare cases.
Ch9 Eruption -Pediatric dentistry McDonald
Ch9 Eruption -Pediatric dentistry McDonaldCezar Edward LahhamThis document discusses various factors related to tooth eruption patterns in humans, including:
- Hormonal and genetic influences on the timing and sequence of eruption.
- Conditions like Down syndrome and cleidocranial dysplasia that cause delayed or abnormal eruption.
- Local factors like premature loss of primary teeth or ankylosis that can influence eruption.
- Rare occurrences of natal or neonatal teeth emerging at birth or within the first month of life.
Ch3 Orthodontics "management of developing dentition
Ch3 Orthodontics "management of developing dentitionCezar Edward LahhamThis document summarizes the 4 stages of dental development: gum pad, primary dentition, mixed dentition, and permanent dentition. It describes normal sequences of eruption and development as well as some abnormalities that can occur such as natal teeth, eruption cysts, delayed or failed eruption, premature loss of primary teeth, retained primary teeth, impacted permanent molars, dilaceration, supernumerary teeth, and habits affecting development. It provides guidance on management of space issues and timing of extractions in the mixed dentition to facilitate proper alignment of permanent teeth.
Ch5 orthodontic assessment Dentistry
Ch5 orthodontic assessment DentistryCezar Edward LahhamThis document summarizes the process of conducting an orthodontic assessment, which includes taking a full patient history, performing a clinical examination, and collecting diagnostic records. The clinical examination involves assessing the patient's teeth and jaws both intra-orally and extra-orally to evaluate dental alignment, occlusal relationships, and facial aesthetics. Diagnostic records such as study models, photographs, and radiographs are also collected to aid in diagnosis, treatment planning, and monitoring of treatment. The information gathered is then used to form a problem list that allows the clinician to make an accurate diagnosis.
Ch 7 treat plan orthodontics
Ch 7 treat plan orthodonticsCezar Edward LahhamThe document discusses orthodontic treatment planning. It covers assessing the patient's concerns and expectations, facial aesthetics, dental alignment, and skeletal relationships. Treatment options for malocclusions include orthodontic camouflage, growth modification, or orthodontics with surgery. Space analysis is used to determine how much space is needed and can be created in each arch. Informed consent involves discussing treatment options and risks with the patient.
Ch2 lec2 orthodontics "Classifications "
Ch2 lec2 orthodontics "Classifications "Cezar Edward LahhamThis chapter discusses the classification and etiology of malocclusion. Malocclusion can result from genetic factors, environmental factors, or a combination. Environmental influences include habits like digit-sucking and premature tooth loss from caries or trauma. Several commonly used classification systems are described, including Angle's classification (Classes I, II, III based on molar relationship), the British Standards Institute classification (based on incisor relationship), and the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN) which evaluates dental health and psychosocial impacts. The goal of orthodontic treatment is a functional occlusion without interference or pathology, though lack of an ideal occlusion may not cause long-term issues.
Ch1 lec2 Orthodontics Introduction
Ch1 lec2 Orthodontics IntroductionCezar Edward LahhamThis document provides an overview of the rationale for orthodontic treatment. It discusses how malocclusion can negatively impact dental health issues like caries and periodontal disease as well as psychosocial well-being and self-esteem. The document also outlines some risks of orthodontic treatment like root resorption, loss of periodontal support, demineralization, soft tissue damage, and pulpal injury. It emphasizes that orthodontic treatment is most effective when there is good cooperation between the orthodontist and patient.
Principles in metallic rpd design ..... Video 1 : https://www.dropbox.com/s/...
Principles in metallic rpd design ..... Video 1 : https://www.dropbox.com/s/...Cezar Edward Lahhamhttps://www.dropbox.com/s/239jwdbylob4ggu/prosto%202_0001.wmv?dl=0
https://www.dropbox.com/s/rc5r1wyjqggplme/prosto_0001.wmv?dl=0
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lec1 part 1 oral and mfs Dentistry ...By Dr.Ahmad OweidahCezar Edward LahhamThis document outlines the key things to examine for 3 common pathologies:
1. Lumps - Assess size, duration, causes, associated lymph nodes, shape, color, consistency, attachment, pain, and changes in size and location.
2. Ulcers - Note size, shape, count, edges, adjacent tissue discharge or raise.
3. Pain - Characterize as continuous or intermittent, severity, radiation, onset, duration, aggravating and relieving factors.
Further investigations such as hematology tests, vitality tests, and radiology may also be needed.
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Class II Divison 1 Orthodontics Dentistry by Cezar E.Cezar Edward Lahham1. Orthodontics describes Class II division 1 malocclusions which involve the lower incisors lying behind the upper incisors, increasing overjet.
2. Causes include skeletal patterns like a retrusive mandible, soft tissues, dental factors like crowding, and habits like digit sucking which can procline the upper incisors.
3. Treatment planning considers the patient's age, difficulty of treatment, stability of overjet reduction, and facial appearance. Options include growth modification, orthodontic camouflage like retracting upper incisors, or surgery.
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Class i orthodontics DentistryCezar Edward LahhamThis document discusses Class I malocclusions, which involve a normal anteroposterior relationship between the upper and lower jaws but have discrepancies within the arches. Common causes include tooth size-arch size discrepancies leading to crowding or spacing. Treatment depends on factors such as the severity of crowding, presence of other dental issues, and the patient's profile and preferences. For missing teeth, options are to close spaces or open them for prosthetics, considering the skeletal pattern, smile line, and other adjacent teeth. Bimaxillary proclination involves proclined upper and lower incisors, making treatment difficult as both arches need retroclining.
Class III Orthodontics Dentistry by Cezar E.
Class III Orthodontics Dentistry by Cezar E.Cezar Edward Lahham1) Class III malocclusions involve the lower incisors positioned anteriorly to the upper incisors. The main causes are skeletal (increased mandibular length or reduced maxillary length), soft tissue, and dental factors like upper arch crowding.
2) Treatment planning considers the severity, growth potential, dentoalveolar compensation, and overbite. Options include accepting the incisor relationship, early orthopaedic treatment like face masks, orthodontic camouflage involving tooth movement, or orthognathic surgery.
3) Early orthopaedic treatment aims to protract the maxilla using face masks or bone-anchored protraction. Orthodontic cam
ريادة الاعمال الباب الرابع.أ.د. هاني عاطف
ريادة الاعمال الباب الرابع.أ.د. هاني عاطفHany Atefدراسة الجدوى للمشروعات الصغيرة
دراسة الجدوى هي العملية التي تهدف إلى تقييم ما إذا كان المشروع سيحقق النجاح المالي والتشغيلي المتوقع أم لا. تعتبر دراسة الجدوى خطوة أساسية في عملية تأسيس المشروعات الصغيرة، حيث تساهم في تحديد مدى قابلية المشروع للتنفيذ وتساعد في اتخاذ قرارات مستنيرة بشأن الاستثمار والموارد.
أهمية دراسة الجدوى للمشروعات الصغيرة
تحديد قابلية الفكرة: تساهم دراسة الجدوى في التأكد من أن فكرة المشروع قابلة للتنفيذ وتلبي حاجة في السوق.
تقييم المخاطر: تساعد في تحديد المخاطر المحتملة التي قد تواجه المشروع، مما يتيح لرائد الأعمال التعامل معها بشكل مسبق.
تحديد الاحتياجات المالية: من خلال دراسة الجدوى يمكن تحديد التمويل اللازم لبدء المشروع وتنفيذه بشكل فعال.
تحديد الجدوى المالية: تساهم الدراسة في تقدير الأرباح والعوائد المحتملة للمشروع، مما يساعد في تحديد إذا ما كان المشروع سيكون مربحًا أم لا.
زيادة فرص النجاح: من خلال التحليل الدقيق للعوامل المختلفة، تساعد دراسة الجدوى في تحسين فرصة نجاح المشروع وزيادة فعاليته.
الإبداع والابتكار ريادة الاعمال الباب الثالث الاستاذ الدكتور هاني عاطف
الإبداع والابتكار ريادة الاعمال الباب الثالث الاستاذ الدكتور هاني عاطفHany Atefتعريف الإبداع وأهميته في ريادة الأعمال
تعريف الإبداع
الإبداع هو القدرة على إنتاج أفكار جديدة ومبتكرة، أو إيجاد حلول غير تقليدية لمشاكل قائمة. يتضمن التفكير خارج المألوف والتفكير النقدي لتحويل الأفكار إلى أفعال أو منتجات يمكن أن تضيف قيمة للمجتمع أو السوق. في سياق ريادة الأعمال، الإبداع لا يقتصر فقط على ابتكار منتجات جديدة، بل يشمل أيضًا طرقًا جديدة لإدارة الأعمال، تطوير العمليات، وتحقيق التميز في تقديم الخدمات.
أهمية الإبداع في ريادة الأعمال
التمييز في السوق
في بيئة الأعمال التنافسية، يصبح الإبداع أحد العوامل الرئيسية التي تميز الشركات الناشئة عن منافسيها. ابتكار منتجات جديدة أو تقديم خدمات بطريقة مختلفة يعزز من قدرة المشروع على جذب انتباه العملاء وخلق قيمة مضافة.
حل المشكلات
ريادة الأعمال تتطلب القدرة على حل المشكلات بشكل مبتكر، سواء كانت تتعلق بتلبية احتياجات السوق أو تحسين العمليات الداخلية. الإبداع يساعد رواد الأعمال على إيجاد حلول فعالة للتحديات التي قد تواجههم، مما يعزز استدامة أعمالهم.
تحقيق النمو والابتكار
الأعمال التي تعتمد على الإبداع تكون أكثر قدرة على التكيف مع التغيرات في السوق. الابتكار المستمر لا يؤدي فقط إلى تحسين المنتجات والخدمات، بل يفتح أيضًا آفاقًا جديدة للنمو والتوسع في أسواق جديدة.
جذب المستثمرين
الأفكار الإبداعية تجذب اهتمام المستثمرين، الذين يبحثون عن مشاريع تتمتع بإمكانات نمو عالية وأفكار مبتكرة تميزها عن المنافسين. الاستثمار في الأفكار الجديدة قد يوفر رأس المال اللازم لتطوير الأعمال.
تحقيق التفوق التنافسي
الشركات التي تعتمد على الإبداع تتمكن من تقديم حلول متميزة أو منتجات مبتكرة تمنحها ميزة تنافسية كبيرة. هذا التفوق يساعد في الحفاظ على حصتها السوقية وتوسيع نطاق تأثيرها.
استراتيجيات الابتكار وتطوير الأفكار في ريادة الأعمال
الابتكار هو عنصر أساسي لضمان نجاح المشاريع الريادية والنمو المستدام. يمكن للابتكار أن يكون العامل المميز بين الشركات التي تنجح وتلك التي تفشل. من خلال تبني استراتيجيات مبتكرة لتطوير الأفكار، يمكن لرواد الأعمال التميز في السوق، وحل المشكلات، وتحقيق النمو. فيما يلي استراتيجيات فعالة لتطوير الأفكار والابتكار في ريادة الأعمال:
التفكير التصميمي (Design Thinking)
الشرح: التفكير التصميمي هو منهجية تركز على المستخدم وتساعد على الابتكار عبر خمس مراحل: التعاطف مع المستخدمين، تحديد المشكلة، توليد الأفكار، إنشاء النماذج الأولية، والاختبار.
الفائدة: هذه الاستراتيجية تركز على إيجاد حلول عملية وملموسة للمشاكل من خلال فهم عميق لاحتياجات العملاء، مما يعزز من فعالية الأفكار والمنتجات المطروحة.
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2. Ulcers - Note size, shape, count, edges, adjacent tissue discharge or raise.
3. Pain - Characterize as continuous or intermittent, severity, radiation, onset, duration, aggravating and relieving factors.
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ريادة الاعمال الباب الرابع.أ.د. هاني عاطف
ريادة الاعمال الباب الرابع.أ.د. هاني عاطفHany Atefدراسة الجدوى للمشروعات الصغيرة
دراسة الجدوى هي العملية التي تهدف إلى تقييم ما إذا كان المشروع سيحقق النجاح المالي والتشغيلي المتوقع أم لا. تعتبر دراسة الجدوى خطوة أساسية في عملية تأسيس المشروعات الصغيرة، حيث تساهم في تحديد مدى قابلية المشروع للتنفيذ وتساعد في اتخاذ قرارات مستنيرة بشأن الاستثمار والموارد.
أهمية دراسة الجدوى للمشروعات الصغيرة
تحديد قابلية الفكرة: تساهم دراسة الجدوى في التأكد من أن فكرة المشروع قابلة للتنفيذ وتلبي حاجة في السوق.
تقييم المخاطر: تساعد في تحديد المخاطر المحتملة التي قد تواجه المشروع، مما يتيح لرائد الأعمال التعامل معها بشكل مسبق.
تحديد الاحتياجات المالية: من خلال دراسة الجدوى يمكن تحديد التمويل اللازم لبدء المشروع وتنفيذه بشكل فعال.
تحديد الجدوى المالية: تساهم الدراسة في تقدير الأرباح والعوائد المحتملة للمشروع، مما يساعد في تحديد إذا ما كان المشروع سيكون مربحًا أم لا.
زيادة فرص النجاح: من خلال التحليل الدقيق للعوامل المختلفة، تساعد دراسة الجدوى في تحسين فرصة نجاح المشروع وزيادة فعاليته.
الإبداع والابتكار ريادة الاعمال الباب الثالث الاستاذ الدكتور هاني عاطف
الإبداع والابتكار ريادة الاعمال الباب الثالث الاستاذ الدكتور هاني عاطفHany Atefتعريف الإبداع وأهميته في ريادة الأعمال
تعريف الإبداع
الإبداع هو القدرة على إنتاج أفكار جديدة ومبتكرة، أو إيجاد حلول غير تقليدية لمشاكل قائمة. يتضمن التفكير خارج المألوف والتفكير النقدي لتحويل الأفكار إلى أفعال أو منتجات يمكن أن تضيف قيمة للمجتمع أو السوق. في سياق ريادة الأعمال، الإبداع لا يقتصر فقط على ابتكار منتجات جديدة، بل يشمل أيضًا طرقًا جديدة لإدارة الأعمال، تطوير العمليات، وتحقيق التميز في تقديم الخدمات.
أهمية الإبداع في ريادة الأعمال
التمييز في السوق
في بيئة الأعمال التنافسية، يصبح الإبداع أحد العوامل الرئيسية التي تميز الشركات الناشئة عن منافسيها. ابتكار منتجات جديدة أو تقديم خدمات بطريقة مختلفة يعزز من قدرة المشروع على جذب انتباه العملاء وخلق قيمة مضافة.
حل المشكلات
ريادة الأعمال تتطلب القدرة على حل المشكلات بشكل مبتكر، سواء كانت تتعلق بتلبية احتياجات السوق أو تحسين العمليات الداخلية. الإبداع يساعد رواد الأعمال على إيجاد حلول فعالة للتحديات التي قد تواجههم، مما يعزز استدامة أعمالهم.
تحقيق النمو والابتكار
الأعمال التي تعتمد على الإبداع تكون أكثر قدرة على التكيف مع التغيرات في السوق. الابتكار المستمر لا يؤدي فقط إلى تحسين المنتجات والخدمات، بل يفتح أيضًا آفاقًا جديدة للنمو والتوسع في أسواق جديدة.
جذب المستثمرين
الأفكار الإبداعية تجذب اهتمام المستثمرين، الذين يبحثون عن مشاريع تتمتع بإمكانات نمو عالية وأفكار مبتكرة تميزها عن المنافسين. الاستثمار في الأفكار الجديدة قد يوفر رأس المال اللازم لتطوير الأعمال.
تحقيق التفوق التنافسي
الشركات التي تعتمد على الإبداع تتمكن من تقديم حلول متميزة أو منتجات مبتكرة تمنحها ميزة تنافسية كبيرة. هذا التفوق يساعد في الحفاظ على حصتها السوقية وتوسيع نطاق تأثيرها.
استراتيجيات الابتكار وتطوير الأفكار في ريادة الأعمال
الابتكار هو عنصر أساسي لضمان نجاح المشاريع الريادية والنمو المستدام. يمكن للابتكار أن يكون العامل المميز بين الشركات التي تنجح وتلك التي تفشل. من خلال تبني استراتيجيات مبتكرة لتطوير الأفكار، يمكن لرواد الأعمال التميز في السوق، وحل المشكلات، وتحقيق النمو. فيما يلي استراتيجيات فعالة لتطوير الأفكار والابتكار في ريادة الأعمال:
التفكير التصميمي (Design Thinking)
الشرح: التفكير التصميمي هو منهجية تركز على المستخدم وتساعد على الابتكار عبر خمس مراحل: التعاطف مع المستخدمين، تحديد المشكلة، توليد الأفكار، إنشاء النماذج الأولية، والاختبار.
الفائدة: هذه الاستراتيجية تركز على إيجاد حلول عملية وملموسة للمشاكل من خلال فهم عميق لاحتياجات العملاء، مما يعزز من فعالية الأفكار والمنتجات المطروحة.
كلمات و رسائل المشاركین حول المؤتمر الدولي العاشر حول القضايا الراهنة للغات،...
كلمات و رسائل المشاركین حول المؤتمر الدولي العاشر حول القضايا الراهنة للغات،...The Annual International Conference on Languages, Linguistics, Translation and Literatureكلمات و رسائل المشاركین
حول
المؤتمر الدولي العاشر حول القضايا الراهنة للغات، علم اللغة، الترجمة و الأدب
2-1 فبرایر 2025 ، الأهواز
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تم استلام البحوث من بلدان مختلفة (و ذلک من الجزائر، العراق، سلطنة عمان، تونس، روسيا، كندا، قطر، اليابان، الولايات المتحدة، فرنسا، إسبانيا). و قد تم تحكيم هذه البحوث عبر اللجنة الأخصائية الدولية للمؤتمر و من ثَمّ طبعها و نشرها. كان تقديم البحوث في المؤتمر بإحدی اللغات التالیة: العربیة، الإنجلیزیة و الفارسیة.
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إدارة التسويق والمبيعات la présentations
إدارة التسويق والمبيعات la présentationsMustamahola présentation traite lestechniques de commercialisation
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الإبداع والابتكار ريادة الاعمال الباب الثالث الاستاذ الدكتور هاني عاطف
الإبداع والابتكار ريادة الاعمال الباب الثالث الاستاذ الدكتور هاني عاطفHany Atef
كلمات و رسائل المشاركین حول المؤتمر الدولي العاشر حول القضايا الراهنة للغات،...
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