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introduction x-ray crystallography history single x-ray diffraction x ray crystallography procedure uses of x-ray x-ray diffraction crystallography x-ray faisal-ur-rehman technology evolution pcr paper software testing research software software testing complete steps to manage chemical waste pcr primer designing primer primer designing primer for pcr lenght of primer gc contents dna recombinant dna procedure management waste chemical chemistry advantages and disadvantages pros & cons production agriculture biotecnology agriculture bioinformatics biotechnology statistics biology c++ java memory organization in computer architecture memory access methods volatile memory sequential access non-volatile memory memory hierarchy random access direct access main memory dram sram nvram ram: random access memory rom: read only memory auxiliary memory cache memory associative memory hit ratio mathematics recombinant dna technolog technology of dna emerging infectious diseases health security climate changes polio mitigate health healthcare viral infections virus pakistan health issues food security food health security partners computer software applications apps