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Titration or titrimetry

R
RISHABH SHARMA

Titration, also known as titrimetry, is a technique used to determine the concentration of an unknown solution by reacting it with a solution of known concentration. The principle is that a titrant of known concentration is added from a burette to the analyte until the chemical reaction between them is complete. Titration relies on acid-base, precipitation, complexometric, or redox reactions and is indicated by color changes from an indicator. It is a widely used analytical technique due to its accuracy, speed, low cost, and simplicity.

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Titration or Titrimetry
- Rishabh Sharma (M.Sc. ES) CEEES Department Deen bandhu Chhotu ram University of Science and Technology (DCRUST), Murthal, Sonepat Haryana.
CONTENTS Introduction Principle of titration Terms used in titration Concentration Terms Titrimetric calculation Titrimetric apparatus Types of titration Fields of use Advantages of titration
Introduction A technique for determining the concentration of a solution by measuring the volume of one solution needed to completely react with another solution. Titration process involves addition of solution of known conc. from burette to the measured volume of analyte.
Principle of titration Principle of titration:- It is based on the complete chemical reaction between the analyte and the reagent (titrant) of known concentration. Analyte + Titrant Product
Terms used in titration Analyte Analyte:- The solution of unknown concentration but known volume. Titrant:- The solution of known concentration.
Standard solution:- A solution of known concentration is called the standard solution. Types of standard solution:- 1) Primary standard:- It has certain properties: (a)Extremely pure. (b)Highly stable. (c) Can be weighed easily. For e.g. Na2CO3.
2) Secondary standard:- It has certain properties:- (a) Less pure than primary standard. (b) Less stable than primary standard. (c) Can not be weighed easily. For e.g. NaOH, HCl
Equivalence Point Equivalence Point:- Point where the amount of two reactants are just equivalent . End point:- The point at which the reaction seems to be complete, this point is usually seen with the help of indicator.
Indicator Indicator:- An auxiliary substance which helps in the usual detection of the completion of the titration process at the end point. For examples:- Methyl orange, Phenolphthalein, Cresol red, Thymol blue.
Concentration Terms Concentration Terms:- The concentration of standard solutions (titrants) are generally expressed in units of either molarity (CM, or M) or normality (CN, or N). Molarity (M):-It is the number of moles of a solute dissolved per liter of the solution. Normality(N):- It is the gram equivalent weight of solute dissolved per litre of solution. Molality(m):- It is the number of moles of
Titrimetric calculation Titrimetric calculation:- It is based on the following law of equivalence:- NaVa = NsVs or MaVa = MsVs Where, Na is the normality of analyte. Va is the volume of the analyte. Ns is the normality of standard solution. Vs is the volume of standard solution used. Ma is the molarity of analyte. Ms is the molarity of standard solution.
Titrimetric apparatus
Types of titration Types of titration:- 1.Acid-base titrations 2.Complexometric titrations 3.Redox titrations 4.Precipitation titrations
Acid base Titration(neutralization) Acid base Titration( neutralization):- A sample of unknown concentration of acid is estimated with a known concentrated base or vice-verse. acid + base water + salt HCl + NaOH ------> H2O + NaCl
Complexometric Titrations Complexometric Titrations:- As the name indicates, the end point is seems by formation of a complex molecule. Here titrant and titrand react to form a complex till end point is reached. Once complex is formed, the complex is stable and not further reaction takes place. Ca+2 + EDTA-4 ------> CaEDTA-2 Mg In + EDTA-4 ------> MgEDTA-2 + -2
Redox titration Redox titration:- Redox titration is based on the redox reaction (oxidation-reduction) between analyte and titrant. For example:- 6 Fe2+ + 14 H+ + Cr2O7 2- => 6 Fe3+ + 2Cr3+ + 7 H2O MnO4 (Purple Pink) + 8 H+ + 5 Fe2+ ==>Mn2+(colorless) + 5 Fe3+ + 4 H2O
Precipitation titrations Precipitation titrations:- The titrations which are based on the formation of insoluble precipitates, when the solutions of two reacting substances are brought in contact with each other, are called Precipitation titration. Ag+(aq)+ Cl(aq) AgCl(s)
Fields of use Fields of use:- Titration is a widely applied analytical technique. Some areas where titration is used are given below:- Agriculture, Oil Industry, Chemical industry, Pharmaceuticals, Food Industry.
Advantages of titration There are several reasons why titration is used in laboratories worldwide:- 1)Titration is an established analytical technique. 2)It is fast 3) It is a very accurate and precise technique. 4) Titration offers a good price/performance ratio as compared to more sophisticated techniques. 5) It can be used by low-skilled and low- trained operators.
Titration or titrimetry

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Titration or titrimetry

  • 2. - Rishabh Sharma (M.Sc. ES) CEEES Department Deen bandhu Chhotu ram University of Science and Technology (DCRUST), Murthal, Sonepat Haryana.
  • 3. CONTENTS Introduction Principle of titration Terms used in titration Concentration Terms Titrimetric calculation Titrimetric apparatus Types of titration Fields of use Advantages of titration
  • 4. Introduction A technique for determining the concentration of a solution by measuring the volume of one solution needed to completely react with another solution. Titration process involves addition of solution of known conc. from burette to the measured volume of analyte.
  • 5. Principle of titration Principle of titration:- It is based on the complete chemical reaction between the analyte and the reagent (titrant) of known concentration. Analyte + Titrant Product
  • 6. Terms used in titration Analyte Analyte:- The solution of unknown concentration but known volume. Titrant:- The solution of known concentration.
  • 7. Standard solution:- A solution of known concentration is called the standard solution. Types of standard solution:- 1) Primary standard:- It has certain properties: (a)Extremely pure. (b)Highly stable. (c) Can be weighed easily. For e.g. Na2CO3.
  • 8. 2) Secondary standard:- It has certain properties:- (a) Less pure than primary standard. (b) Less stable than primary standard. (c) Can not be weighed easily. For e.g. NaOH, HCl
  • 9. Equivalence Point Equivalence Point:- Point where the amount of two reactants are just equivalent . End point:- The point at which the reaction seems to be complete, this point is usually seen with the help of indicator.
  • 10. Indicator Indicator:- An auxiliary substance which helps in the usual detection of the completion of the titration process at the end point. For examples:- Methyl orange, Phenolphthalein, Cresol red, Thymol blue.
  • 11. Concentration Terms Concentration Terms:- The concentration of standard solutions (titrants) are generally expressed in units of either molarity (CM, or M) or normality (CN, or N). Molarity (M):-It is the number of moles of a solute dissolved per liter of the solution. Normality(N):- It is the gram equivalent weight of solute dissolved per litre of solution. Molality(m):- It is the number of moles of
  • 12. Titrimetric calculation Titrimetric calculation:- It is based on the following law of equivalence:- NaVa = NsVs or MaVa = MsVs Where, Na is the normality of analyte. Va is the volume of the analyte. Ns is the normality of standard solution. Vs is the volume of standard solution used. Ma is the molarity of analyte. Ms is the molarity of standard solution.
  • 14. Types of titration Types of titration:- 1.Acid-base titrations 2.Complexometric titrations 3.Redox titrations 4.Precipitation titrations
  • 15. Acid base Titration(neutralization) Acid base Titration( neutralization):- A sample of unknown concentration of acid is estimated with a known concentrated base or vice-verse. acid + base water + salt HCl + NaOH ------> H2O + NaCl
  • 16. Complexometric Titrations Complexometric Titrations:- As the name indicates, the end point is seems by formation of a complex molecule. Here titrant and titrand react to form a complex till end point is reached. Once complex is formed, the complex is stable and not further reaction takes place. Ca+2 + EDTA-4 ------> CaEDTA-2 Mg In + EDTA-4 ------> MgEDTA-2 + -2
  • 17. Redox titration Redox titration:- Redox titration is based on the redox reaction (oxidation-reduction) between analyte and titrant. For example:- 6 Fe2+ + 14 H+ + Cr2O7 2- => 6 Fe3+ + 2Cr3+ + 7 H2O MnO4 (Purple Pink) + 8 H+ + 5 Fe2+ ==>Mn2+(colorless) + 5 Fe3+ + 4 H2O
  • 18. Precipitation titrations Precipitation titrations:- The titrations which are based on the formation of insoluble precipitates, when the solutions of two reacting substances are brought in contact with each other, are called Precipitation titration. Ag+(aq)+ Cl(aq) AgCl(s)
  • 19. Fields of use Fields of use:- Titration is a widely applied analytical technique. Some areas where titration is used are given below:- Agriculture, Oil Industry, Chemical industry, Pharmaceuticals, Food Industry.
  • 20. Advantages of titration There are several reasons why titration is used in laboratories worldwide:- 1)Titration is an established analytical technique. 2)It is fast 3) It is a very accurate and precise technique. 4) Titration offers a good price/performance ratio as compared to more sophisticated techniques. 5) It can be used by low-skilled and low- trained operators.