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residual stress welding creep resistive heater alternating current ear comfort consumer human ear nextengine hearing protection skin discomfort geomagic finite element model hyperelastic 3dmd interior ballistics critical flaw size engraving fatigue fatigue life optimisation design optimisation seam welding automotive body steel minimum-weight structures automotive chassis refractory metal three-phase multi-physics high temperature ac powder metallurgy electromagnetic force tungsten elastic-plastic strength structural integrity connection steam assisted gravity drainage (sagd) casing thermal cycles cyclic steam stimulation (css) sealing thermal wells bending constitutive model springback polymer plasticity viscoplasticity deformation viscoelasticity gun launch fracture mechanics design optimization multidisciplinary process turbines collaborative engineering data and process management impact damage abaqus/explicit composites bird strike contact airplane structures high lift devices coupled eulerian lagrangian analysis connected structures abaqus seismic analysis polymer material modeling