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Structural Geology

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Akram Suleiman
Akram Suleiman

This document provides an overview of structural geology. It discusses key topics including rock formations, plate tectonics, faults and folds, unconformities, mountain building, the geologic time scale, deformation, geological maps, geological resources and hazards, environmental geology, and practical applications of structural geology in civil engineering.

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1. Students' Work Hashem Ahmad Al-zawareh 2213271 2. Tareq Zeyad Al-kharabsheh 2214005 Geology project titled: Structural Geology Supervised by Dr. Akram Suleiman https://youtu.be/yQKinboHF8A Video Link :
Structural Geology Structural geology is the study of how rocks are formed, deformed, and distributed in the Earth's crust. It examines the processes that create geological features such as mountain ranges, faults, and earthquakes.
Structural Geology Basics Structural geology is the study of the composition and formation of the Earth's crust, including rocks, faults, and deformations. Studying these elements helps to understand the shape, history, and evolution of the Earth over time. This information can be used in civil engineering, environmental sciences, and other fields.
Rock Formations Volcanic Rocks Volcanic rocks are formed from magma or lava that has cooled. Sedimentary Rocks Sedimentary rocks are formed from compressed deposits and fossils. Metamorphic Rocks Metamorphic rocks are formed when previous rocks are exposed to high temperatures and pressures. Rock Cycle Rocks are continuously formed, broken down, and reformed in the rock cycle.
Plate Tectonics Earth's Crust The Earth's crust is divided into several solid plates. Convergent Plate Boundaries Where two plates collide and push upwards to form mountains. Divergent Plate Boundaries Where two plates move away from each other, creating a gap that is filled with volcanic magma. Transform Plate Boundaries Where two plates slide past each other, generating earthquakes.
Faults and Folds 1 Reverse Faults Where the hanging wall moves up relative to the footwall 2 3 Normal Faults Where the hanging wall moves down relative to the footwall Strike Slip Faults A fault with a low-angle fault surface monoclines Where rocks are folded into a simple arch Anticlines &Synclines Where rocks are folded into troughs and basins Overturned Folds Where one limb of the fold is tilted more than the vertical
Unconformity An unconformity is a buried erosional or non-depositional surface separating two rock masses or strata of different ages, indicating that a gap of time exists in the deposition. Angular Unconformity When sedimentary rocks are deposited on top of tilted or folded sedimentary or metamorphic rocks. Disconformity When sedimentary rocks are deposited on top of horizontal sedimentary rocks that have been eroded. Nonconformity When sedimentary rocks are deposited on top of either igneous or metamorphic rocks. 1 Conformable Beds Continuous layers of sedimentary rocks Inconformable Beds Interruption in the deposition of sedimentary rocks due to erosion or non- deposition. 2 that are deposited without interruption.
Mountain Building Mountains form when tectonic plates move and collide with each other. The rocks can bend, fold, and break during this process, resulting in the formation of mountain ranges, plains, and valleys. 1 Geography Mountains are one of the most important natural features in the world, and they affect the geographical, environmental, and cultural patterns of the areas where they are located. 2 Topography Mountain topography varies greatly, including mountain peaks, sharp edges, sloping foothills, deep valleys, and caves.
Geologic Time Scale Quaternary The current epoch, which began about 2.6 million years ago Neogene Extends from 23.03 to 2.6 million years ago Paleogene Extends from 65.5 to 23.03 million years ago Cretaceous Extends from 145.5 to 65.5 million years ago Fossils Fossils are used to identify geological rock layers Relative Dating Determining geological rock layers by studying the rock layers and different types of rocks within those layers Absolute Dating Determining geological rock layers by radiometric dating
Deformation 1 Hooke's Law Deformation is directly proportional to the applied force 2 Elastic Deformation Deformation that occurs in a plastic manner in response to stress 3 Brittle Deformation Deformation that occurs in a manner that involves little or no plastic deformation 4 Folding Deformation that occurs when rocks are bent and twisted Fracture The tendency of rocks to break along planes of weakness Fracture Characteristics The factors that affect how rocks behave under stress Deformation Mechanisms The way in which rock materials change in shape or size
Geological Maps Topographic Maps Geological Maps Satellite Images Maps showing surface features such as mountains, valleys, and rivers Maps showing types of rocks, geological structures, and mineral deposits Images of the Earth obtained by satellite or high-altitude aircraft
Geological Resources 1 Oil and Gas Fossil fuel used as an energy source 2 Iron Metallic element 3 Coal Fossil fuel used for electricity generation 4 Uranium Metallic element used in nuclear power Phosphorus Chemical element used in fertilizers and food production Copper Metallic element used in electrical wiring and piping systems Gold and Silver Metallic elements used in jewelry and currency
Geological Hazards Earthquakes Sudden shaking of the Earth's surface caused by movement of tectonic plates Volcanoes Underground gases and magma erupting from the Earth's surface Landslides Rapid movement of rocks, soil, or debris down a slope 1 Floods Heavy rainfall and snowmelt causing rivers and lakes to overflow 2 Tsunamis Giant waves caused by earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, or landslides in the ocean
Environmental Geology Climate Change Changes in global climate patterns due to human activity Land Degradation Loss of soil fertility and plant productivity Pollution Presence of harmful substances in the environment Sustainability Responsible use of natural earth resources to create sustainable and livable environments Green Energy Production of renewable energy sources such as solar and wind energy Waste Management Collection, transportation, and disposal of waste materials from homes, businesses, and industries
Practical Applications of Structural Geology in Civil Engineering Structural geology plays an important role in civil engineering, where geological information can be used to determine suitable locations for building structures and designing roads, bridges and tunnels. It can also be used to determine the locations of mines and sources of raw materials. 1 Geological Design Geological information can be used to design buildings, roads, bridges, tunnels and hydraulic works in a way that avoids problems arising from changes in terrain and ground conditions. 2 Mineral Exploration Geological information can be used to locate mines and potential sources of metals, minerals, and raw materials and design exploration and mining operations.

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Structural Geology

  • 1. 1. Students' Work Hashem Ahmad Al-zawareh 2213271 2. Tareq Zeyad Al-kharabsheh 2214005 Geology project titled: Structural Geology Supervised by Dr. Akram Suleiman https://youtu.be/yQKinboHF8A Video Link :
  • 2. Structural Geology Structural geology is the study of how rocks are formed, deformed, and distributed in the Earth's crust. It examines the processes that create geological features such as mountain ranges, faults, and earthquakes.
  • 3. Structural Geology Basics Structural geology is the study of the composition and formation of the Earth's crust, including rocks, faults, and deformations. Studying these elements helps to understand the shape, history, and evolution of the Earth over time. This information can be used in civil engineering, environmental sciences, and other fields.
  • 4. Rock Formations Volcanic Rocks Volcanic rocks are formed from magma or lava that has cooled. Sedimentary Rocks Sedimentary rocks are formed from compressed deposits and fossils. Metamorphic Rocks Metamorphic rocks are formed when previous rocks are exposed to high temperatures and pressures. Rock Cycle Rocks are continuously formed, broken down, and reformed in the rock cycle.
  • 5. Plate Tectonics Earth's Crust The Earth's crust is divided into several solid plates. Convergent Plate Boundaries Where two plates collide and push upwards to form mountains. Divergent Plate Boundaries Where two plates move away from each other, creating a gap that is filled with volcanic magma. Transform Plate Boundaries Where two plates slide past each other, generating earthquakes.
  • 6. Faults and Folds 1 Reverse Faults Where the hanging wall moves up relative to the footwall 2 3 Normal Faults Where the hanging wall moves down relative to the footwall Strike Slip Faults A fault with a low-angle fault surface monoclines Where rocks are folded into a simple arch Anticlines &Synclines Where rocks are folded into troughs and basins Overturned Folds Where one limb of the fold is tilted more than the vertical
  • 7. Unconformity An unconformity is a buried erosional or non-depositional surface separating two rock masses or strata of different ages, indicating that a gap of time exists in the deposition. Angular Unconformity When sedimentary rocks are deposited on top of tilted or folded sedimentary or metamorphic rocks. Disconformity When sedimentary rocks are deposited on top of horizontal sedimentary rocks that have been eroded. Nonconformity When sedimentary rocks are deposited on top of either igneous or metamorphic rocks. 1 Conformable Beds Continuous layers of sedimentary rocks Inconformable Beds Interruption in the deposition of sedimentary rocks due to erosion or non- deposition. 2 that are deposited without interruption.
  • 8. Mountain Building Mountains form when tectonic plates move and collide with each other. The rocks can bend, fold, and break during this process, resulting in the formation of mountain ranges, plains, and valleys. 1 Geography Mountains are one of the most important natural features in the world, and they affect the geographical, environmental, and cultural patterns of the areas where they are located. 2 Topography Mountain topography varies greatly, including mountain peaks, sharp edges, sloping foothills, deep valleys, and caves.
  • 9. Geologic Time Scale Quaternary The current epoch, which began about 2.6 million years ago Neogene Extends from 23.03 to 2.6 million years ago Paleogene Extends from 65.5 to 23.03 million years ago Cretaceous Extends from 145.5 to 65.5 million years ago Fossils Fossils are used to identify geological rock layers Relative Dating Determining geological rock layers by studying the rock layers and different types of rocks within those layers Absolute Dating Determining geological rock layers by radiometric dating
  • 10. Deformation 1 Hooke's Law Deformation is directly proportional to the applied force 2 Elastic Deformation Deformation that occurs in a plastic manner in response to stress 3 Brittle Deformation Deformation that occurs in a manner that involves little or no plastic deformation 4 Folding Deformation that occurs when rocks are bent and twisted Fracture The tendency of rocks to break along planes of weakness Fracture Characteristics The factors that affect how rocks behave under stress Deformation Mechanisms The way in which rock materials change in shape or size
  • 11. Geological Maps Topographic Maps Geological Maps Satellite Images Maps showing surface features such as mountains, valleys, and rivers Maps showing types of rocks, geological structures, and mineral deposits Images of the Earth obtained by satellite or high-altitude aircraft
  • 12. Geological Resources 1 Oil and Gas Fossil fuel used as an energy source 2 Iron Metallic element 3 Coal Fossil fuel used for electricity generation 4 Uranium Metallic element used in nuclear power Phosphorus Chemical element used in fertilizers and food production Copper Metallic element used in electrical wiring and piping systems Gold and Silver Metallic elements used in jewelry and currency
  • 13. Geological Hazards Earthquakes Sudden shaking of the Earth's surface caused by movement of tectonic plates Volcanoes Underground gases and magma erupting from the Earth's surface Landslides Rapid movement of rocks, soil, or debris down a slope 1 Floods Heavy rainfall and snowmelt causing rivers and lakes to overflow 2 Tsunamis Giant waves caused by earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, or landslides in the ocean
  • 14. Environmental Geology Climate Change Changes in global climate patterns due to human activity Land Degradation Loss of soil fertility and plant productivity Pollution Presence of harmful substances in the environment Sustainability Responsible use of natural earth resources to create sustainable and livable environments Green Energy Production of renewable energy sources such as solar and wind energy Waste Management Collection, transportation, and disposal of waste materials from homes, businesses, and industries
  • 15. Practical Applications of Structural Geology in Civil Engineering Structural geology plays an important role in civil engineering, where geological information can be used to determine suitable locations for building structures and designing roads, bridges and tunnels. It can also be used to determine the locations of mines and sources of raw materials. 1 Geological Design Geological information can be used to design buildings, roads, bridges, tunnels and hydraulic works in a way that avoids problems arising from changes in terrain and ground conditions. 2 Mineral Exploration Geological information can be used to locate mines and potential sources of metals, minerals, and raw materials and design exploration and mining operations.