Chapter 5 Medical Math
- 1. Chapter 5 Medical Math © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
- 2. Importance of Math • Frequently used in health care • Requires 100 percent accuracy • Errors can have dire consequences © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
- 3. Math Anxiety • Common problem • Impedes performance • Can be overcome • False beliefs versus reality © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
- 4. Question • True or False: – If a person currently has problems with math, it can be assumed that it will always be a problem. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
- 5. Answer • False • Math anxiety – Learned behavior – Can be overcome © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
- 6. Basic Calculations • Whole numbers – Add – Subtract – Multiply – Divide © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
- 7. Decimals • Expressed in units of ten • Placement values • Zero used before decimal point if number begins to right of decimal point © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
- 8. Working with Decimals • Placement of decimal – Add – Subtract – Multiply – Divide © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
- 9. Fractions • Represents part of a whole • Numerator • Denominator © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
- 10. Working with Fractions • Add • Subtract • Multiply • Divide • Improper fractions • Reducing fractions © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
- 11. Percentages • Expresses whole or part of a whole • Whole expressed as 100 percent • Convert to decimal – Then perform calculation © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
- 12. Ratios • Show relationships between numbers or like values • Compare presence of one value to another • Frequently used to express strength of solution © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
- 13. Converting Decimals, Fractions, and Percentages • Decimal to fraction • Decimal to percentage • Fraction to decimal • Fraction to percentage © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
- 14. Converting Decimals, Fractions, and Percentages • Percentage to decimal • Percentage to fraction • Percentage to ratio • Ratio to percentage © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
- 15. Question • True or False: – ¾, 75%, and 0.75 are all equivalent. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
- 16. Answer • True • ¾ – Fraction – If converted to percentage = 75% – If converted to decimal = 0.75 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
- 17. Rounding Numbers • What does it mean? – Round up – Round down © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
- 18. Question • What is 2.346 rounded to the nearest tenth? A. 2 B. 2.3 C. 2.35 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
- 19. Answer • B. 2.3 • 2.346 rounded to nearest tenth = 2.3 • 2.346 rounded to nearest whole number = 2 • 2.346 rounded to nearest hundredth = 2.35 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
- 20. Solving with Proportions • Statement of equality between two ratios • Used for converting from one unit to another • Steps for solving problems © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
- 21. Estimating • Anticipate results • Determine if answer is reasonable • Calculate approximate answer © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
- 22. Question • If the order is to give 2 grams of a medication and you have 1,000 milligram tablets, how many tablets would you give? A. ½ tablet B. 2 tablets C. 4 tablets © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
- 23. Answer • B. 2 tablets • 1 gram = 1,000 milligrams – 2 grams = 2,000 milligrams or 2 tablets • ½ tablet = 500 milligrams – 0.5 grams (too little) • 4 tablets = 4,000 milligrams – 4 grams (too much) © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
- 24. Military Time • 24-hour clock • No AM or PM • Avoids errors • 12th hour = noon • 24th hour = midnight © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
- 25. Question • True or False: – The military time of 1600 is the same as 6 p.m. traditional time. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
- 26. Answer • False • 1600 = 4 p.m. • 6 p.m. would be 1800 military time © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
- 27. Military Clock © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
- 28. Roman Numerals • Arabic versus Roman numerals • All numbers from seven key numerals – I, V, X, L, C, D, and M © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
- 29. Roman Numerals Rules • If smaller numeral is in front of larger numeral • If smaller numeral is after larger numeral • If same numeral is repeated • Limit to number of times numeral is placed next to itself © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
- 30. Question • How would 43 be written in Roman numerals? A. XLIII B. XXXXIII C. XXXI © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
- 31. Answer • A. XLIII • XLIII = 43 • XXXXIII incorrect – Same numeral cannot be placed next to itself more than three times • XXXI = 31 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
- 32. Angles • Comparison to reference plane • Using angles in health care • Measured in units – Degrees © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
- 33. Angles © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
- 34. Systems of Measurement • Three systems – Distance • Length – Capacity • Volume – Mass • Weight © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
- 35. Systems of Measurement • Nomenclature – Method of naming • Need to convert between systems © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
- 36. Household System • Used in U.S. • Nomenclature for distance/length • Nomenclature for capacity/volume • Nomenclature for mass/weight • Common equivalents • How to convert © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
- 37. Question • Which of the following is a capacity/volume unit in the household system? A. Inch B. Pound C. Ounce © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
- 38. Answer • C. Ounce • Ounce – Unit of measurement for capacity/volume in household system – Also unit of measurement for mass/weight © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
- 39. Answer • C. Ounce • Inch – Measurement for distance/length • Pound – Measurement for mass/weight © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
- 40. Metric System • Used in Europe • More accurate • Easier to use • Based on unit of ten • Convert units by moving decimal • Common prefixes © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
- 41. Metric System • Nomenclature for distance/length • Nomenclature for capacity/volume • Nomenclature for mass/weight © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
- 42. Question • How many centimeters are there in one meter? A. 10 B. 100 C. 1000 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
- 43. Answer • B. 100 • Meter – Base unit for distance/length in metric system – Centi = 1/100 – 1 meter = 100 centimeters © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
- 44. Apothecary System • Oldest and least used • Nomenclature for capacity/volume • Nomenclature for mass/weight • Common equivalents • How to convert • Roman numerals and abbreviation for half © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
- 45. Converting Systems • Why converting between systems is needed in health care • Common equivalencies between systems • Equivalencies frequently not exact • Steps to convert © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
- 46. Question • A patient reports that they drank 8 ounces (oz) of water. What is this in milliliters (mL)? A. 80 mL B. 120 mL C. 240 mL © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
- 47. Answer • C. 240 mL • 1 oz = 30 mL – 8 oz = 240 mL © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
- 48. Temperature Conversion • Fahrenheit (F) used in U.S. • Celsius (C) used in Europe • Boiling point and freezing point comparisons • Converting between Celsius and Fahrenheit readings © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
- 49. Temperature Scales © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
- 50. Question • True or False: – 37 degrees C is a normal reading. © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
- 51. Answer • True • 37 degrees C = 98.6 degrees F – Normal reading © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.