際際滷shows by User: AntonioAloisi1 / http://www.slideshare.net/images/logo.gif 際際滷shows by User: AntonioAloisi1 / Tue, 14 Jun 2022 18:15:00 GMT 際際滷Share feed for 際際滷shows by User: AntonioAloisi1 Workers managed by tech. An anticipatory & participatory approach /slideshow/workers-managed-by-tech-an-anticipatory-participatory-approach/251985323 euialoisimay2022-220614181500-2de70398
Paper presented at "Perspectives on Global Crises: Challenges and Opportunities" - 16th Max Weber Fellows June Conference, 15-17 June 2022, Badia Fiesolana]]>
Paper presented at "Perspectives on Global Crises: Challenges and Opportunities" - 16th Max Weber Fellows June Conference, 15-17 June 2022, Badia Fiesolana]]> Tue, 14 Jun 2022 18:15:00 GMT /slideshow/workers-managed-by-tech-an-anticipatory-participatory-approach/251985323 AntonioAloisi1@slideshare.net(AntonioAloisi1) Workers managed by tech. An anticipatory & participatory approach AntonioAloisi1 Paper presented at "Perspectives on Global Crises: Challenges and Opportunities" - 16th Max Weber Fellows June Conference, 15-17 June 2022, Badia Fiesolana <img style="border:1px solid #C3E6D8;float:right;" alt="" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/euialoisimay2022-220614181500-2de70398-thumbnail.jpg?width=120&amp;height=120&amp;fit=bounds" /><br> Paper presented at &quot;Perspectives on Global Crises: Challenges and Opportunities&quot; - 16th Max Weber Fellows June Conference, 15-17 June 2022, Badia Fiesolana
Workers managed by tech. An anticipatory & participatory approach from IE Law School, IE University
]]> 154 0 https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/euialoisimay2022-220614181500-2de70398-thumbnail.jpg?width=120&height=120&fit=bounds presentation Black http://activitystrea.ms/schema/1.0/post http://activitystrea.ms/schema/1.0/posted 0 Bringing the algorithm to court - ETUI workshop /slideshow/bringing-the-algorithm-to-court-etui-workshop/250555722 etui2021-211029103013
Socializing digital work via the courts? Antonio Aloisi (Marie Skodowska-Curie Fellow and Assistant Professor, IE Law School, IE University, Madrid) Labour rights & the digital transition: https://www.etui.org/events/labour-rights-digital-transition]]>
Socializing digital work via the courts? Antonio Aloisi (Marie Skodowska-Curie Fellow and Assistant Professor, IE Law School, IE University, Madrid) Labour rights & the digital transition: https://www.etui.org/events/labour-rights-digital-transition]]> Fri, 29 Oct 2021 10:30:13 GMT /slideshow/bringing-the-algorithm-to-court-etui-workshop/250555722 AntonioAloisi1@slideshare.net(AntonioAloisi1) Bringing the algorithm to court - ETUI workshop AntonioAloisi1 Socializing digital work via the courts? Antonio Aloisi (Marie Skodowska-Curie Fellow and Assistant Professor, IE Law School, IE University, Madrid) Labour rights & the digital transition: https://www.etui.org/events/labour-rights-digital-transition <img style="border:1px solid #C3E6D8;float:right;" alt="" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/etui2021-211029103013-thumbnail.jpg?width=120&amp;height=120&amp;fit=bounds" /><br> Socializing digital work via the courts? Antonio Aloisi (Marie Skodowska-Curie Fellow and Assistant Professor, IE Law School, IE University, Madrid) Labour rights &amp; the digital transition: https://www.etui.org/events/labour-rights-digital-transition
Bringing the algorithm to court - ETUI workshop from IE Law School, IE University
]]> 196 0 https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/etui2021-211029103013-thumbnail.jpg?width=120&height=120&fit=bounds presentation Black http://activitystrea.ms/schema/1.0/post http://activitystrea.ms/schema/1.0/posted 0 Regulation & the future of work. The employment relationship as innovation facilitator /slideshow/regulation-the-future-of-work-the-employment-relationship-as-innovation-facilitator/244513316 marcobiagiconference-210316122514
Full paper: Aloisi, Antonio and De Stefano, Valerio, Regulation and the Future of Work: The Employment Relationship as an Innovation Facilitator. International Labour Review, 159, 1, pp. 47-69, 2020, Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3572584]]>
Full paper: Aloisi, Antonio and De Stefano, Valerio, Regulation and the Future of Work: The Employment Relationship as an Innovation Facilitator. International Labour Review, 159, 1, pp. 47-69, 2020, Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3572584]]> Tue, 16 Mar 2021 12:25:14 GMT /slideshow/regulation-the-future-of-work-the-employment-relationship-as-innovation-facilitator/244513316 AntonioAloisi1@slideshare.net(AntonioAloisi1) Regulation & the future of work. The employment relationship as innovation facilitator AntonioAloisi1 Full paper: Aloisi, Antonio and De Stefano, Valerio, Regulation and the Future of Work: The Employment Relationship as an Innovation Facilitator. International Labour Review, 159, 1, pp. 47-69, 2020, Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3572584 <img style="border:1px solid #C3E6D8;float:right;" alt="" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/marcobiagiconference-210316122514-thumbnail.jpg?width=120&amp;height=120&amp;fit=bounds" /><br> Full paper: Aloisi, Antonio and De Stefano, Valerio, Regulation and the Future of Work: The Employment Relationship as an Innovation Facilitator. International Labour Review, 159, 1, pp. 47-69, 2020, Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3572584
Regulation & the future of work. The employment relationship as innovation facilitator from IE Law School, IE University
]]> 175 0 https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/marcobiagiconference-210316122514-thumbnail.jpg?width=120&height=120&fit=bounds presentation Black http://activitystrea.ms/schema/1.0/post http://activitystrea.ms/schema/1.0/posted 0 Platform work in the EU: lessons learned, legal developments and challenges ahead /slideshow/platform-work-in-the-eu-lessons-learned-legal-developments-and-challenges-ahead-235788015/235788015 draftece2020conferencealoisi-200617163538
Paper: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3556922 Besides discussing the key lessons learned from previous studies on platform work, Section 2 briefly illustrates the national trends and initiatives in policy making. At the same time, it presents and discusses the main outcomes of domestic litigation. After introducing the Pillar of Social Rights, Section 3 analyses two important achievements at the EU level, namely the Directive on transparent and predictable working conditions and the Recommendation on access to social protection for workers and the self-employed. In the same vein, Section 4 assesses the elasticity of the triad of EU Directives regulating atypical employment. It is argued that the narrow construction of their personal ambit of application may represent an insurmountable obstacle for platform workers. However, a dynamic and uniform interpretation of the CJEU case law could result in classifying some platform workers as falling under the scope of the social acquis in some socio-legal areas.]]>
Paper: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3556922 Besides discussing the key lessons learned from previous studies on platform work, Section 2 briefly illustrates the national trends and initiatives in policy making. At the same time, it presents and discusses the main outcomes of domestic litigation. After introducing the Pillar of Social Rights, Section 3 analyses two important achievements at the EU level, namely the Directive on transparent and predictable working conditions and the Recommendation on access to social protection for workers and the self-employed. In the same vein, Section 4 assesses the elasticity of the triad of EU Directives regulating atypical employment. It is argued that the narrow construction of their personal ambit of application may represent an insurmountable obstacle for platform workers. However, a dynamic and uniform interpretation of the CJEU case law could result in classifying some platform workers as falling under the scope of the social acquis in some socio-legal areas.]]> Wed, 17 Jun 2020 16:35:38 GMT /slideshow/platform-work-in-the-eu-lessons-learned-legal-developments-and-challenges-ahead-235788015/235788015 AntonioAloisi1@slideshare.net(AntonioAloisi1) Platform work in the EU: lessons learned, legal developments and challenges ahead AntonioAloisi1 Paper: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3556922 Besides discussing the key lessons learned from previous studies on platform work, Section 2 briefly illustrates the national trends and initiatives in policy making. At the same time, it presents and discusses the main outcomes of domestic litigation. After introducing the Pillar of Social Rights, Section 3 analyses two important achievements at the EU level, namely the Directive on transparent and predictable working conditions and the Recommendation on access to social protection for workers and the self-employed. In the same vein, Section 4 assesses the elasticity of the triad of EU Directives regulating atypical employment. It is argued that the narrow construction of their personal ambit of application may represent an insurmountable obstacle for platform workers. However, a dynamic and uniform interpretation of the CJEU case law could result in classifying some platform workers as falling under the scope of the social acquis in some socio-legal areas. <img style="border:1px solid #C3E6D8;float:right;" alt="" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/draftece2020conferencealoisi-200617163538-thumbnail.jpg?width=120&amp;height=120&amp;fit=bounds" /><br> Paper: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3556922 Besides discussing the key lessons learned from previous studies on platform work, Section 2 briefly illustrates the national trends and initiatives in policy making. At the same time, it presents and discusses the main outcomes of domestic litigation. After introducing the Pillar of Social Rights, Section 3 analyses two important achievements at the EU level, namely the Directive on transparent and predictable working conditions and the Recommendation on access to social protection for workers and the self-employed. In the same vein, Section 4 assesses the elasticity of the triad of EU Directives regulating atypical employment. It is argued that the narrow construction of their personal ambit of application may represent an insurmountable obstacle for platform workers. However, a dynamic and uniform interpretation of the CJEU case law could result in classifying some platform workers as falling under the scope of the social acquis in some socio-legal areas.
Platform work in the EU: lessons learned, legal developments and challenges ahead from IE Law School, IE University
]]> 333 0 https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/draftece2020conferencealoisi-200617163538-thumbnail.jpg?width=120&height=120&fit=bounds presentation Black http://activitystrea.ms/schema/1.0/post http://activitystrea.ms/schema/1.0/posted 0 Hierarchies without firms? Vertical disintegration, personal outsourcing and the nature of the platform /slideshow/hierarchies-without-firms-vertical-disintegration-personal-outsourcing-and-the-nature-of-the-platform/233580504 hierarchieswithoutfirmspremiorotamay11-200511160145
New forms of labour intermediation through digital platforms such as Uber, Deliveroo or Amazon Mechanical Turk can be conceptualized as the ultimate stage of a long-lasting process of disaggregation of the firm and disorganisation of labour law. In particular, the rise of platform-mediated work can be seen as a salient instantiation of deliberate business strategies aimed at developing outsourcing policies, while retaining intense and pervasive managerial prerogative. The phenomenon is exacerbating several unsolved tensions inherent to the contemporary world of work, let alone the perverse impact that platformization is having on precariousness and social inequalities. In short, new technologies allow to abandon traditional methods of workplace governance and to adopt a stronger version of the command and control logic. The lack of direct interaction is replaced by a significant reliance on ICT, workers are monitored more closely and intimately than they ever used to be by means of tech tools, including algorithms, artificial intelligence and customers reviews. This leads to the question whether the existing concept of firm is appropriate to face this transformational new reality, whether minor or major adaptations may be necessary or whether a total re-invention of the basic assumptions of labour law is needed in order to explain ground-breaking models. After describing the theoretical antecedents of hierarchical outsourcing, the article explores the literature on the nature of non-standard forms of firm by applying the analysis of transaction-costs economics. In an attempt to update the incomplete trichotomy between hierarchies, markets and networks, a complementary model combining pre-existing schemes will be presented. By building on theories unfolding the disarticulation of the formal employing entity and the pulverisation of work-related responsibilities, this paper demystifies the prototypical business model of rampant socio-economic actors. The overarching goal, indeed, is to place recent developments in a broader context.]]>
New forms of labour intermediation through digital platforms such as Uber, Deliveroo or Amazon Mechanical Turk can be conceptualized as the ultimate stage of a long-lasting process of disaggregation of the firm and disorganisation of labour law. In particular, the rise of platform-mediated work can be seen as a salient instantiation of deliberate business strategies aimed at developing outsourcing policies, while retaining intense and pervasive managerial prerogative. The phenomenon is exacerbating several unsolved tensions inherent to the contemporary world of work, let alone the perverse impact that platformization is having on precariousness and social inequalities. In short, new technologies allow to abandon traditional methods of workplace governance and to adopt a stronger version of the command and control logic. The lack of direct interaction is replaced by a significant reliance on ICT, workers are monitored more closely and intimately than they ever used to be by means of tech tools, including algorithms, artificial intelligence and customers reviews. This leads to the question whether the existing concept of firm is appropriate to face this transformational new reality, whether minor or major adaptations may be necessary or whether a total re-invention of the basic assumptions of labour law is needed in order to explain ground-breaking models. After describing the theoretical antecedents of hierarchical outsourcing, the article explores the literature on the nature of non-standard forms of firm by applying the analysis of transaction-costs economics. In an attempt to update the incomplete trichotomy between hierarchies, markets and networks, a complementary model combining pre-existing schemes will be presented. By building on theories unfolding the disarticulation of the formal employing entity and the pulverisation of work-related responsibilities, this paper demystifies the prototypical business model of rampant socio-economic actors. The overarching goal, indeed, is to place recent developments in a broader context.]]> Mon, 11 May 2020 16:01:44 GMT /slideshow/hierarchies-without-firms-vertical-disintegration-personal-outsourcing-and-the-nature-of-the-platform/233580504 AntonioAloisi1@slideshare.net(AntonioAloisi1) Hierarchies without firms? Vertical disintegration, personal outsourcing and the nature of the platform AntonioAloisi1 New forms of labour intermediation through digital platforms such as Uber, Deliveroo or Amazon Mechanical Turk can be conceptualized as the ultimate stage of a long-lasting process of disaggregation of the firm and disorganisation of labour law. In particular, the rise of platform-mediated work can be seen as a salient instantiation of deliberate business strategies aimed at developing outsourcing policies, while retaining intense and pervasive managerial prerogative. The phenomenon is exacerbating several unsolved tensions inherent to the contemporary world of work, let alone the perverse impact that platformization is having on precariousness and social inequalities. In short, new technologies allow to abandon traditional methods of workplace governance and to adopt a stronger version of the command and control logic. The lack of direct interaction is replaced by a significant reliance on ICT, workers are monitored more closely and intimately than they ever used to be by means of tech tools, including algorithms, artificial intelligence and customers reviews. This leads to the question whether the existing concept of firm is appropriate to face this transformational new reality, whether minor or major adaptations may be necessary or whether a total re-invention of the basic assumptions of labour law is needed in order to explain ground-breaking models. After describing the theoretical antecedents of hierarchical outsourcing, the article explores the literature on the nature of non-standard forms of firm by applying the analysis of transaction-costs economics. In an attempt to update the incomplete trichotomy between hierarchies, markets and networks, a complementary model combining pre-existing schemes will be presented. By building on theories unfolding the disarticulation of the formal employing entity and the pulverisation of work-related responsibilities, this paper demystifies the prototypical business model of rampant socio-economic actors. The overarching goal, indeed, is to place recent developments in a broader context. <img style="border:1px solid #C3E6D8;float:right;" alt="" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/hierarchieswithoutfirmspremiorotamay11-200511160145-thumbnail.jpg?width=120&amp;height=120&amp;fit=bounds" /><br> New forms of labour intermediation through digital platforms such as Uber, Deliveroo or Amazon Mechanical Turk can be conceptualized as the ultimate stage of a long-lasting process of disaggregation of the firm and disorganisation of labour law. In particular, the rise of platform-mediated work can be seen as a salient instantiation of deliberate business strategies aimed at developing outsourcing policies, while retaining intense and pervasive managerial prerogative. The phenomenon is exacerbating several unsolved tensions inherent to the contemporary world of work, let alone the perverse impact that platformization is having on precariousness and social inequalities. In short, new technologies allow to abandon traditional methods of workplace governance and to adopt a stronger version of the command and control logic. The lack of direct interaction is replaced by a significant reliance on ICT, workers are monitored more closely and intimately than they ever used to be by means of tech tools, including algorithms, artificial intelligence and customers reviews. This leads to the question whether the existing concept of firm is appropriate to face this transformational new reality, whether minor or major adaptations may be necessary or whether a total re-invention of the basic assumptions of labour law is needed in order to explain ground-breaking models. After describing the theoretical antecedents of hierarchical outsourcing, the article explores the literature on the nature of non-standard forms of firm by applying the analysis of transaction-costs economics. In an attempt to update the incomplete trichotomy between hierarchies, markets and networks, a complementary model combining pre-existing schemes will be presented. By building on theories unfolding the disarticulation of the formal employing entity and the pulverisation of work-related responsibilities, this paper demystifies the prototypical business model of rampant socio-economic actors. The overarching goal, indeed, is to place recent developments in a broader context.
Hierarchies without firms? Vertical disintegration, personal outsourcing and the nature of the platform from IE Law School, IE University
]]> 78 0 https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/hierarchieswithoutfirmspremiorotamay11-200511160145-thumbnail.jpg?width=120&height=120&fit=bounds presentation Black http://activitystrea.ms/schema/1.0/post http://activitystrea.ms/schema/1.0/posted 0 Artificial Intelligence is Watching You at Work - Digital Surveillance, Employee Monitoring & Regulatory Issues from a Civil Law Perspective /AntonioAloisi1/artificial-intelligence-is-watching-you-at-work-digital-surveillance-employee-monitoring-regulatory-issues-from-a-civil-law-perspective iloaloisigramanoartificialintelligenceiswatchingyouatwork1-190301102734
Antonio Aloisi European University Institute, Florence Elena Gramano Goethe University, Frankfurt ILO, Geneva, 28 Feb. - 1 Mar. 2019]]>
Antonio Aloisi European University Institute, Florence Elena Gramano Goethe University, Frankfurt ILO, Geneva, 28 Feb. - 1 Mar. 2019]]> Fri, 01 Mar 2019 10:27:34 GMT /AntonioAloisi1/artificial-intelligence-is-watching-you-at-work-digital-surveillance-employee-monitoring-regulatory-issues-from-a-civil-law-perspective AntonioAloisi1@slideshare.net(AntonioAloisi1) Artificial Intelligence is Watching You at Work - Digital Surveillance, Employee Monitoring & Regulatory Issues from a Civil Law Perspective AntonioAloisi1 Antonio Aloisi European University Institute, Florence Elena Gramano Goethe University, Frankfurt ILO, Geneva, 28 Feb. - 1 Mar. 2019 <img style="border:1px solid #C3E6D8;float:right;" alt="" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/iloaloisigramanoartificialintelligenceiswatchingyouatwork1-190301102734-thumbnail.jpg?width=120&amp;height=120&amp;fit=bounds" /><br> Antonio Aloisi European University Institute, Florence Elena Gramano Goethe University, Frankfurt ILO, Geneva, 28 Feb. - 1 Mar. 2019
Artificial Intelligence is Watching You at Work - Digital Surveillance, Employee Monitoring & Regulatory Issues from a Civil Law Perspective from IE Law School, IE University
]]> 780 9 https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/iloaloisigramanoartificialintelligenceiswatchingyouatwork1-190301102734-thumbnail.jpg?width=120&height=120&fit=bounds presentation Black http://activitystrea.ms/schema/1.0/post http://activitystrea.ms/schema/1.0/posted 0 Labour Law for the 鐃Changing World of Work - Antonio Aloisi /slideshow/labour-law-for-the-changing-world-of-work-antonio-aloisi/122536294 aloisimwp-seville-181109095526
II Seminario Internacional Sobre Nuevos Modelos De Trabajo Y Consumo: Econom鱈a Colaborativa Y Trabajo En Plataforma Seville, Spain. University of Seville. November 8 9, 2018]]>
II Seminario Internacional Sobre Nuevos Modelos De Trabajo Y Consumo: Econom鱈a Colaborativa Y Trabajo En Plataforma Seville, Spain. University of Seville. November 8 9, 2018]]> Fri, 09 Nov 2018 09:55:26 GMT /slideshow/labour-law-for-the-changing-world-of-work-antonio-aloisi/122536294 AntonioAloisi1@slideshare.net(AntonioAloisi1) Labour Law for the 鐃Changing World of Work - Antonio Aloisi AntonioAloisi1 II Seminario Internacional Sobre Nuevos Modelos De Trabajo Y Consumo: Econom鱈a Colaborativa Y Trabajo En Plataforma Seville, Spain. University of Seville. November 8 9, 2018 <img style="border:1px solid #C3E6D8;float:right;" alt="" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/aloisimwp-seville-181109095526-thumbnail.jpg?width=120&amp;height=120&amp;fit=bounds" /><br> II Seminario Internacional Sobre Nuevos Modelos De Trabajo Y Consumo: Econom鱈a Colaborativa Y Trabajo En Plataforma Seville, Spain. University of Seville. November 8 9, 2018
Labour Law for the Changing World of Work - Antonio Aloisi from IE Law School, IE University
]]> 463 5 https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/aloisimwp-seville-181109095526-thumbnail.jpg?width=120&height=120&fit=bounds presentation Black http://activitystrea.ms/schema/1.0/post http://activitystrea.ms/schema/1.0/posted 0 Workers without workplace, and unions without unity | Facing the collective challenges of platform-mediated labour /slideshow/workers-without-workplace-and-unions-without-unity/113905507 sintesidikuleuvenworkerswithoutworkplaceandunionswithoutunityfacingthecollectivechallengesofplatform-180911100610
In order for collective bargaining, unions and business and employers organisations to continue to be relevant, it may be urgent to adapt or reinvent the way they currently operate. Industrial Relations in Europe Conference (IREC) 2018 | Leuven 10-12 September 2018 (https://soc.kuleuven.be/ceso/wo/erlm/irec-conference-schedule)]]>
In order for collective bargaining, unions and business and employers organisations to continue to be relevant, it may be urgent to adapt or reinvent the way they currently operate. Industrial Relations in Europe Conference (IREC) 2018 | Leuven 10-12 September 2018 (https://soc.kuleuven.be/ceso/wo/erlm/irec-conference-schedule)]]> Tue, 11 Sep 2018 10:06:10 GMT /slideshow/workers-without-workplace-and-unions-without-unity/113905507 AntonioAloisi1@slideshare.net(AntonioAloisi1) Workers without workplace, and unions without unity | Facing the collective challenges of platform-mediated labour AntonioAloisi1 In order for collective bargaining, unions and business and employers organisations to continue to be relevant, it may be urgent to adapt or reinvent the way they currently operate. Industrial Relations in Europe Conference (IREC) 2018 | Leuven 10-12 September 2018 (https://soc.kuleuven.be/ceso/wo/erlm/irec-conference-schedule) <img style="border:1px solid #C3E6D8;float:right;" alt="" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/sintesidikuleuvenworkerswithoutworkplaceandunionswithoutunityfacingthecollectivechallengesofplatform-180911100610-thumbnail.jpg?width=120&amp;height=120&amp;fit=bounds" /><br> In order for collective bargaining, unions and business and employers organisations to continue to be relevant, it may be urgent to adapt or reinvent the way they currently operate. Industrial Relations in Europe Conference (IREC) 2018 | Leuven 10-12 September 2018 (https://soc.kuleuven.be/ceso/wo/erlm/irec-conference-schedule)
Workers without workplace, and unions without unity | Facing the collective challenges of platform-mediated labour from IE Law School, IE University
]]> 481 9 https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/sintesidikuleuvenworkerswithoutworkplaceandunionswithoutunityfacingthecollectivechallengesofplatform-180911100610-thumbnail.jpg?width=120&height=120&fit=bounds presentation White http://activitystrea.ms/schema/1.0/post http://activitystrea.ms/schema/1.0/posted 0 Does platformisation redefine the notion of the firm? /AntonioAloisi1/does-platformisation-redefine-the-notion-of-the-firm modenaplatformisation-180320113027
This presentation will describe the theoretical antecedents of dislocating business practices such as outsourcing, downsizing and restructuring. The main phases in the evolution of legal thinking about the topic of outsourcing in Italy and, more generally, in Europe will be reviewed. In an attempt to avoid presentism, or what historians consider blindness to the past, the evolution of the firm will be portrayed in accordance with a simplified timeline moving from the introduction of early automation to the rise of robotics, cloud computing and artificial intelligence. The chapter will contribute to the literature on the nature of the platform firm by extending the framework on its foundation with a transactional costs economics approach. Notably, the economist Coase offered an explanation for the growth of the vertically integrated firm and the development of the standard employment relationship which remains a valid basis to elucidate the interrelations between economic actors and their choices. After reviewing the prevailing discourse on the potential overlapping between hierarchies and the contract of employment, on the one hand, and markets and contract work, on the other, the common business model will be conceptualised as a combination between three classical templates, namely markets, hierarchy and networks. The expression Cerberus firm will be used to define a network company built as an online middleman which, thanks to rapid transactions on the market minimising operation and organisational costs, engages a pool of workers (that can be virtually recruited, effectively directed and persistently disciplined), while providing a wide range of services to any interested buyer, whether individual or commercial, in the context of a multi-sided market. Understanding the platforms business models might help ascertain whether workers are employed or self-employed. In most cases, indeed, potential power asymmetry and relational outsourcing are the prices for apparent flexibility. To this extent, a platform-oriented reading on contractual integration and relational contracts will be deployed. In doing so, reference will be made to the fissuring process (i.e. employers pushing more work outside their organisations and engaging a rising number of contractors, temporary workers and freelancers) that the archetype of the firm is currently undergoing in many industries. Based on potent managerial prerogatives and liquid responsibilities, such pattern contributes to the definition of an updated and sophisticated version of Taylors principles of scientific management. To sum it up, the presentation aims to supplement the perspectives on platforms by giving a legal and economic history of non-standard firms and (digital) technology, while recognising the unresolved tensions inherent in the contemporary world of work which may spill over to other sectors and disrupt more traditional industries.]]>
This presentation will describe the theoretical antecedents of dislocating business practices such as outsourcing, downsizing and restructuring. The main phases in the evolution of legal thinking about the topic of outsourcing in Italy and, more generally, in Europe will be reviewed. In an attempt to avoid presentism, or what historians consider blindness to the past, the evolution of the firm will be portrayed in accordance with a simplified timeline moving from the introduction of early automation to the rise of robotics, cloud computing and artificial intelligence. The chapter will contribute to the literature on the nature of the platform firm by extending the framework on its foundation with a transactional costs economics approach. Notably, the economist Coase offered an explanation for the growth of the vertically integrated firm and the development of the standard employment relationship which remains a valid basis to elucidate the interrelations between economic actors and their choices. After reviewing the prevailing discourse on the potential overlapping between hierarchies and the contract of employment, on the one hand, and markets and contract work, on the other, the common business model will be conceptualised as a combination between three classical templates, namely markets, hierarchy and networks. The expression Cerberus firm will be used to define a network company built as an online middleman which, thanks to rapid transactions on the market minimising operation and organisational costs, engages a pool of workers (that can be virtually recruited, effectively directed and persistently disciplined), while providing a wide range of services to any interested buyer, whether individual or commercial, in the context of a multi-sided market. Understanding the platforms business models might help ascertain whether workers are employed or self-employed. In most cases, indeed, potential power asymmetry and relational outsourcing are the prices for apparent flexibility. To this extent, a platform-oriented reading on contractual integration and relational contracts will be deployed. In doing so, reference will be made to the fissuring process (i.e. employers pushing more work outside their organisations and engaging a rising number of contractors, temporary workers and freelancers) that the archetype of the firm is currently undergoing in many industries. Based on potent managerial prerogatives and liquid responsibilities, such pattern contributes to the definition of an updated and sophisticated version of Taylors principles of scientific management. To sum it up, the presentation aims to supplement the perspectives on platforms by giving a legal and economic history of non-standard firms and (digital) technology, while recognising the unresolved tensions inherent in the contemporary world of work which may spill over to other sectors and disrupt more traditional industries.]]> Tue, 20 Mar 2018 11:30:27 GMT /AntonioAloisi1/does-platformisation-redefine-the-notion-of-the-firm AntonioAloisi1@slideshare.net(AntonioAloisi1) Does platformisation redefine the notion of the firm? AntonioAloisi1 This presentation will describe the theoretical antecedents of dislocating business practices such as outsourcing, downsizing and restructuring. The main phases in the evolution of legal thinking about the topic of outsourcing in Italy and, more generally, in Europe will be reviewed. In an attempt to avoid presentism, or what historians consider blindness to the past, the evolution of the firm will be portrayed in accordance with a simplified timeline moving from the introduction of early automation to the rise of robotics, cloud computing and artificial intelligence. The chapter will contribute to the literature on the nature of the platform firm by extending the framework on its foundation with a transactional costs economics approach. Notably, the economist Coase offered an explanation for the growth of the vertically integrated firm and the development of the standard employment relationship which remains a valid basis to elucidate the interrelations between economic actors and their choices. After reviewing the prevailing discourse on the potential overlapping between hierarchies and the contract of employment, on the one hand, and markets and contract work, on the other, the common business model will be conceptualised as a combination between three classical templates, namely markets, hierarchy and networks. The expression Cerberus firm will be used to define a network company built as an online middleman which, thanks to rapid transactions on the market minimising operation and organisational costs, engages a pool of workers (that can be virtually recruited, effectively directed and persistently disciplined), while providing a wide range of services to any interested buyer, whether individual or commercial, in the context of a multi-sided market. Understanding the platforms business models might help ascertain whether workers are employed or self-employed. In most cases, indeed, potential power asymmetry and relational outsourcing are the prices for apparent flexibility. To this extent, a platform-oriented reading on contractual integration and relational contracts will be deployed. In doing so, reference will be made to the fissuring process (i.e. employers pushing more work outside their organisations and engaging a rising number of contractors, temporary workers and freelancers) that the archetype of the firm is currently undergoing in many industries. Based on potent managerial prerogatives and liquid responsibilities, such pattern contributes to the definition of an updated and sophisticated version of Taylors principles of scientific management. To sum it up, the presentation aims to supplement the perspectives on platforms by giving a legal and economic history of non-standard firms and (digital) technology, while recognising the unresolved tensions inherent in the contemporary world of work which may spill over to other sectors and disrupt more traditional industries. <img style="border:1px solid #C3E6D8;float:right;" alt="" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/modenaplatformisation-180320113027-thumbnail.jpg?width=120&amp;height=120&amp;fit=bounds" /><br> This presentation will describe the theoretical antecedents of dislocating business practices such as outsourcing, downsizing and restructuring. The main phases in the evolution of legal thinking about the topic of outsourcing in Italy and, more generally, in Europe will be reviewed. In an attempt to avoid presentism, or what historians consider blindness to the past, the evolution of the firm will be portrayed in accordance with a simplified timeline moving from the introduction of early automation to the rise of robotics, cloud computing and artificial intelligence. The chapter will contribute to the literature on the nature of the platform firm by extending the framework on its foundation with a transactional costs economics approach. Notably, the economist Coase offered an explanation for the growth of the vertically integrated firm and the development of the standard employment relationship which remains a valid basis to elucidate the interrelations between economic actors and their choices. After reviewing the prevailing discourse on the potential overlapping between hierarchies and the contract of employment, on the one hand, and markets and contract work, on the other, the common business model will be conceptualised as a combination between three classical templates, namely markets, hierarchy and networks. The expression Cerberus firm will be used to define a network company built as an online middleman which, thanks to rapid transactions on the market minimising operation and organisational costs, engages a pool of workers (that can be virtually recruited, effectively directed and persistently disciplined), while providing a wide range of services to any interested buyer, whether individual or commercial, in the context of a multi-sided market. Understanding the platforms business models might help ascertain whether workers are employed or self-employed. In most cases, indeed, potential power asymmetry and relational outsourcing are the prices for apparent flexibility. To this extent, a platform-oriented reading on contractual integration and relational contracts will be deployed. In doing so, reference will be made to the fissuring process (i.e. employers pushing more work outside their organisations and engaging a rising number of contractors, temporary workers and freelancers) that the archetype of the firm is currently undergoing in many industries. Based on potent managerial prerogatives and liquid responsibilities, such pattern contributes to the definition of an updated and sophisticated version of Taylors principles of scientific management. To sum it up, the presentation aims to supplement the perspectives on platforms by giving a legal and economic history of non-standard firms and (digital) technology, while recognising the unresolved tensions inherent in the contemporary world of work which may spill over to other sectors and disrupt more traditional industries.
Does platformisation redefine the notion of the firm? from IE Law School, IE University
]]> 186 1 https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/modenaplatformisation-180320113027-thumbnail.jpg?width=120&height=120&fit=bounds presentation Black http://activitystrea.ms/schema/1.0/post http://activitystrea.ms/schema/1.0/posted 0 The role of European institutions in promoting decent work in the Collaborative Economy /slideshow/the-role-of-eu-institutions-in-promoting-decent-work-in-the-collaborative-economy/77866463 theroleofeuinstitutionsinpromotingdecentworkinthecollaborativeeconomy-170714080113
Enterprise, employment and unemployment in the digital economy International Conference | University of Brescia, 12-13 October 2017 Labour 2030, Rethinking the Future of Work International Conference | Porto, 13-14 July 2017]]>
Enterprise, employment and unemployment in the digital economy International Conference | University of Brescia, 12-13 October 2017 Labour 2030, Rethinking the Future of Work International Conference | Porto, 13-14 July 2017]]> Fri, 14 Jul 2017 08:01:13 GMT /slideshow/the-role-of-eu-institutions-in-promoting-decent-work-in-the-collaborative-economy/77866463 AntonioAloisi1@slideshare.net(AntonioAloisi1) The role of European institutions in promoting decent work in the Collaborative Economy AntonioAloisi1 Enterprise, employment and unemployment in the digital economy International Conference | University of Brescia, 12-13 October 2017 Labour 2030, Rethinking the Future of Work International Conference | Porto, 13-14 July 2017 <img style="border:1px solid #C3E6D8;float:right;" alt="" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/theroleofeuinstitutionsinpromotingdecentworkinthecollaborativeeconomy-170714080113-thumbnail.jpg?width=120&amp;height=120&amp;fit=bounds" /><br> Enterprise, employment and unemployment in the digital economy International Conference | University of Brescia, 12-13 October 2017 Labour 2030, Rethinking the Future of Work International Conference | Porto, 13-14 July 2017
The role of European institutions in promoting decent work in the Collaborative Economy from IE Law School, IE University
]]> 495 7 https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/theroleofeuinstitutionsinpromotingdecentworkinthecollaborativeeconomy-170714080113-thumbnail.jpg?width=120&height=120&fit=bounds presentation Black http://activitystrea.ms/schema/1.0/post http://activitystrea.ms/schema/1.0/posted 0 La platform-economy e sfide del diritto del lavoro /slideshow/la-platformeconomy-e-sfide-del-diritto-del-lavoro/74975868 platform-economyesfidedeldirittodellavoro1-170413103230
Antonio Aloisi (Universit Bocconi di Milano) Mercoled狸 12 aprile 2017 Centro Nexa su Internet e Societ Politecnico di Torino, Via Boggio 65/a, Torino (1属 piano) Live streaming: http://nexa.polito.it/upcoming-events URL dell'incontro: http://nexa.polito.it/mercoledi-96]]>
Antonio Aloisi (Universit Bocconi di Milano) Mercoled狸 12 aprile 2017 Centro Nexa su Internet e Societ Politecnico di Torino, Via Boggio 65/a, Torino (1属 piano) Live streaming: http://nexa.polito.it/upcoming-events URL dell'incontro: http://nexa.polito.it/mercoledi-96]]> Thu, 13 Apr 2017 10:32:30 GMT /slideshow/la-platformeconomy-e-sfide-del-diritto-del-lavoro/74975868 AntonioAloisi1@slideshare.net(AntonioAloisi1) La platform-economy e sfide del diritto del lavoro AntonioAloisi1 Antonio Aloisi (Universit Bocconi di Milano) Mercoled狸 12 aprile 2017 Centro Nexa su Internet e Societ Politecnico di Torino, Via Boggio 65/a, Torino (1属 piano) Live streaming: http://nexa.polito.it/upcoming-events URL dell'incontro: http://nexa.polito.it/mercoledi-96 <img style="border:1px solid #C3E6D8;float:right;" alt="" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/platform-economyesfidedeldirittodellavoro1-170413103230-thumbnail.jpg?width=120&amp;height=120&amp;fit=bounds" /><br> Antonio Aloisi (Universit Bocconi di Milano) Mercoled狸 12 aprile 2017 Centro Nexa su Internet e Societ Politecnico di Torino, Via Boggio 65/a, Torino (1属 piano) Live streaming: http://nexa.polito.it/upcoming-events URL dell&#39;incontro: http://nexa.polito.it/mercoledi-96
La platform-economy e sfide del diritto del lavoro from IE Law School, IE University
]]> 1389 19 https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/platform-economyesfidedeldirittodellavoro1-170413103230-thumbnail.jpg?width=120&height=120&fit=bounds presentation Black http://activitystrea.ms/schema/1.0/post http://activitystrea.ms/schema/1.0/posted 0 Dependent Contractors in the Gig-Economy 鐃盾 A Comparative Approach鐃緒申 /slideshow/dependent-contractors-in-the-gigeconomy-a-comparative-approach/62407416 dcfinal-160526001813
Miriam A. Cherry SLU Law, Saint Louis Antonio Aloisi Bocconi University, Milan Currently many on-demand economy companies are facing litigation over how their workers are classified -- including Uber, which recently settled a worker misclassification lawsuit for $100 million. In response to this litigation, there have been calls for the creation of a hybrid category of worker in between employee and independent contractor. However, the intermediate category is not new; other legal systems have implemented a third category with varying results. In this talk, we will first briefly describe the features of work in the on-demand economy. Next, we will use a comparative approach to review the experiences of Canada, Italy, and Spain. Finally, we use these lessons to evaluate the need for an intermediate category for gig workers in the United States.]]>
Miriam A. Cherry SLU Law, Saint Louis Antonio Aloisi Bocconi University, Milan Currently many on-demand economy companies are facing litigation over how their workers are classified -- including Uber, which recently settled a worker misclassification lawsuit for $100 million. In response to this litigation, there have been calls for the creation of a hybrid category of worker in between employee and independent contractor. However, the intermediate category is not new; other legal systems have implemented a third category with varying results. In this talk, we will first briefly describe the features of work in the on-demand economy. Next, we will use a comparative approach to review the experiences of Canada, Italy, and Spain. Finally, we use these lessons to evaluate the need for an intermediate category for gig workers in the United States.]]> Thu, 26 May 2016 00:18:13 GMT /slideshow/dependent-contractors-in-the-gigeconomy-a-comparative-approach/62407416 AntonioAloisi1@slideshare.net(AntonioAloisi1) Dependent Contractors in the Gig-Economy 鐃盾 A Comparative Approach鐃緒申 AntonioAloisi1 Miriam A. Cherry SLU Law, Saint Louis鐃 Antonio Aloisi Bocconi University, Milan Currently many on-demand economy companies are facing litigation over how their workers are classified -- including Uber, which recently settled a worker misclassification lawsuit for $100 million. In response to this litigation, there have been calls for the creation of a hybrid category of worker in between employee and independent contractor. However, the intermediate category is not new; other legal systems have implemented a third category with varying results. In this talk, we will first briefly describe the features of work in the on-demand economy. Next, we will use a comparative approach to review the experiences of Canada, Italy, and Spain. Finally, we use these lessons to evaluate the need for an intermediate category for gig workers in the United States. <img style="border:1px solid #C3E6D8;float:right;" alt="" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/dcfinal-160526001813-thumbnail.jpg?width=120&amp;height=120&amp;fit=bounds" /><br> Miriam A. Cherry SLU Law, Saint Louis鐃 Antonio Aloisi Bocconi University, Milan Currently many on-demand economy companies are facing litigation over how their workers are classified -- including Uber, which recently settled a worker misclassification lawsuit for $100 million. In response to this litigation, there have been calls for the creation of a hybrid category of worker in between employee and independent contractor. However, the intermediate category is not new; other legal systems have implemented a third category with varying results. In this talk, we will first briefly describe the features of work in the on-demand economy. Next, we will use a comparative approach to review the experiences of Canada, Italy, and Spain. Finally, we use these lessons to evaluate the need for an intermediate category for gig workers in the United States.
Dependent Contractors in the Gig-Economy A Comparative Approach from IE Law School, IE University
]]> 1208 16 https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/dcfinal-160526001813-thumbnail.jpg?width=120&height=120&fit=bounds presentation Black http://activitystrea.ms/schema/1.0/post http://activitystrea.ms/schema/1.0/posted 0 Platform Cooperativism /slideshow/platform-cooperativism/60889188 plat-coop-160413232754
New organizational infrastructures as effective advocates for decent work in the on-demand economy After analysing causes and effects of the so-called Uber-ization of activism (i.e. activism by platform owners), Antonio will discuss strategies for sincere digital organizing. It is highly debatable if gig-workers could unionize, especially if they are labelled as contractors. Since networks are considered the secret weapon of platforms, is there room for building new ones between cloud-workers and gain momentum for collective action? As the Fight-For-15 campaign has left a promising legacy, the next challenge could consist in strengthening ties between casual workers and putting pressure on platforms in order to improve participation agreements to the benefit of vulnerable workforce. To this purpose, this presentation will give particular attention to potential sources of worker organisation (from virtual spaces like blogs and forums, to app-based drivers associations or worker-owned co-op). These tools could also represent a way to reduce information asymmetries, compare gig-providers, join forces and therefore increase bargaining power. In a nutshell, new organizational and social infrastructures will appear (probably in the form of movements of interests focused on sectorial issues) and become an effective advocate for decent work in the on-demand economy. ]]>
New organizational infrastructures as effective advocates for decent work in the on-demand economy After analysing causes and effects of the so-called Uber-ization of activism (i.e. activism by platform owners), Antonio will discuss strategies for sincere digital organizing. It is highly debatable if gig-workers could unionize, especially if they are labelled as contractors. Since networks are considered the secret weapon of platforms, is there room for building new ones between cloud-workers and gain momentum for collective action? As the Fight-For-15 campaign has left a promising legacy, the next challenge could consist in strengthening ties between casual workers and putting pressure on platforms in order to improve participation agreements to the benefit of vulnerable workforce. To this purpose, this presentation will give particular attention to potential sources of worker organisation (from virtual spaces like blogs and forums, to app-based drivers associations or worker-owned co-op). These tools could also represent a way to reduce information asymmetries, compare gig-providers, join forces and therefore increase bargaining power. In a nutshell, new organizational and social infrastructures will appear (probably in the form of movements of interests focused on sectorial issues) and become an effective advocate for decent work in the on-demand economy. ]]> Wed, 13 Apr 2016 23:27:54 GMT /slideshow/platform-cooperativism/60889188 AntonioAloisi1@slideshare.net(AntonioAloisi1) Platform Cooperativism AntonioAloisi1 New organizational infrastructures as effective advocates for decent work in the on-demand economy After analysing causes and effects of the so-called Uber-ization of activism (i.e. activism by platform owners), Antonio will discuss strategies for sincere digital organizing. It is highly debatable if gig-workers could unionize, especially if they are labelled as contractors. Since networks are considered the secret weapon of platforms, is there room for building new ones between cloud-workers and gain momentum for collective action? As the Fight-For-15 campaign has left a promising legacy, the next challenge could consist in strengthening ties between casual workers and putting pressure on platforms in order to improve participation agreements to the benefit of vulnerable workforce. To this purpose, this presentation will give particular attention to potential sources of worker organisation (from virtual spaces like blogs and forums, to app-based drivers associations or worker-owned co-op). These tools could also represent a way to reduce information asymmetries, compare gig-providers, join forces and therefore increase bargaining power. In a nutshell, new organizational and social infrastructures will appear (probably in the form of movements of interests focused on sectorial issues) and become an effective advocate for decent work in the on-demand economy. <img style="border:1px solid #C3E6D8;float:right;" alt="" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/plat-coop-160413232754-thumbnail.jpg?width=120&amp;height=120&amp;fit=bounds" /><br> New organizational infrastructures as effective advocates for decent work in the on-demand economy After analysing causes and effects of the so-called Uber-ization of activism (i.e. activism by platform owners), Antonio will discuss strategies for sincere digital organizing. It is highly debatable if gig-workers could unionize, especially if they are labelled as contractors. Since networks are considered the secret weapon of platforms, is there room for building new ones between cloud-workers and gain momentum for collective action? As the Fight-For-15 campaign has left a promising legacy, the next challenge could consist in strengthening ties between casual workers and putting pressure on platforms in order to improve participation agreements to the benefit of vulnerable workforce. To this purpose, this presentation will give particular attention to potential sources of worker organisation (from virtual spaces like blogs and forums, to app-based drivers associations or worker-owned co-op). These tools could also represent a way to reduce information asymmetries, compare gig-providers, join forces and therefore increase bargaining power. In a nutshell, new organizational and social infrastructures will appear (probably in the form of movements of interests focused on sectorial issues) and become an effective advocate for decent work in the on-demand economy.
Platform Cooperativism from IE Law School, IE University
]]> 439 6 https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/plat-coop-160413232754-thumbnail.jpg?width=120&height=120&fit=bounds presentation Black http://activitystrea.ms/schema/1.0/post http://activitystrea.ms/schema/1.0/posted 0 Commoditized Workers /slideshow/commoditized-workers/50299987 alosicommoditizedworkers-150708122741-lva1-app6891
The Rising of On-Demand Worka Case Study Research on a Set of Online Platforms and Apps Antonio Aloisi, Bocconi University]]>
The Rising of On-Demand Worka Case Study Research on a Set of Online Platforms and Apps Antonio Aloisi, Bocconi University]]> Wed, 08 Jul 2015 12:27:41 GMT /slideshow/commoditized-workers/50299987 AntonioAloisi1@slideshare.net(AntonioAloisi1) Commoditized Workers AntonioAloisi1 The Rising of On-Demand Work鐃a Case Study Research on a Set of Online Platforms and Apps鐃緒申 Antonio Aloisi, Bocconi University <img style="border:1px solid #C3E6D8;float:right;" alt="" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/alosicommoditizedworkers-150708122741-lva1-app6891-thumbnail.jpg?width=120&amp;height=120&amp;fit=bounds" /><br> The Rising of On-Demand Work鐃a Case Study Research on a Set of Online Platforms and Apps鐃緒申 Antonio Aloisi, Bocconi University
Commoditized Workers from IE Law School, IE University
]]> 1932 11 https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/alosicommoditizedworkers-150708122741-lva1-app6891-thumbnail.jpg?width=120&height=120&fit=bounds presentation Black http://activitystrea.ms/schema/1.0/post http://activitystrea.ms/schema/1.0/posted 0 https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/profile-photo-AntonioAloisi1-48x48.jpg?cb=1747739924 Marie Skodowska-Curie fellow and assistant professor of European and Comparative Labour Law at IE Law School, Madrid, Spain. My research focuses on the impact of digital innovation on labour regulation and social institutions in the European Union and beyond. The aim of my current project, which has received funding from the European Unions Horizon 2020 programme, is to map practices of algorithmic decision-making and to assess the adequacy of existing legal frameworks when it comes to enabling sustainable data-driven workplaces. sites.google.com/view/antonioaloisi/home https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/euialoisimay2022-220614181500-2de70398-thumbnail.jpg?width=320&height=320&fit=bounds slideshow/workers-managed-by-tech-an-anticipatory-participatory-approach/251985323 Workers managed by tec... https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/etui2021-211029103013-thumbnail.jpg?width=320&height=320&fit=bounds slideshow/bringing-the-algorithm-to-court-etui-workshop/250555722 Bringing the algorithm... https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/marcobiagiconference-210316122514-thumbnail.jpg?width=320&height=320&fit=bounds slideshow/regulation-the-future-of-work-the-employment-relationship-as-innovation-facilitator/244513316 Regulation &amp; the futur...