�ݺ�ߣshows by User: IJOEAR

Barley Net Blotch Disease Management: A Review

IJOEAR@slideshare.net(IJOEAR) — Thu, 07 Oct 2021 12:20:39 GMT

Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is one of the ancient grain crops cultivated and used worldwide. In Ethiopia, barley is among important staple crops next to tef, maize, wheat and sorghum mainly grown on about 1 million ha of land with average yield of 2.1t ha. It is the predominant cereal in the high altitudes and it accounts nearly 25% of the total production in Africa. The fungi Pyrenophora teres f. teres (Ptt) and P. teres f. maculata (Ptm) cause net form net blotch (NFNB) and spot form net blotch (SFNB) of barley, respectively. Net blotch is one of the most important barley diseases which reduce both quality and quantity of barley grain. Yield loss due to this disease reaches up to 100% in susceptible cultivars under severe epidemics. In Ethiopia, barley net blotch is among widely distributed and destructive diseases in cool highland areas and yield losses reaching about 67% have been recorded. Currently, the disease can be controlled using different approaches such as cultural, chemical and biological controls as well as using resistant cultivars of which development and deployment of resistant cultivars is the best management method. However, it is argued that using integrated disease management is one of the most important strategies that should be followed to reduce the effect of barley net blotch diseases. This review discusses recent information on economic importance, epidemiology, life cycle, host range, geographical distribution and disease management of barley net blotch disease. It also presents the barley net blotch disease management methods such as cultural, chemical, biological and use of host resistance methods. Under host resistance method, information on types of resistance, sources of resistance have been presented.

Irrigation Water Quality Assessment for Water Resources used in Irrigation of Agricultural Fields in Mezitli Town of Mersin Province

IJOEAR@slideshare.net(IJOEAR) — Fri, 01 Oct 2021 06:54:34 GMT

This study was conducted for irrigation water quality assessment of water resources used in irrigation of agricultural fields in Mezitli town of Mersin province. Water samples were taken from 20 sampling points of surface water resources used for irrigations in irrigated farming lands of Mezitli town in 4 sampling periods (July-October). Samples were analyzed for pH, EC, water-soluble cations (Ca, Mg, Na, K) and anions (CO 3, HCO 3, Cl and SO 4), boron, %Na, SAR and RSC. Sample pH values varied between 7,05-8,26 and EC values varied between 292-1103 µmhos/cm. According to US Salinity Lab Classification System, irrigation waters were classified as C 2 S 1 and C 3 S 1 (moderately and highly saline waters). Boron concentrations of all samples were below the threshold value of 0,67 ppm. Significant differences were not observed in water quality parameters throughout the irrigation season.

Effect of selected fungicides on Brown spot disease of rice caused by Helminthosporium oryzae

IJOEAR@slideshare.net(IJOEAR) — Fri, 01 Oct 2021 06:52:34 GMT

The in-vitro test of selected fungicides against brown spot disease incidence of rice and development of a disease prediction model base on weather variable was conducted during two Kharif seasons from 2014-2015 to 2015-2016. Results revealed that among the selected fungicides treatment lowest per cent disease incidence was found in Propiconazole in both the cropping season (2014-15) and (2015-16) with minimum mean per cent disease index (PDI) value bcd (7.76) and (7.03) with per cent disease control of 72.39 and 73.09 respectively over the control, followed by Propineb (PDI) value bcd (8.6) and (7.23) with per cent disease control of (69.40) and 73.09 respectively of the two cropping seasons. Among the fungicides treatment highest disease incidence was found in Thiophanate with maximum mean per cent disease index (PDI) value bcd (17.03) and (14.98) with per cent disease that control of 39.41 and 42.67 respectively in both the cropping seasons. It was also found disease intensity was higher during the first cropping season (2014-15) as indicated by higher mean per cent disease index (PDI) value abcd (12.5**) whereas in the following cropping season (2015-16) with lower value of (PDI) value abcd (11.18**).

Study of irrigation sources and cultivation area for Cereals & Pulses in the district of Meerut, Uttar Pradesh (India

IJOEAR@slideshare.net(IJOEAR) — Fri, 01 Oct 2021 06:51:04 GMT

Cereals and pulses play a significant role in the diet of population. As per WHO, the recommended ratio is 2:1 for cereals and & pulses. However, there are different reasons which have gone against the production of pulses in general. Cereals on the other hand, have picked up larger portion in overall cultivation and consequently, the gross & net sown area are more under the cultivation of cereals. Currently, the ratio between cereal to pulses production ranges from 8:1 to 6:1. In this paper, it is found that the ratio between cereals and pulses which was 7.3:1 in the year 2012-13 increased to 7.7 1 in the year 2018-19. The study found that there was not much change in the gross & net area sown in the district of Meerut from the year 2012-13 to 2018-19. Irrigated area was also constant in both the years. Furthermore, production of different cereals and pulses are studied to know whether there is any change in their production due to change in the availability of water for irrigation during studied years in the district of Meerut, Uttar Pradesh.

Improving Fruit Quality and Nutritional Value of Deglet Nour dates subjected to Salt Stress by using Phospho-Potassium Fertilization (Biskra south-east of Algeria

IJOEAR@slideshare.net(IJOEAR) — Fri, 01 Oct 2021 06:48:05 GMT

A field study was carried out during the two consecutive years (2015-2016) in the region of Biskra, southern east of Algeria on date palms of Deglet-Nour variety, grown in a salty environment. To study the combined effect of salinity and phospho-potassium fertilization on the quality and nutritional value of dates, two sites of different salinity, occupied by 54 date palms variety Deglet-Nour has been selected. The palms were fertilized by receiving three doses of potassium (0, 2 and 3 kg / palm) as potassium sulphate K 2 SO 4 (50%) combined with three levels of phosphorus (0, 1 and 2 kg / palm) as superphosphate (TSP 46%). The results revealed that applying 2 kg of potassium/palm in an excessively salty environment and 3 kg/palm in a low or unsalted environment associated to 1 kg of phosphorus in the two different cases of salinity of the two sites S1 and S2 improving the fruit traits.

Testing the ability against Bacillus cereus of actinobacteria strains isolated from sponges in Kien Giang Sea, Vietnam

IJOEAR@slideshare.net(IJOEAR) — Fri, 01 Oct 2021 06:45:28 GMT

This study aimed to test the antibacterial activity of Bacillus cereus of actinobacterial isolates isolated from marine sponges in the Kien Giang Sea, Vietnam. That can select the strains with high resistance to identify them. There were 198 actinobacterial isolates tested. Based on the ability of antimicrobial activity to B. cereus, 82/198 had the against B. cereus, in which there were six isolates with high (7.3%), 52 medium (25.6%), and 21 weak resistance (67.1%). Selection of six isolates with the best resistance to B. cereus (ND1.7a, ND2.7c, HD1-3e, HD1-6a, HD2.3b, and H6b) identified by PCR and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The results identified five strains of Streptomyces (Streptomyces tateyamensis ND1.7a, Streptomyces althioticus HD1.3e, Streptomyces flaveolus HD1.6a, Streptomyces olivaceus HD2.3d, and Streptomyces albidoflavus H6b) and one strain of genus Microbacterium (Microbacterium tumbae ND2.7c).

Analysis of the relationship between the Socio-Economic Characteristics of Rice Farmers and Soil Management Practices in Abuja, Nigeria

IJOEAR@slideshare.net(IJOEAR) — Fri, 01 Oct 2021 06:42:54 GMT

The study examined the analysis of the relationship between the SocioEconomic Characteristics of Rice Farmers and Soil Management Practices in Abuja. The study was conducted in rural communities in Abuja, Nigeria. Two objectives guided the study. The study adopted descriptive and logistic regression research design. Multistage sampling technique was employed to select the farming communities for the study. Twelve (12) agricultural wards (Chuwkuku, Gaube, Bamushin, kotunku, Pai, Dafa, Bako, Dobi, Paso, Chibiri, Gadabiu and Paikon) were randomly selected giving a total of thirty-six (36) agricultural wards. Five blocks were randomly picked from each of the agricultural wards making the total of 180. Lastly two (2) circles were randomly selected from each of the blocks resulting to three hundred and sixty (360) respondents who were randomly selected from the chosen circles. The results show that 58.06% of the respondents were male while 36.13% of the respondents were between the ages of 30 and 39years. Also, 47.74% of them were married with 40% of the respondents having an average of 5 people in their households. 61.94 had at most a national certificate of education (NCE). Majority (44.84) of the respondent had a farm size of between half a hectare and two hectares. The study recommended that manual tillage should be mostly carried out by rice farmer to improve the level of production and also soil rotation should be practiced where soil is much available to reduce the level of degradation.

Degradation of Nevirapine and Trimethoprim from Aqueous Solutions using Selected Microorganisms

IJOEAR@slideshare.net(IJOEAR) — Fri, 01 Oct 2021 06:39:31 GMT

Together with pharmaceutical residues, personal care products encompassing prescription drugs, fragrances, and cosmetics have been detected in groundwater and other aquatic environments, hence compromising the quality of water. Their classification as micropollutants is due to their antibacterial resistance potential, persistence, and ecotoxicity. Biodegradation has been identified as a potential mechanism in their removal. The focus of this study focus was bioaugmentation; (Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeroginosa) to enhance the degradation of Nevirapine and Trimethoprim in model aqueous solutions. A liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometer (LC-MS/MS) was used to determine the pharmaceuticals. The efficacy of the bacterial strains to degrade selected drugs was evaluated by making the two drugs the sole source of energy and carbon. From the experimental data, the highest percentage biodegradation was recorded; Pseudomonas aeroginosa (86 %) and Staphylococcus aureus (79 %) for TMP and NVP respectively.

Review Article: Effect of Biochar on Growth and Yield of Agricultural Produce

IJOEAR@slideshare.net(IJOEAR) — Fri, 01 Oct 2021 06:36:37 GMT

Biochar is a boon for agricultural crops. Biochar is baked biomass that you can add to soil. It is a biomass that is thermally altered in the absence of oxygen, it is baked and not burned and flammable gasses are released (hydrogen, carbon dioxide). Heat transforms plant carbon (found in the cellulose and lignin) into fused aromatic carbon rings that are very stable. Biochar are made from different feedstocks at different physical and chemical properties. In carbon cycle almost all of the carbon returns to the air. Green plants remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere via photosynthesis and convert it into biomass. Virtually all of that carbon is returned to the atmosphere when the plants die and decay, or immediately if the biomass is burned as a renewable substitute for the fossil fuels. While in the biochar cycle up to half of the carbon is sequestered, green plants removed and sequestered as biochar, while the other half is converted to renewable energy coproducts before being returned to the atmosphere. Biochar retains soil moisture of the agricultural field. Worms loves biochar, it works best when composted with other organic matter before adding to garden soil. This allows life to colonize the biochar. Biochar composted with animal manure, it is inoculated with compost tea. Biochar composted with food waste and bokashi (anaerobic lactobacillus fermentation). Other activities include minerals, NPK, fungi, worm castings, fish emulsion, urea, etc. biochar can be added to soils to improve fertility. Reduces emissions from the biomass. Improves the water quality and quantity. Helps to improve the agricultural productivity. Valuable resource reduces the forest fires. Value added product for urban and rural agriculture and forest communities.

Effect of time and proportion of leaf harvest on pest, forage and root yields of sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas L.) in the inland valley swamp and upland ecologies of Njala

IJOEAR@slideshare.net(IJOEAR) — Fri, 01 Oct 2021 06:34:39 GMT

Dearth of knowledge exists regarding the leaf harvest intensity and frequency thresholds that support optimum forage and fresh storage root yields in Sierra Leone. A study was carried out to assess the effects of leaf harvesting time and proportion on Cylas puncticollis infestation, growth and yield of sweet potato in the inland valley swamp and upland ecologies of Njala. Treatment combinations comprised of two varieties ("Kabia" and "Gbanie"), four leaf harvest regimes: 0, 30 60 and 90 days after planting (DAP); and four-leaf harvest intensities (0, 25, 50 and 100%). The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Data collected included Cylas puncticollis severity on vines and storage roots, root dimensions and numbers, fresh foliage and storage root yields. The results revealed that leaf harvesting twice at 25 and 50% contributed more to optimum forage and storage root yields and related attributes of sweet potatoes compared to other treatments. The present study suggests that good agronomic management of sweet potato that supports optimum forage and storage root yields should be selected to meet the dual purpose for which it is grown. These findings serve as good guide for incorporation of leaf harvesting time, proportion of leaf harvest in germplasm assessment and new population development objectives.

Mass Production of Paecilomyces Lilacinus by using Different Cultivation Media as an Alternative of Incubator

IJOEAR@slideshare.net(IJOEAR) — Fri, 01 Oct 2021 06:31:09 GMT

Paecilomyces lilacinus is a common saprophytic, filamentous fungus. Morphological characters of Paecilomyces lilacinus were separate mycelium, hyaline, conidia white to pink colored and formation of phialides. The growth of Paecilomyces lilacinus carried out on SDA media at room temperature was better than incubator. Various solid substrates like Rice, Wheat bran, and Sorghum were evaluated for the mass multiplication of fungus Paecilomyces lilacinus. Added dextrose and antibiotics in solid media for mass multiplication at room temperature. Among all the substrate Wheat bran recorded the maximum spore count of 7. 1 10-8 spore/ml followed by Sorghum 5. 4 10-8 spore/ml and Rice 5. 1 10-8 spore/ml after 20 days. Also dry mycelia weight or biomass of fungus Paecilomyces lilacinus without an incubator was more than using an incubator.

Preparation of Crop Calendar on Mangalbari Town under Matiali Block, Jalpaiguri District

IJOEAR@slideshare.net(IJOEAR) — Fri, 15 Jan 2021 06:54:01 GMT

The crop calendar in a single word is timetable providing periodical information of sowing, growing and harvesting of different crops in relation to the climatic conditions of a particular area in advance. It also enhances the crop productivity and determines the appropriate distribution of labor, application of manures in the field as well as the wholesome development of the agronomy of a specific area. The present work is an effort to highlight the present pattern of agricultural practice as well as to identify different types of crops are produced in the Mangalbari town of Jalpaiguri, West Bengal. The investigation also focuses on the assessment of crop combination, crop specialization & crop diversification in the study area to end with the preparation of crop calendar. The entire work concludes with précised suggestive measure for the development of agronomy in the area.

Aspects for Agricultural Water Management in Water Stress Conditions: Case Study of Konya Plain, Turkey

IJOEAR@slideshare.net(IJOEAR) — Fri, 15 Jan 2021 06:51:06 GMT

The major aim of the study was to propose sustainable agro-water management strategies, particularly for water poor-ecologies. In current work, information was obtained from worldwide previous findings of studies relevant to the water management. In order to maximize water productivity in those environments exposing climate changes following applicable suggestions were presented: changing crop pattern in accordance of available current water resources, increasing utilization areas in favor of modern irrigation systems, if possible converting of water delivery networks to pipe systems, improving share of low water consuming crops in current crop patterns, practicing deficit irrigation program, collecting water charges based on volumetric basis, more uses of rainwater harvesting systems, training of farmers about irrigated agriculture, and if possible transferring some water from neighbor basins to irrigation farms.

Relationship between Profile and Food Consumption Pattern of Tribal Families of Palghar District

IJOEAR@slideshare.net(IJOEAR) — Fri, 15 Jan 2021 06:48:10 GMT

This paper examines the relationship between profile and food consumption pattern of the tribal families from Palghar district. The study was conducted at the Palghar district. Samples of 120 tribal families were considered as respondents for present study. The respondents were interviewed with the help of specially designed schedule. Collected data was classified, tabulated and analysed by using various statistical methods. The result of the study showed that the relationship between family education status and food consumption pattern, family size and food consumption pattern, annual income of the family and food consumption pattern, cropping pattern and food consumption pattern, resource availability and food consumption pattern was found to be 'positive' and 'significant'. The relationship between major occupation and food consumption pattern, land holding and food consumption pattern, farming experience and food consumption pattern, social participation and food consumption pattern was found to be 'non-significant'. The extension workers should consider these facts while planning and executing programmes for development of the tribal families living in Palghar district.

Effects of Feeding Ice Fish and Feed on the Flavor of Chinese Crab

IJOEAR@slideshare.net(IJOEAR) — Fri, 15 Jan 2021 06:45:21 GMT

Eriocheir sinensis is an important aquaculture animal in China. In order to compare the effects of feeding chilled fish and feed on the flavor of Chinese mitten crab, this experiment compared the volatile flavor substances, sensory evaluation and the differences of amino acids (AA), fatty acids (FA) and nucleotides. As a result, the sweet taste, fresh taste and grass flavor of Chinese chelate crab in the feed group were significantly higher than those in the ice fish group (P<0.05). The fishy smell of the feed group was significantly lower than that of the ice fish group (P<0.05). Amino acids in feed group and chilled fish group were not significantly different. Only 5'-adenosyl monophosphate (AMP) was found to be significantly different between the two groups (P<0.05), and the AMP content in feed group was significantly higher than that in ice fish group. The fatty acid composition of feed group and chilled fish group varied greatly. compared with the chilled fish group, saturated fatty acids (SFAs) and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) in feed group decreased significantly (P<0.05), while high unsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) increased significantly (P<0.05). Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to study volatile small molecules in muscle difference, compared with the ice fish group, the content of aldehydes in the feed group increased significantly (P<0.05), and the content of ketones and nitrogen compounds decreased significantly (P<0.05). The enzyme (lipoxygenase) that catalyzes the formation of aldehydes from polyunsaturated fatty acids was further analyzed. Compared with the ice fish group, the expression of LOX 5 genes and proteins and LOX enzyme activity in the feed group were significantly increased (P<0.05).

Social and Environmental Concerns of Flower Farms in Central Ethiopia

IJOEAR@slideshare.net(IJOEAR) — Fri, 15 Jan 2021 06:42:49 GMT

The extensive use of fertilizers and pesticides in the flower farming industries has been linked to negative environmental and social impacts. The cross-sectional study was conducted to assess social and environmental concerns of flower farms in Central Ethiopia using questionnaires, focus group discussion and field visits. This study revealed that 317 (52.75%) of respondents reported that flower farms have been disposing of their flower residue of in the open field. The findings of this study showed that 216(36%) of inhabitants buy or receive empty chemical bags and containers that had been disposed by the flower farms. Focus Group Discussion participants perceived the decrease in volume and quality of groundwater, a decrease in productivity, land degradation, and increased emerging diseases due to the existence of flower farms in the area.. In addition, they reported abuse of employee rights, displacement of farmers from fertile land, death of cattle and fish, loss of acceptance for their agricultural and fish products. In conclusion, this study revealed that there are a poor waste management and unsustainable activities by the flower farms. The government should closely monitor these farms and undergo a holistic study to quantify environmental and local inhabitant's opportunity costs of flower farming activity.

Study on the Extraction Technology of Ginkgo Biloba Leaf Extract by Enzymolysis Combined with Fermentation

IJOEAR@slideshare.net(IJOEAR) — Fri, 15 Jan 2021 06:39:46 GMT

In this paper, we select Ginkgo biloba leaves in Taizhou as raw materials and use cellulase and pectinase to hydrolyze Ginkgo biloba leaves, and then the Ginkgo biloba leaves extract was prepared by microbial fermentation. Firstly, cellulase and pectinase were selected for single factor experiment and orthogonal experiment to determine the effect of enzyme dosage, enzymolysis time, temperature and pH value on the extraction rate of Ginkgo biloba leaves; then, microbial fermentation was used to study the effect of optimal temperature, time and pH value on the extraction rate of Ginkgo biloba leaves. The results showed that: the optimal enzyme content was 0.2%, the time of enzymolysis is 2 h, the temperature of enzymolysis was 4 o C, the pH of enzymolysis was 4.5; the optimal microorganism content of fermentation was 4%, the temperature of fermentation was 30 o C, the time of fermentation was 8 D, the pH of fermentation was 5，and extraction rate was 18.56%.

Symptoms and their Assessment of Sugarcane Pokkah Boeng

IJOEAR@slideshare.net(IJOEAR) — Fri, 15 Jan 2021 06:37:09 GMT

Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) is one of the main important commercial crops, mainly grown in tropical and subtropical countries in the world, because these areas provide suitable conditions for obtaining the best yield and productivity. Sugarcane is affected by many pathogens such as fungi, bacterial and viral diseases and fungal diseases are increasingly being affected internationally, affecting the quantity and/or quality of harvested crops. Among the fungal diseases, pokkah boeng have become the main problems faced by sugarcane growing countries, causing serious yield losses. However, there are many reports of an outbreak of the disease, which looks spectacular, but it caused trade and industrial losses. In this review we highlight the importance of sugarcane and the symptoms of the Pokkah Boeng disease tend to develop during period of rapid crop growth.

Criteria for the Selection of Vegetable Growth-Promoting Bacteria to be applied on Roselle Crop (Hibiscus Sabdariffa L.) and Bioremediation

IJOEAR@slideshare.net(IJOEAR) — Fri, 15 Jan 2021 06:30:52 GMT

In order to define which are the most important criteria for the selection of plant Growth-Promoting bacterial strains of the Hibiscus sabdariffa L. crop (Roselle), bacterial strains isolated from the roots of Roselle plants of two varieties (Creole and Spider) were used, collected in the community of Río de los Peces, municipality of Candelaria Loxicha, Oaxaca and seeds of the same varieties. To characterize the varieties, the following were determined: total germination percentage (TGP), germination speed (GS), the root length(RL), the stem length (SL), the dry root biomass (DRB), the dry stem biomass (DSB) and the chlorophyll content (CC). Three types of LED lamps were used to illuminate the seedlings. The seeds inoculated with cells of six selected bacterial strains were grown in a greenhouse to determine: the stem length (SL) at 3, 45 and 65 days after sowing (das). The treatments were distributed under a completely random design and comparison of means (Tukey, p = 0.05). The TGP, DSB and DRB parameters were not useful in the selection process of the strains that promoted plant growth to a greater degree. The GS and SL to be considered safe criteria or not, what is important is the relationship of what happens at the time of germination and development of the seedlings in the laboratory and greenhouse. The SL of the plants in the greenhouse showed differences between strains, but not regarding the control and also only observed in the first days of development (3 das). The CC did not prove to be a good selection criterion either. The lamp composed of 15% white light, 27% blue light and 58% red light was the one that most promoted root growth.

Rubber Tree Cultivation and Improvement: Rootstock-Scion Compatibility between Hevea Species and Cultivated Planting Materials

IJOEAR@slideshare.net(IJOEAR) — Fri, 15 Jan 2021 06:24:27 GMT

Rootstocks have a clear effect on rubber tree growth and development during the seedling and immature stages. However, the exploration of Hevea species as rootstocks is relatively uncommon in the general practices in the cultivation and improvement programmes in Malaysia. Hevea species were tested in this research including Hevea brasiliensis, Hevea benthamiana, Hevea camargoana, Hevea guianensis, Hevea nitida, Hevea pauciflora, Hevea rigidifolia and Hevea spruceana. This research examined the successful bud-grafted percentage between scion and rootstock of different Hevea species and cultivated planting materials. The results demonstrated that rootstock-scion of H. benthamiana-PB 260 achieved the highest successful bud-grafted percentage at 94.5%, followed by H. nitida-RRIM 2001 (93.8%), H. nitida-PB 350 (92.3%) and H. pauciflora-PB 260 (90.8%). The lowest successful bud-grafted percentage came from H. benthamiana-RRIM 2025 at 51.1 %. Therefore, the exploration of Hevea species as potential rootstocks based on the successful bud-grafted percentage between rootstock-scion and their compatibility could be applied as a speed indicator for rubber nurseries to produce high quality planting materials.