ºÝºÝߣshows by User: SimRogBush / http://www.slideshare.net/images/logo.gif ºÝºÝߣshows by User: SimRogBush / Tue, 24 Jan 2017 10:57:46 GMT ºÝºÝߣShare feed for ºÝºÝߣshows by User: SimRogBush Area-based Governance for Fisheries and Aquaculture Sustainability in Southeast Asia /SimRogBush/areabased-governance-for-fisheries-and-aquaculture-sustainability-in-southeast-asia simonbush-areabasedapproachestocoastalgovernance-170124105746
Faced with increasingly global drivers of change in coastal areas sustainability governance needs to move beyond technical interventions at producer level. One approach for achieving this is through area based forms of governance that bring together different forms of market and state authority. Instead of centralised zontal approaches governance can also shift to producer centered approaches, facilitated by information technologies can incentive producers to set more meaningful and effective spatial management units. Together these new forms of area based management offers an opportunity to incentivize producers to collaborate for sustainability outcomes.]]>

Faced with increasingly global drivers of change in coastal areas sustainability governance needs to move beyond technical interventions at producer level. One approach for achieving this is through area based forms of governance that bring together different forms of market and state authority. Instead of centralised zontal approaches governance can also shift to producer centered approaches, facilitated by information technologies can incentive producers to set more meaningful and effective spatial management units. Together these new forms of area based management offers an opportunity to incentivize producers to collaborate for sustainability outcomes.]]>
Tue, 24 Jan 2017 10:57:46 GMT /SimRogBush/areabased-governance-for-fisheries-and-aquaculture-sustainability-in-southeast-asia SimRogBush@slideshare.net(SimRogBush) Area-based Governance for Fisheries and Aquaculture Sustainability in Southeast Asia SimRogBush Faced with increasingly global drivers of change in coastal areas sustainability governance needs to move beyond technical interventions at producer level. One approach for achieving this is through area based forms of governance that bring together different forms of market and state authority. Instead of centralised zontal approaches governance can also shift to producer centered approaches, facilitated by information technologies can incentive producers to set more meaningful and effective spatial management units. Together these new forms of area based management offers an opportunity to incentivize producers to collaborate for sustainability outcomes. <img style="border:1px solid #C3E6D8;float:right;" alt="" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/simonbush-areabasedapproachestocoastalgovernance-170124105746-thumbnail.jpg?width=120&amp;height=120&amp;fit=bounds" /><br> Faced with increasingly global drivers of change in coastal areas sustainability governance needs to move beyond technical interventions at producer level. One approach for achieving this is through area based forms of governance that bring together different forms of market and state authority. Instead of centralised zontal approaches governance can also shift to producer centered approaches, facilitated by information technologies can incentive producers to set more meaningful and effective spatial management units. Together these new forms of area based management offers an opportunity to incentivize producers to collaborate for sustainability outcomes.
Area-based Governance for Fisheries and Aquaculture Sustainability in Southeast Asia from Simon Bush
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Towards an inclusive model for developing world seafood sustainability /slideshow/towards-an-inclusive-model-for-developing-world-seafood-sustainability/61685091 bush-rffseafoodmeeting-160504204808
Presentation at the Resources for the Future seminar on Implications of Seafood Supply Chain Certification on Social Outcomes. For a video of the session go to: http://www.rff.org/events/event/2016-05/implications-seafood-supply-chain-certification-social-outcomes]]>

Presentation at the Resources for the Future seminar on Implications of Seafood Supply Chain Certification on Social Outcomes. For a video of the session go to: http://www.rff.org/events/event/2016-05/implications-seafood-supply-chain-certification-social-outcomes]]>
Wed, 04 May 2016 20:48:08 GMT /slideshow/towards-an-inclusive-model-for-developing-world-seafood-sustainability/61685091 SimRogBush@slideshare.net(SimRogBush) Towards an inclusive model for developing world seafood sustainability SimRogBush Presentation at the Resources for the Future seminar on Implications of Seafood Supply Chain Certification on Social Outcomes. For a video of the session go to: http://www.rff.org/events/event/2016-05/implications-seafood-supply-chain-certification-social-outcomes <img style="border:1px solid #C3E6D8;float:right;" alt="" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/bush-rffseafoodmeeting-160504204808-thumbnail.jpg?width=120&amp;height=120&amp;fit=bounds" /><br> Presentation at the Resources for the Future seminar on Implications of Seafood Supply Chain Certification on Social Outcomes. For a video of the session go to: http://www.rff.org/events/event/2016-05/implications-seafood-supply-chain-certification-social-outcomes
Towards an inclusive model for developing world seafood sustainability from Simon Bush
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Governing aquaculture sustainability through global value chains /slideshow/bush-mare-2015/49996368 bush-mare2015-150630093440-lva1-app6891
As the importance of aquaculture for delivering global fish protein continues to grow so too does pressure for sustainable production practices. Steering the sector to move to ‘good’ or ‘better’ production practices involved a private governance arrangements, such as third party certification, operating through value chains supplying consumer markets in the global North. As the limitations of certification have become increasingly apparent, attention has turned to a new mix of private and public governance arrangements engaging both global and domestic aquaculture value chains; including transparency and traceability systems, public-private sustainability partnerships, benchmarking schemes and area-based management approaches. In this paper, I provide a review of how the structure of value chains for globally traded species, including salmon, tilapia, shrimp and pangasius, determine the design of these new arrangements and analyse the extent to which they can effect a new round of sustainability governance for the sector. What are the implications of these governance arrangements for both social and environmental outcomes? Will developed and developing economies be equally engaged? Can they improve upon certification and state regulation? And what new capabilities do aquaculture producers, processors and traders need to improve their production practices, while remaining competitive in a global aquaculture industry? Addressing these questions will help to us to identify new geographies of sustainability created through governing aquaculture through global value chains.]]>

As the importance of aquaculture for delivering global fish protein continues to grow so too does pressure for sustainable production practices. Steering the sector to move to ‘good’ or ‘better’ production practices involved a private governance arrangements, such as third party certification, operating through value chains supplying consumer markets in the global North. As the limitations of certification have become increasingly apparent, attention has turned to a new mix of private and public governance arrangements engaging both global and domestic aquaculture value chains; including transparency and traceability systems, public-private sustainability partnerships, benchmarking schemes and area-based management approaches. In this paper, I provide a review of how the structure of value chains for globally traded species, including salmon, tilapia, shrimp and pangasius, determine the design of these new arrangements and analyse the extent to which they can effect a new round of sustainability governance for the sector. What are the implications of these governance arrangements for both social and environmental outcomes? Will developed and developing economies be equally engaged? Can they improve upon certification and state regulation? And what new capabilities do aquaculture producers, processors and traders need to improve their production practices, while remaining competitive in a global aquaculture industry? Addressing these questions will help to us to identify new geographies of sustainability created through governing aquaculture through global value chains.]]>
Tue, 30 Jun 2015 09:34:40 GMT /slideshow/bush-mare-2015/49996368 SimRogBush@slideshare.net(SimRogBush) Governing aquaculture sustainability through global value chains SimRogBush As the importance of aquaculture for delivering global fish protein continues to grow so too does pressure for sustainable production practices. Steering the sector to move to ‘good’ or ‘better’ production practices involved a private governance arrangements, such as third party certification, operating through value chains supplying consumer markets in the global North. As the limitations of certification have become increasingly apparent, attention has turned to a new mix of private and public governance arrangements engaging both global and domestic aquaculture value chains; including transparency and traceability systems, public-private sustainability partnerships, benchmarking schemes and area-based management approaches. In this paper, I provide a review of how the structure of value chains for globally traded species, including salmon, tilapia, shrimp and pangasius, determine the design of these new arrangements and analyse the extent to which they can effect a new round of sustainability governance for the sector. What are the implications of these governance arrangements for both social and environmental outcomes? Will developed and developing economies be equally engaged? Can they improve upon certification and state regulation? And what new capabilities do aquaculture producers, processors and traders need to improve their production practices, while remaining competitive in a global aquaculture industry? Addressing these questions will help to us to identify new geographies of sustainability created through governing aquaculture through global value chains. <img style="border:1px solid #C3E6D8;float:right;" alt="" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/bush-mare2015-150630093440-lva1-app6891-thumbnail.jpg?width=120&amp;height=120&amp;fit=bounds" /><br> As the importance of aquaculture for delivering global fish protein continues to grow so too does pressure for sustainable production practices. Steering the sector to move to ‘good’ or ‘better’ production practices involved a private governance arrangements, such as third party certification, operating through value chains supplying consumer markets in the global North. As the limitations of certification have become increasingly apparent, attention has turned to a new mix of private and public governance arrangements engaging both global and domestic aquaculture value chains; including transparency and traceability systems, public-private sustainability partnerships, benchmarking schemes and area-based management approaches. In this paper, I provide a review of how the structure of value chains for globally traded species, including salmon, tilapia, shrimp and pangasius, determine the design of these new arrangements and analyse the extent to which they can effect a new round of sustainability governance for the sector. What are the implications of these governance arrangements for both social and environmental outcomes? Will developed and developing economies be equally engaged? Can they improve upon certification and state regulation? And what new capabilities do aquaculture producers, processors and traders need to improve their production practices, while remaining competitive in a global aquaculture industry? Addressing these questions will help to us to identify new geographies of sustainability created through governing aquaculture through global value chains.
Governing aquaculture sustainability through global value chains from Simon Bush
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Meeting the challenges to certification, traceability and consumer awareness��: A view from the Global South /slideshow/bush-seafood-summit-panel-introduction/44738731 bush-seafoodsummitpanelintroduction-150216103144-conversion-gate02
Global seafood production will struggle to be sustainable if the performance of developing world fisheries and aquaculture is not improved. But how should support be provided and what role can consumer markets play? These are the questions we addressed at the SeaWeb Sustainable Seafood Summit.]]>

Global seafood production will struggle to be sustainable if the performance of developing world fisheries and aquaculture is not improved. But how should support be provided and what role can consumer markets play? These are the questions we addressed at the SeaWeb Sustainable Seafood Summit.]]>
Mon, 16 Feb 2015 10:31:44 GMT /slideshow/bush-seafood-summit-panel-introduction/44738731 SimRogBush@slideshare.net(SimRogBush) Meeting the challenges to certification, traceability and consumer awareness��: A view from the Global South SimRogBush Global seafood production will struggle to be sustainable if the performance of developing world fisheries and aquaculture is not improved. But how should support be provided and what role can consumer markets play? These are the questions we addressed at the SeaWeb Sustainable Seafood Summit. <img style="border:1px solid #C3E6D8;float:right;" alt="" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/bush-seafoodsummitpanelintroduction-150216103144-conversion-gate02-thumbnail.jpg?width=120&amp;height=120&amp;fit=bounds" /><br> Global seafood production will struggle to be sustainable if the performance of developing world fisheries and aquaculture is not improved. But how should support be provided and what role can consumer markets play? These are the questions we addressed at the SeaWeb Sustainable Seafood Summit.
Meeting the challenges to certification, traceability and consumer awareness : A view from the Global South from Simon Bush
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Scaling up integrated shrimp-mangrove aquaculture: a call for area-based management and certification /slideshow/scaling-up-integrated-shrimpmangrove-aquaculture-a-call-for-areabased-management-and-certification-41551386/41551386 bush-worldfishpresentation-141114043335-conversion-gate01
Why and how can we move beyond farm-level management and certification of aquaculture? That was the topic of my recent presentation at the WorldFish Centre.]]>

Why and how can we move beyond farm-level management and certification of aquaculture? That was the topic of my recent presentation at the WorldFish Centre.]]>
Fri, 14 Nov 2014 04:33:35 GMT /slideshow/scaling-up-integrated-shrimpmangrove-aquaculture-a-call-for-areabased-management-and-certification-41551386/41551386 SimRogBush@slideshare.net(SimRogBush) Scaling up integrated shrimp-mangrove aquaculture: a call for area-based management and certification SimRogBush Why and how can we move beyond farm-level management and certification of aquaculture? That was the topic of my recent presentation at the WorldFish Centre. <img style="border:1px solid #C3E6D8;float:right;" alt="" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/bush-worldfishpresentation-141114043335-conversion-gate01-thumbnail.jpg?width=120&amp;height=120&amp;fit=bounds" /><br> Why and how can we move beyond farm-level management and certification of aquaculture? That was the topic of my recent presentation at the WorldFish Centre.
Scaling up integrated shrimp-mangrove aquaculture: a call for area-based management and certification from Simon Bush
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Benefiting from Innovations in Sustainable and Equitable Management of Trans-boundary Tuna in the Western Pacific /slideshow/benefiting-from-innovations-in-sustainable-and-equitable-management-of-transboundary-tuna-in-the-western-pacific/38906688 bush-nationaltunacongressgensan2014-140910023916-phpapp02
Update on the BESTTuna Programme 2014 - including preliminary results on value chain research, international cooperation in the Western Pacific and consumer facing traceability. Presented at the 16th Philippines National Tuna Congress, 4-5 Sept. 2014 General Santos. ]]>

Update on the BESTTuna Programme 2014 - including preliminary results on value chain research, international cooperation in the Western Pacific and consumer facing traceability. Presented at the 16th Philippines National Tuna Congress, 4-5 Sept. 2014 General Santos. ]]>
Wed, 10 Sep 2014 02:39:16 GMT /slideshow/benefiting-from-innovations-in-sustainable-and-equitable-management-of-transboundary-tuna-in-the-western-pacific/38906688 SimRogBush@slideshare.net(SimRogBush) Benefiting from Innovations in Sustainable and Equitable Management of Trans-boundary Tuna in the Western Pacific SimRogBush Update on the BESTTuna Programme 2014 - including preliminary results on value chain research, international cooperation in the Western Pacific and consumer facing traceability. Presented at the 16th Philippines National Tuna Congress, 4-5 Sept. 2014 General Santos. <img style="border:1px solid #C3E6D8;float:right;" alt="" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/bush-nationaltunacongressgensan2014-140910023916-phpapp02-thumbnail.jpg?width=120&amp;height=120&amp;fit=bounds" /><br> Update on the BESTTuna Programme 2014 - including preliminary results on value chain research, international cooperation in the Western Pacific and consumer facing traceability. Presented at the 16th Philippines National Tuna Congress, 4-5 Sept. 2014 General Santos.
Benefiting from Innovations in Sustainable and Equitable Management of Trans-boundary Tuna in the Western Pacific from Simon Bush
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Certify sustainable aquaculture? /slideshow/certify-sustainable-aquaculture/35747225 bush-certifysustainableaquaculture-140611085744-phpapp01
What impact is eco-certification having on sustainable aquaculture? It certainly makes an important contribution, but is also has its limits as a tool for governing sustainability. Take a look at what we think these limits are as well as what we think some of the future of eco-certification holds for the fastest growing global food sector.]]>

What impact is eco-certification having on sustainable aquaculture? It certainly makes an important contribution, but is also has its limits as a tool for governing sustainability. Take a look at what we think these limits are as well as what we think some of the future of eco-certification holds for the fastest growing global food sector.]]>
Wed, 11 Jun 2014 08:57:44 GMT /slideshow/certify-sustainable-aquaculture/35747225 SimRogBush@slideshare.net(SimRogBush) Certify sustainable aquaculture? SimRogBush What impact is eco-certification having on sustainable aquaculture? It certainly makes an important contribution, but is also has its limits as a tool for governing sustainability. Take a look at what we think these limits are as well as what we think some of the future of eco-certification holds for the fastest growing global food sector. <img style="border:1px solid #C3E6D8;float:right;" alt="" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/bush-certifysustainableaquaculture-140611085744-phpapp01-thumbnail.jpg?width=120&amp;height=120&amp;fit=bounds" /><br> What impact is eco-certification having on sustainable aquaculture? It certainly makes an important contribution, but is also has its limits as a tool for governing sustainability. Take a look at what we think these limits are as well as what we think some of the future of eco-certification holds for the fastest growing global food sector.
Certify sustainable aquaculture? from Simon Bush
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Vertically differentiating environmental standards /slideshow/bush-and-oosterveer-msc-plus-minus-montpellier-2/33939038 bushandoosterveer-mscplusminus-montpellier2-140425071246-phpapp02
This presentation explores the externally-led vertical differentiation of third-party certification standards using the case of the Marine Stewardship Council (MSC). We analyse this process in two dimensions. First, ‘MSC-plus’ fisheries employ strategies to capture further market value from fishing practices that go beyond their initial conditions for certification and seeking additional recognition for these activities from international NGOs. Second, ‘MSC-minus’ fisheries, not yet able to meet the requirements of MSC standards, are being enrolled in NGO and private sector sponsored Fisheries Improvement Projects (FIPs), providing an alternative route to global markets. In both cases the credibility and authority of the MSC is challenged by new coalitions of market actors opening up new options for capturing market value and/or improving the conditions of international market access. Using a global value chain (GVC) framework, the results offer new insights on how such standards not only influence trade and markets, but are also starting to change their internal structure and governance in response to threats to their credibility by actors and modes of coordination in global value chains. Based on: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2012.05.011 ]]>

This presentation explores the externally-led vertical differentiation of third-party certification standards using the case of the Marine Stewardship Council (MSC). We analyse this process in two dimensions. First, ‘MSC-plus’ fisheries employ strategies to capture further market value from fishing practices that go beyond their initial conditions for certification and seeking additional recognition for these activities from international NGOs. Second, ‘MSC-minus’ fisheries, not yet able to meet the requirements of MSC standards, are being enrolled in NGO and private sector sponsored Fisheries Improvement Projects (FIPs), providing an alternative route to global markets. In both cases the credibility and authority of the MSC is challenged by new coalitions of market actors opening up new options for capturing market value and/or improving the conditions of international market access. Using a global value chain (GVC) framework, the results offer new insights on how such standards not only influence trade and markets, but are also starting to change their internal structure and governance in response to threats to their credibility by actors and modes of coordination in global value chains. Based on: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2012.05.011 ]]>
Fri, 25 Apr 2014 07:12:46 GMT /slideshow/bush-and-oosterveer-msc-plus-minus-montpellier-2/33939038 SimRogBush@slideshare.net(SimRogBush) Vertically differentiating environmental standards SimRogBush This presentation explores the externally-led vertical differentiation of third-party certification standards using the case of the Marine Stewardship Council (MSC). We analyse this process in two dimensions. First, ‘MSC-plus’ fisheries employ strategies to capture further market value from fishing practices that go beyond their initial conditions for certification and seeking additional recognition for these activities from international NGOs. Second, ‘MSC-minus’ fisheries, not yet able to meet the requirements of MSC standards, are being enrolled in NGO and private sector sponsored Fisheries Improvement Projects (FIPs), providing an alternative route to global markets. In both cases the credibility and authority of the MSC is challenged by new coalitions of market actors opening up new options for capturing market value and/or improving the conditions of international market access. Using a global value chain (GVC) framework, the results offer new insights on how such standards not only influence trade and markets, but are also starting to change their internal structure and governance in response to threats to their credibility by actors and modes of coordination in global value chains. Based on: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2012.05.011 <img style="border:1px solid #C3E6D8;float:right;" alt="" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/bushandoosterveer-mscplusminus-montpellier2-140425071246-phpapp02-thumbnail.jpg?width=120&amp;height=120&amp;fit=bounds" /><br> This presentation explores the externally-led vertical differentiation of third-party certification standards using the case of the Marine Stewardship Council (MSC). We analyse this process in two dimensions. First, ‘MSC-plus’ fisheries employ strategies to capture further market value from fishing practices that go beyond their initial conditions for certification and seeking additional recognition for these activities from international NGOs. Second, ‘MSC-minus’ fisheries, not yet able to meet the requirements of MSC standards, are being enrolled in NGO and private sector sponsored Fisheries Improvement Projects (FIPs), providing an alternative route to global markets. In both cases the credibility and authority of the MSC is challenged by new coalitions of market actors opening up new options for capturing market value and/or improving the conditions of international market access. Using a global value chain (GVC) framework, the results offer new insights on how such standards not only influence trade and markets, but are also starting to change their internal structure and governance in response to threats to their credibility by actors and modes of coordination in global value chains. Based on: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2012.05.011
Vertically differentiating environmental standards from Simon Bush
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Incentivising the private provision of public tuna information through traceability /slideshow/private-provision-of-transboundary-public-information-in-tuna-fisheries-33938612/33938612 tunainformationpaperecpr-140425065830-phpapp02
This presentation maps the existing information systems striving to create more transparency in Pacific tuna and argues that state-based information systems may be unable to overcome political and commercial interests. Our work suggests that information innovation by private actors can improve public fisheries management. These improvements are often local, however, and the flow of information across stakeholders can be limited, even when innovation exists. We argue that a new architecture for transparency and accountability is needed for the conservation of WCPO tuna that links existing information platforms, connects investors with local businesses and communities, and increases the availability of private data to public entities.]]>

This presentation maps the existing information systems striving to create more transparency in Pacific tuna and argues that state-based information systems may be unable to overcome political and commercial interests. Our work suggests that information innovation by private actors can improve public fisheries management. These improvements are often local, however, and the flow of information across stakeholders can be limited, even when innovation exists. We argue that a new architecture for transparency and accountability is needed for the conservation of WCPO tuna that links existing information platforms, connects investors with local businesses and communities, and increases the availability of private data to public entities.]]>
Fri, 25 Apr 2014 06:58:30 GMT /slideshow/private-provision-of-transboundary-public-information-in-tuna-fisheries-33938612/33938612 SimRogBush@slideshare.net(SimRogBush) Incentivising the private provision of public tuna information through traceability SimRogBush This presentation maps the existing information systems striving to create more transparency in Pacific tuna and argues that state-based information systems may be unable to overcome political and commercial interests. Our work suggests that information innovation by private actors can improve public fisheries management. These improvements are often local, however, and the flow of information across stakeholders can be limited, even when innovation exists. We argue that a new architecture for transparency and accountability is needed for the conservation of WCPO tuna that links existing information platforms, connects investors with local businesses and communities, and increases the availability of private data to public entities. <img style="border:1px solid #C3E6D8;float:right;" alt="" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/tunainformationpaperecpr-140425065830-phpapp02-thumbnail.jpg?width=120&amp;height=120&amp;fit=bounds" /><br> This presentation maps the existing information systems striving to create more transparency in Pacific tuna and argues that state-based information systems may be unable to overcome political and commercial interests. Our work suggests that information innovation by private actors can improve public fisheries management. These improvements are often local, however, and the flow of information across stakeholders can be limited, even when innovation exists. We argue that a new architecture for transparency and accountability is needed for the conservation of WCPO tuna that links existing information platforms, connects investors with local businesses and communities, and increases the availability of private data to public entities.
Incentivising the private provision of public tuna information through traceability from Simon Bush
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https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/profile-photo-SimRogBush-48x48.jpg?cb=1571309011 Simon’s research focuses on new institutional arrangements created by private and civil society actors under the banner of the ‘sustainable seafood movement’. His work is influenced by a mix of political economy and governance theories, and speaks to wider processes of globalization. His empirical focus is on the influence of global governance arrangements, such as certification, on fisheries and aquaculture in Southeast Asia. Simon’s current projects focus on pangasius and shrimp aquaculture in Southeast Asia, and tuna fisheries in the Coral Triangle and Western Pacific. Specialties: Fisheries and aquaculture social science; market-based environmental governance; political economy www.wageningenur.nl/en/Persons/Simon-Bush-1.htm https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/simonbush-areabasedapproachestocoastalgovernance-170124105746-thumbnail.jpg?width=320&height=320&fit=bounds SimRogBush/areabased-governance-for-fisheries-and-aquaculture-sustainability-in-southeast-asia Area-based Governance ... https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/bush-rffseafoodmeeting-160504204808-thumbnail.jpg?width=320&height=320&fit=bounds slideshow/towards-an-inclusive-model-for-developing-world-seafood-sustainability/61685091 Towards an inclusive m... https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/bush-mare2015-150630093440-lva1-app6891-thumbnail.jpg?width=320&height=320&fit=bounds slideshow/bush-mare-2015/49996368 Governing aquaculture ...