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�ݺ�ߣshows by User: gulnaz543668 / http://www.slideshare.net/images/logo.gif �ݺ�ߣshows by User: gulnaz543668 / Sun, 04 Sep 2022 06:43:58 GMT �ݺ�ߣShare feed for �ݺ�ߣshows by User: gulnaz543668 Introduction of Human Body.pptx /slideshow/introduction-of-human-bodypptx/252820494 introductionofhumanbody-220904064358-9bcbfaea
Anatomy and Physiology • Anatomy (ana- up; -tomy process of cutting) is the science of body structures and the relationships among them. • Physiology (physio =nature; -logy =study of) is the science of body functions—how the body parts work. Levels of structural organization and body systems • From the smallest to the largest, there are six levels of organization ▫ Chemical ▫ Cellular ▫ Tissue ▫ Organ ▫ System, and ▫ Organismal level Basic life processes • There are the six most important life processes of the human body ▫ Metabolism ▫ Responsiveness ▫ Movement ▫ Growth ▫ Differentiation ▫ Reproduction • Metabolism is the sum of all the chemical processes that occur in the body. ▫ One phase of metabolism is catabolism (catabol- throwing down; -ism a condition), the breakdown of complex chemical substances into simpler components. ▫ The other phase of metabolism is anabolism (anabol- a raising up), the building up of complex chemical substances from smaller, simpler components. 2. Responsiveness is the body’s ability to detect and respond to changes. For example, a decrease in body temperature represents a change in the internal environment (within the body). 3. Movement includes motion of the whole body, individual organs, single cells, and even tiny structures inside cells. For example, the coordinated action of leg muscles moves your whole body from one place to another when you walk or run. 4. Growth is an increase in body size that results from an increase in the size of existing cells, an increase in the number of cells, or both. 5. Differentiation is the development of a cell from an unspecialized to a specialized state. 6. Reproduction refers either to the formation of new cells for tissue growth, repair, or replacement, or to the production of a new individual. Homeostasis • Homeostasis (homeo= sameness; -stasis=standing still) is the condition of equilibrium (balance) in the body’s internal environment due to the constant interaction of the body’s many regulatory processes. • It is a dynamic condition. • In response to changing conditions, the body’s equilibrium can shift among points in a narrow range that is compatible with maintaining life. Basic anatomical terminology • Body Positions ▫ Descriptions of any region or part of the human body assume that it is in a specific stance called the anatomical position. • Regional Names ▫ The human body is divided into several major regions that can be identified externally. The principal regions are the head, neck, trunk, upper limbs, and lower limbs • Directional Terms ▫ To locate various body structures, anatomists use specific directional terms, words that describe the position of one body part relative to another ]]>
Anatomy and Physiology • Anatomy (ana- up; -tomy process of cutting) is the science of body structures and the relationships among them. • Physiology (physio =nature; -logy =study of) is the science of body functions—how the body parts work. Levels of structural organization and body systems • From the smallest to the largest, there are six levels of organization ▫ Chemical ▫ Cellular ▫ Tissue ▫ Organ ▫ System, and ▫ Organismal level Basic life processes • There are the six most important life processes of the human body ▫ Metabolism ▫ Responsiveness ▫ Movement ▫ Growth ▫ Differentiation ▫ Reproduction • Metabolism is the sum of all the chemical processes that occur in the body. ▫ One phase of metabolism is catabolism (catabol- throwing down; -ism a condition), the breakdown of complex chemical substances into simpler components. ▫ The other phase of metabolism is anabolism (anabol- a raising up), the building up of complex chemical substances from smaller, simpler components. 2. Responsiveness is the body’s ability to detect and respond to changes. For example, a decrease in body temperature represents a change in the internal environment (within the body). 3. Movement includes motion of the whole body, individual organs, single cells, and even tiny structures inside cells. For example, the coordinated action of leg muscles moves your whole body from one place to another when you walk or run. 4. Growth is an increase in body size that results from an increase in the size of existing cells, an increase in the number of cells, or both. 5. Differentiation is the development of a cell from an unspecialized to a specialized state. 6. Reproduction refers either to the formation of new cells for tissue growth, repair, or replacement, or to the production of a new individual. Homeostasis • Homeostasis (homeo= sameness; -stasis=standing still) is the condition of equilibrium (balance) in the body’s internal environment due to the constant interaction of the body’s many regulatory processes. • It is a dynamic condition. • In response to changing conditions, the body’s equilibrium can shift among points in a narrow range that is compatible with maintaining life. Basic anatomical terminology • Body Positions ▫ Descriptions of any region or part of the human body assume that it is in a specific stance called the anatomical position. • Regional Names ▫ The human body is divided into several major regions that can be identified externally. The principal regions are the head, neck, trunk, upper limbs, and lower limbs • Directional Terms ▫ To locate various body structures, anatomists use specific directional terms, words that describe the position of one body part relative to another ]]> Sun, 04 Sep 2022 06:43:58 GMT /slideshow/introduction-of-human-bodypptx/252820494 gulnaz543668@slideshare.net(gulnaz543668) Introduction of Human Body.pptx gulnaz543668 Anatomy and Physiology • Anatomy (ana- up; -tomy process of cutting) is the science of body structures and the relationships among them. • Physiology (physio =nature; -logy =study of) is the science of body functions—how the body parts work. Levels of structural organization and body systems • From the smallest to the largest, there are six levels of organization ▫ Chemical ▫ Cellular ▫ Tissue ▫ Organ ▫ System, and ▫ Organismal level Basic life processes • There are the six most important life processes of the human body ▫ Metabolism ▫ Responsiveness ▫ Movement ▫ Growth ▫ Differentiation ▫ Reproduction • Metabolism is the sum of all the chemical processes that occur in the body. ▫ One phase of metabolism is catabolism (catabol- throwing down; -ism a condition), the breakdown of complex chemical substances into simpler components. ▫ The other phase of metabolism is anabolism (anabol- a raising up), the building up of complex chemical substances from smaller, simpler components. 2. Responsiveness is the body’s ability to detect and respond to changes. For example, a decrease in body temperature represents a change in the internal environment (within the body). 3. Movement includes motion of the whole body, individual organs, single cells, and even tiny structures inside cells. For example, the coordinated action of leg muscles moves your whole body from one place to another when you walk or run. 4. Growth is an increase in body size that results from an increase in the size of existing cells, an increase in the number of cells, or both. 5. Differentiation is the development of a cell from an unspecialized to a specialized state. 6. Reproduction refers either to the formation of new cells for tissue growth, repair, or replacement, or to the production of a new individual. Homeostasis • Homeostasis (homeo= sameness; -stasis=standing still) is the condition of equilibrium (balance) in the body’s internal environment due to the constant interaction of the body’s many regulatory processes. • It is a dynamic condition. • In response to changing conditions, the body’s equilibrium can shift among points in a narrow range that is compatible with maintaining life. Basic anatomical terminology • Body Positions ▫ Descriptions of any region or part of the human body assume that it is in a specific stance called the anatomical position. • Regional Names ▫ The human body is divided into several major regions that can be identified externally. The principal regions are the head, neck, trunk, upper limbs, and lower limbs • Directional Terms ▫ To locate various body structures, anatomists use specific directional terms, words that describe the position of one body part relative to another <img style="border:1px solid #C3E6D8;float:right;" alt="" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/introductionofhumanbody-220904064358-9bcbfaea-thumbnail.jpg?width=120&height=120&fit=bounds" /> Anatomy and Physiology • Anatomy (ana- up; -tomy process of cutting) is the science of body structures and the relationships among them. • Physiology (physio =nature; -logy =study of) is the science of body functions—how the body parts work. Levels of structural organization and body systems • From the smallest to the largest, there are six levels of organization ▫ Chemical ▫ Cellular ▫ Tissue ▫ Organ ▫ System, and ▫ Organismal level Basic life processes • There are the six most important life processes of the human body ▫ Metabolism ▫ Responsiveness ▫ Movement ▫ Growth ▫ Differentiation ▫ Reproduction • Metabolism is the sum of all the chemical processes that occur in the body. ▫ One phase of metabolism is catabolism (catabol- throwing down; -ism a condition), the breakdown of complex chemical substances into simpler components. ▫ The other phase of metabolism is anabolism (anabol- a raising up), the building up of complex chemical substances from smaller, simpler components. 2. Responsiveness is the body’s ability to detect and respond to changes. For example, a decrease in body temperature represents a change in the internal environment (within the body). 3. Movement includes motion of the whole body, individual organs, single cells, and even tiny structures inside cells. For example, the coordinated action of leg muscles moves your whole body from one place to another when you walk or run. 4. Growth is an increase in body size that results from an increase in the size of existing cells, an increase in the number of cells, or both. 5. Differentiation is the development of a cell from an unspecialized to a specialized state. 6. Reproduction refers either to the formation of new cells for tissue growth, repair, or replacement, or to the production of a new individual. Homeostasis • Homeostasis (homeo= sameness; -stasis=standing still) is the condition of equilibrium (balance) in the body’s internal environment due to the constant interaction of the body’s many regulatory processes. • It is a dynamic condition. • In response to changing conditions, the body’s equilibrium can shift among points in a narrow range that is compatible with maintaining life. Basic anatomical terminology • Body Positions ▫ Descriptions of any region or part of the human body assume that it is in a specific stance called the anatomical position. • Regional Names ▫ The human body is divided into several major regions that can be identified externally. The principal regions are the head, neck, trunk, upper limbs, and lower limbs • Directional Terms ▫ To locate various body structures, anatomists use specific directional terms, words that describe the position of one body part relative to another

Introduction of Human Body.pptx from gulnaz543668

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0 Dimensions of Public Health.pptx /slideshow/dimensions-of-public-healthpptx/252814088 dimensionsofpublichealth-220903125244-6267a1ac
1. “Health is NOT mainly an issue of doctors, social services and hospitals. It is an issue of social justice” 2. What is Health??? According to WHO: “Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity” 3. New Philosophy of health ⪢ Health is a fundamental human right ⪢ Health is the essence of productive life, and not the result of ever increasing expenditure on medical care ⪢ Health is an integral part of development ⪢ Health is central to the concept of quality of life ⪢ Health involves individuals, state and international responsibility ⪢ Health and its maintenance is a major social investment ⪢ Health is a worldwide social goal 4. Dimensions of Health ⪢ Health is multidimensional . The WHO definition envisages three specific dimensions: ○ the physical, ○ the mental and ○ the social ○ the spiritual ○ the emotional ○ the vocational ○ and the political dimension 5. Public Health  If the disease condition is avoided, the probability or the chance of death or disability can be reduced.  Public Health is therefore described as the science and art of preventing diseases, prolonging life and promoting health (of individuals) through organized efforts and informed choices. 6.  Term Public Health came in to general use around 1840’s  It arose from need to protect the public from the spread of communicable diseases  In 1848 the Public Health Act in England crystallized the efforts organized by the society to protect, promote & restore the public health 7.  C.E.A. Winslow (1920) gave definition of public health: “the science & art of preventing disease, prolonging life & promoting health & efficiency through organized community efforts”  This summarizes the philosophy of public health, which remains largely true even today 8.  With the adoption of Health for All (1978), a new concept of Public Health became evident worldwide, which may be defined as…. “the organized application of local, state, national & international resources to achieve health for all, i.e. attainment by all the people of the world by the year 2000 of a level of health that will permit them to lead a socially & economically productive life” 9. Different Phases ⪢ Disease control phase (1880-1920) ⪢ Health promotional phase (1920-1960) ⪢ Social engineering phase (1960-1980) ⪢ Health for All phase (1981-2000AD) 10. Modern Preventive Medicine Modern Preventive Medicine: defined as… “ the art and science of health promotion, disease prevention, disability limitation and rehabilitation” 11. Death Death, on the planet Earth, is inevitable. A large number of deaths are premature. A substantial proportion of deaths can be avoided. Public Health is related to preventing premature and unavoidable deaths. 12. Dimensions of public health Public Health deals with the group of people rather than individuals. Dimensions of public health Health promotion Disease prevention Early diagnosis &prompt treatment]]>
1. “Health is NOT mainly an issue of doctors, social services and hospitals. It is an issue of social justice” 2. What is Health??? According to WHO: “Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity” 3. New Philosophy of health ⪢ Health is a fundamental human right ⪢ Health is the essence of productive life, and not the result of ever increasing expenditure on medical care ⪢ Health is an integral part of development ⪢ Health is central to the concept of quality of life ⪢ Health involves individuals, state and international responsibility ⪢ Health and its maintenance is a major social investment ⪢ Health is a worldwide social goal 4. Dimensions of Health ⪢ Health is multidimensional . The WHO definition envisages three specific dimensions: ○ the physical, ○ the mental and ○ the social ○ the spiritual ○ the emotional ○ the vocational ○ and the political dimension 5. Public Health  If the disease condition is avoided, the probability or the chance of death or disability can be reduced.  Public Health is therefore described as the science and art of preventing diseases, prolonging life and promoting health (of individuals) through organized efforts and informed choices. 6.  Term Public Health came in to general use around 1840’s  It arose from need to protect the public from the spread of communicable diseases  In 1848 the Public Health Act in England crystallized the efforts organized by the society to protect, promote & restore the public health 7.  C.E.A. Winslow (1920) gave definition of public health: “the science & art of preventing disease, prolonging life & promoting health & efficiency through organized community efforts”  This summarizes the philosophy of public health, which remains largely true even today 8.  With the adoption of Health for All (1978), a new concept of Public Health became evident worldwide, which may be defined as…. “the organized application of local, state, national & international resources to achieve health for all, i.e. attainment by all the people of the world by the year 2000 of a level of health that will permit them to lead a socially & economically productive life” 9. Different Phases ⪢ Disease control phase (1880-1920) ⪢ Health promotional phase (1920-1960) ⪢ Social engineering phase (1960-1980) ⪢ Health for All phase (1981-2000AD) 10. Modern Preventive Medicine Modern Preventive Medicine: defined as… “ the art and science of health promotion, disease prevention, disability limitation and rehabilitation” 11. Death Death, on the planet Earth, is inevitable. A large number of deaths are premature. A substantial proportion of deaths can be avoided. Public Health is related to preventing premature and unavoidable deaths. 12. Dimensions of public health Public Health deals with the group of people rather than individuals. Dimensions of public health Health promotion Disease prevention Early diagnosis &prompt treatment]]> Sat, 03 Sep 2022 12:52:44 GMT /slideshow/dimensions-of-public-healthpptx/252814088 gulnaz543668@slideshare.net(gulnaz543668) Dimensions of Public Health.pptx gulnaz543668 1. “Health is NOT mainly an issue of doctors, social services and hospitals. It is an issue of social justice” 2. What is Health??? According to WHO: “Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity” 3. New Philosophy of health ⪢ Health is a fundamental human right ⪢ Health is the essence of productive life, and not the result of ever increasing expenditure on medical care ⪢ Health is an integral part of development ⪢ Health is central to the concept of quality of life ⪢ Health involves individuals, state and international responsibility ⪢ Health and its maintenance is a major social investment ⪢ Health is a worldwide social goal 4. Dimensions of Health ⪢ Health is multidimensional . The WHO definition envisages three specific dimensions: ○ the physical, ○ the mental and ○ the social ○ the spiritual ○ the emotional ○ the vocational ○ and the political dimension 5. Public Health  If the disease condition is avoided, the probability or the chance of death or disability can be reduced.  Public Health is therefore described as the science and art of preventing diseases, prolonging life and promoting health (of individuals) through organized efforts and informed choices. 6.  Term Public Health came in to general use around 1840’s  It arose from need to protect the public from the spread of communicable diseases  In 1848 the Public Health Act in England crystallized the efforts organized by the society to protect, promote & restore the public health 7.  C.E.A. Winslow (1920) gave definition of public health: “the science & art of preventing disease, prolonging life & promoting health & efficiency through organized community efforts”  This summarizes the philosophy of public health, which remains largely true even today 8.  With the adoption of Health for All (1978), a new concept of Public Health became evident worldwide, which may be defined as…. “the organized application of local, state, national & international resources to achieve health for all, i.e. attainment by all the people of the world by the year 2000 of a level of health that will permit them to lead a socially & economically productive life” 9. Different Phases ⪢ Disease control phase (1880-1920) ⪢ Health promotional phase (1920-1960) ⪢ Social engineering phase (1960-1980) ⪢ Health for All phase (1981-2000AD) 10. Modern Preventive Medicine Modern Preventive Medicine: defined as… “ the art and science of health promotion, disease prevention, disability limitation and rehabilitation” 11. Death Death, on the planet Earth, is inevitable. A large number of deaths are premature. A substantial proportion of deaths can be avoided. Public Health is related to preventing premature and unavoidable deaths. 12. Dimensions of public health Public Health deals with the group of people rather than individuals. Dimensions of public health Health promotion Disease prevention Early diagnosis &prompt treatment <img style="border:1px solid #C3E6D8;float:right;" alt="" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/dimensionsofpublichealth-220903125244-6267a1ac-thumbnail.jpg?width=120&height=120&fit=bounds" /> 1. “Health is NOT mainly an issue of doctors, social services and hospitals. It is an issue of social justice” 2. What is Health??? According to WHO: “Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity” 3. New Philosophy of health ⪢ Health is a fundamental human right ⪢ Health is the essence of productive life, and not the result of ever increasing expenditure on medical care ⪢ Health is an integral part of development ⪢ Health is central to the concept of quality of life ⪢ Health involves individuals, state and international responsibility ⪢ Health and its maintenance is a major social investment ⪢ Health is a worldwide social goal 4. Dimensions of Health ⪢ Health is multidimensional . The WHO definition envisages three specific dimensions: ○ the physical, ○ the mental and ○ the social ○ the spiritual ○ the emotional ○ the vocational ○ and the political dimension 5. Public Health  If the disease condition is avoided, the probability or the chance of death or disability can be reduced.  Public Health is therefore described as the science and art of preventing diseases, prolonging life and promoting health (of individuals) through organized efforts and informed choices. 6.  Term Public Health came in to general use around 1840’s  It arose from need to protect the public from the spread of communicable diseases  In 1848 the Public Health Act in England crystallized the efforts organized by the society to protect, promote & restore the public health 7.  C.E.A. Winslow (1920) gave definition of public health: “the science & art of preventing disease, prolonging life & promoting health & efficiency through organized community efforts”  This summarizes the philosophy of public health, which remains largely true even today 8.  With the adoption of Health for All (1978), a new concept of Public Health became evident worldwide, which may be defined as…. “the organized application of local, state, national & international resources to achieve health for all, i.e. attainment by all the people of the world by the year 2000 of a level of health that will permit them to lead a socially & economically productive life” 9. Different Phases ⪢ Disease control phase (1880-1920) ⪢ Health promotional phase (1920-1960) ⪢ Social engineering phase (1960-1980) ⪢ Health for All phase (1981-2000AD) 10. Modern Preventive Medicine Modern Preventive Medicine: defined as… “ the art and science of health promotion, disease prevention, disability limitation and rehabilitation” 11. Death Death, on the planet Earth, is inevitable. A large number of deaths are premature. A substantial proportion of deaths can be avoided. Public Health is related to preventing premature and unavoidable deaths. 12. Dimensions of public health Public Health deals with the group of people rather than individuals. Dimensions of public health Health promotion Disease prevention Early diagnosis &prompt treatment

Dimensions of Public Health.pptx from gulnaz543668

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0 Cell_Junction.pptx /slideshow/celljunctionpptx/252806095 celljunction-220902153124-a32b37be
1. Cell Junctions  Cell junctions are contact points between the plasma membranes of tissue cells.  The five most important types of cell junctions: ◦ Tight junctions, ◦ Adherens junctions, ◦ Desmosomes, ◦ Hemidesmosomes, and ◦ Gap junctions 2. Tight Junctions  Tight junctions consist of web like strands of transmembrane proteins that fuse the outer surfaces of adjacent plasma membranes together to seal off passageways between adjacent cells.  Cells of epithelial tissues that line the stomach, intestines, and urinary bladder have many tight junctions to retard the passage of substances between cells and prevent the contents of these organs from leaking into the blood or surrounding tissues. 3. Adherens Junctions  Adherens junctions contain plaque, a dense layer of proteins and to microfilaments of the cytoskeleton.  Transmembrane glycoproteins called cadherins join the cells.  Each cadherin proteins on the inside of the plasma membrane that attaches both to membrane in inserts into the plaque from the opposite side of the plasma membrane, partially crosses the intercellular space (the space between the cells), and connects to cadherins of an adjacent cell. 4. Adherens Junctions (contd.)  In epithelial cells, adherens junctions often form extensive zones called adhesion belts because they encircle the cell similar to the way a belt encircles your waist.  Adherens junctions help epithelial surfaces resist separation during various contractile activities, as when food moves through the intestines. 5. Desmosomes  Like adherens junctions, desmosomes contain plaque and have transmembrane glycoproteins (cadherins) that extend into the intercellular space between adjacent cell membranes and attach cells to one another.  However, unlike adherens junctions, the plaque of desmosomes does not attach to microfilaments. Instead, a desmosome plaque attaches to elements of the cytoskeleton known as intermediate filaments that consist of the protein keratin.  The intermediate filaments extend from desmosomes on one side of the cell across the cytosol to desmosomes on the opposite side of the cell. 6. Desmosomes (contd.)  This structural arrangement contributes to the stability of the cells and tissue.  These spot-weld-like junctions are common among the cells that make up the epidermis (the outermost layer of the skin) and among cardiac muscle cells in the heart.  Desmosomes prevent epidermal cells from separating under tension and cardiac muscle cells from pulling apart during contraction. 7. Hemidesmosomes  Hemidesmosomes resemble desmosomes but they do not link adjacent cells. The name arises from the fact that they look like half of a desmosome.  However, the transmembrane glycoproteins in hemidesmosomes are integrins rather than cadherins.  On the inside of the plasma membrane, integrins attach to intermediate filaments made of the protein keratin. ]]>
1. Cell Junctions  Cell junctions are contact points between the plasma membranes of tissue cells.  The five most important types of cell junctions: ◦ Tight junctions, ◦ Adherens junctions, ◦ Desmosomes, ◦ Hemidesmosomes, and ◦ Gap junctions 2. Tight Junctions  Tight junctions consist of web like strands of transmembrane proteins that fuse the outer surfaces of adjacent plasma membranes together to seal off passageways between adjacent cells.  Cells of epithelial tissues that line the stomach, intestines, and urinary bladder have many tight junctions to retard the passage of substances between cells and prevent the contents of these organs from leaking into the blood or surrounding tissues. 3. Adherens Junctions  Adherens junctions contain plaque, a dense layer of proteins and to microfilaments of the cytoskeleton.  Transmembrane glycoproteins called cadherins join the cells.  Each cadherin proteins on the inside of the plasma membrane that attaches both to membrane in inserts into the plaque from the opposite side of the plasma membrane, partially crosses the intercellular space (the space between the cells), and connects to cadherins of an adjacent cell. 4. Adherens Junctions (contd.)  In epithelial cells, adherens junctions often form extensive zones called adhesion belts because they encircle the cell similar to the way a belt encircles your waist.  Adherens junctions help epithelial surfaces resist separation during various contractile activities, as when food moves through the intestines. 5. Desmosomes  Like adherens junctions, desmosomes contain plaque and have transmembrane glycoproteins (cadherins) that extend into the intercellular space between adjacent cell membranes and attach cells to one another.  However, unlike adherens junctions, the plaque of desmosomes does not attach to microfilaments. Instead, a desmosome plaque attaches to elements of the cytoskeleton known as intermediate filaments that consist of the protein keratin.  The intermediate filaments extend from desmosomes on one side of the cell across the cytosol to desmosomes on the opposite side of the cell. 6. Desmosomes (contd.)  This structural arrangement contributes to the stability of the cells and tissue.  These spot-weld-like junctions are common among the cells that make up the epidermis (the outermost layer of the skin) and among cardiac muscle cells in the heart.  Desmosomes prevent epidermal cells from separating under tension and cardiac muscle cells from pulling apart during contraction. 7. Hemidesmosomes  Hemidesmosomes resemble desmosomes but they do not link adjacent cells. The name arises from the fact that they look like half of a desmosome.  However, the transmembrane glycoproteins in hemidesmosomes are integrins rather than cadherins.  On the inside of the plasma membrane, integrins attach to intermediate filaments made of the protein keratin. ]]> Fri, 02 Sep 2022 15:31:24 GMT /slideshow/celljunctionpptx/252806095 gulnaz543668@slideshare.net(gulnaz543668) Cell_Junction.pptx gulnaz543668 1. Cell Junctions  Cell junctions are contact points between the plasma membranes of tissue cells.  The five most important types of cell junctions: ◦ Tight junctions, ◦ Adherens junctions, ◦ Desmosomes, ◦ Hemidesmosomes, and ◦ Gap junctions 2. Tight Junctions  Tight junctions consist of web like strands of transmembrane proteins that fuse the outer surfaces of adjacent plasma membranes together to seal off passageways between adjacent cells.  Cells of epithelial tissues that line the stomach, intestines, and urinary bladder have many tight junctions to retard the passage of substances between cells and prevent the contents of these organs from leaking into the blood or surrounding tissues. 3. Adherens Junctions  Adherens junctions contain plaque, a dense layer of proteins and to microfilaments of the cytoskeleton.  Transmembrane glycoproteins called cadherins join the cells.  Each cadherin proteins on the inside of the plasma membrane that attaches both to membrane in inserts into the plaque from the opposite side of the plasma membrane, partially crosses the intercellular space (the space between the cells), and connects to cadherins of an adjacent cell. 4. Adherens Junctions (contd.)  In epithelial cells, adherens junctions often form extensive zones called adhesion belts because they encircle the cell similar to the way a belt encircles your waist.  Adherens junctions help epithelial surfaces resist separation during various contractile activities, as when food moves through the intestines. 5. Desmosomes  Like adherens junctions, desmosomes contain plaque and have transmembrane glycoproteins (cadherins) that extend into the intercellular space between adjacent cell membranes and attach cells to one another.  However, unlike adherens junctions, the plaque of desmosomes does not attach to microfilaments. Instead, a desmosome plaque attaches to elements of the cytoskeleton known as intermediate filaments that consist of the protein keratin.  The intermediate filaments extend from desmosomes on one side of the cell across the cytosol to desmosomes on the opposite side of the cell. 6. Desmosomes (contd.)  This structural arrangement contributes to the stability of the cells and tissue.  These spot-weld-like junctions are common among the cells that make up the epidermis (the outermost layer of the skin) and among cardiac muscle cells in the heart.  Desmosomes prevent epidermal cells from separating under tension and cardiac muscle cells from pulling apart during contraction. 7. Hemidesmosomes  Hemidesmosomes resemble desmosomes but they do not link adjacent cells. The name arises from the fact that they look like half of a desmosome.  However, the transmembrane glycoproteins in hemidesmosomes are integrins rather than cadherins.  On the inside of the plasma membrane, integrins attach to intermediate filaments made of the protein keratin. <img style="border:1px solid #C3E6D8;float:right;" alt="" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/celljunction-220902153124-a32b37be-thumbnail.jpg?width=120&height=120&fit=bounds" /> 1. Cell Junctions  Cell junctions are contact points between the plasma membranes of tissue cells.  The five most important types of cell junctions: ◦ Tight junctions, ◦ Adherens junctions, ◦ Desmosomes, ◦ Hemidesmosomes, and ◦ Gap junctions 2. Tight Junctions  Tight junctions consist of web like strands of transmembrane proteins that fuse the outer surfaces of adjacent plasma membranes together to seal off passageways between adjacent cells.  Cells of epithelial tissues that line the stomach, intestines, and urinary bladder have many tight junctions to retard the passage of substances between cells and prevent the contents of these organs from leaking into the blood or surrounding tissues. 3. Adherens Junctions  Adherens junctions contain plaque, a dense layer of proteins and to microfilaments of the cytoskeleton.  Transmembrane glycoproteins called cadherins join the cells.  Each cadherin proteins on the inside of the plasma membrane that attaches both to membrane in inserts into the plaque from the opposite side of the plasma membrane, partially crosses the intercellular space (the space between the cells), and connects to cadherins of an adjacent cell. 4. Adherens Junctions (contd.)  In epithelial cells, adherens junctions often form extensive zones called adhesion belts because they encircle the cell similar to the way a belt encircles your waist.  Adherens junctions help epithelial surfaces resist separation during various contractile activities, as when food moves through the intestines. 5. Desmosomes  Like adherens junctions, desmosomes contain plaque and have transmembrane glycoproteins (cadherins) that extend into the intercellular space between adjacent cell membranes and attach cells to one another.  However, unlike adherens junctions, the plaque of desmosomes does not attach to microfilaments. Instead, a desmosome plaque attaches to elements of the cytoskeleton known as intermediate filaments that consist of the protein keratin.  The intermediate filaments extend from desmosomes on one side of the cell across the cytosol to desmosomes on the opposite side of the cell. 6. Desmosomes (contd.)  This structural arrangement contributes to the stability of the cells and tissue.  These spot-weld-like junctions are common among the cells that make up the epidermis (the outermost layer of the skin) and among cardiac muscle cells in the heart.  Desmosomes prevent epidermal cells from separating under tension and cardiac muscle cells from pulling apart during contraction. 7. Hemidesmosomes  Hemidesmosomes resemble desmosomes but they do not link adjacent cells. The name arises from the fact that they look like half of a desmosome.  However, the transmembrane glycoproteins in hemidesmosomes are integrins rather than cadherins.  On the inside of the plasma membrane, integrins attach to intermediate filaments made of the protein keratin.

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0 Cell Communication.pptx /slideshow/cell-communicationpptx/252794492 cellcommunication-220901195916-4e734819
Cell communication focuses on how a cell gives and receives messages with its environment and with itself. Cell needs to be able to communicate to other cells and responds to environment changes. External signals are converted into responses within the cell. Cells typically communicate using chemical signals. These chemical signals, which are proteins or other molecules produced by a sending cell, are often secreted from the cell and released into the extracellular space. Cell Signaling and Signal Transduction Cell Signaling: it is about communication between different groups of cells and tissues i.e., how one group of cells informs another group of cells what to do. Signal Transduction: refers to how the presence of an extracellular signal can produce a change in the intracellular state of the cell without the initial signal crossing the membrane. Communication between cell requires: Ligand: the signaling molecule Receptor protein: the molecule to which the receptor binds- may be on the plasma membrane or within the cell When a signaling molecule binds to its receptor, it alters the shape or activity of the receptor, triggering a change inside of the cell. Signaling molecules are often called ligands, a general term for molecules that bind specifically to other molecules (such as receptors). The message carried by a ligand is often relayed through a chain of chemical messengers inside the cell. Ultimately, it leads to a change in the cell, such as alteration in the activity of a gene or even the induction of a whole process, such as cell division. Thus, the original intercellular (between-cells) signal is converted into an intracellular (within-cell) signal that triggers a response. Mechanism of Cell Communication There are five basic mechanisms for cellular communication: a) Contact-dependent (Direct contact) b) Paracrine c) Autocrine d) Synaptic e) Endocrine Contact-dependent (Direct contact) Gap junctions in animals and plasmodesmata in plants are tiny channels that directly connect neighboring cells. These water-filled channels allow small signaling molecules, called intracellular mediators, to diffuse between the two cells. Small molecules, such as calcium ions are able to move between cells, but large molecules like proteins and DNA cannot fit through the channels without special assistance. In another form of direct signaling, two cells may bind to one another because they carry complementary proteins on their surfaces. When the proteins bind to one another, this interaction changes the shape of one or both proteins, transmitting a signal. This kind of signaling is especially important in the immune system, where immune cells use cell-surface markers to recognize “self” cells (the body's own cells) and cells infected by pathogens. Paracrine Communication Often, cells that are near one another communicate through the release of chemical messengers (ligands that can diffuse through the space between the cells). ]]>
Cell communication focuses on how a cell gives and receives messages with its environment and with itself. Cell needs to be able to communicate to other cells and responds to environment changes. External signals are converted into responses within the cell. Cells typically communicate using chemical signals. These chemical signals, which are proteins or other molecules produced by a sending cell, are often secreted from the cell and released into the extracellular space. Cell Signaling and Signal Transduction Cell Signaling: it is about communication between different groups of cells and tissues i.e., how one group of cells informs another group of cells what to do. Signal Transduction: refers to how the presence of an extracellular signal can produce a change in the intracellular state of the cell without the initial signal crossing the membrane. Communication between cell requires: Ligand: the signaling molecule Receptor protein: the molecule to which the receptor binds- may be on the plasma membrane or within the cell When a signaling molecule binds to its receptor, it alters the shape or activity of the receptor, triggering a change inside of the cell. Signaling molecules are often called ligands, a general term for molecules that bind specifically to other molecules (such as receptors). The message carried by a ligand is often relayed through a chain of chemical messengers inside the cell. Ultimately, it leads to a change in the cell, such as alteration in the activity of a gene or even the induction of a whole process, such as cell division. Thus, the original intercellular (between-cells) signal is converted into an intracellular (within-cell) signal that triggers a response. Mechanism of Cell Communication There are five basic mechanisms for cellular communication: a) Contact-dependent (Direct contact) b) Paracrine c) Autocrine d) Synaptic e) Endocrine Contact-dependent (Direct contact) Gap junctions in animals and plasmodesmata in plants are tiny channels that directly connect neighboring cells. These water-filled channels allow small signaling molecules, called intracellular mediators, to diffuse between the two cells. Small molecules, such as calcium ions are able to move between cells, but large molecules like proteins and DNA cannot fit through the channels without special assistance. In another form of direct signaling, two cells may bind to one another because they carry complementary proteins on their surfaces. When the proteins bind to one another, this interaction changes the shape of one or both proteins, transmitting a signal. This kind of signaling is especially important in the immune system, where immune cells use cell-surface markers to recognize “self” cells (the body's own cells) and cells infected by pathogens. Paracrine Communication Often, cells that are near one another communicate through the release of chemical messengers (ligands that can diffuse through the space between the cells). ]]> Thu, 01 Sep 2022 19:59:16 GMT /slideshow/cell-communicationpptx/252794492 gulnaz543668@slideshare.net(gulnaz543668) Cell Communication.pptx gulnaz543668 Cell communication focuses on how a cell gives and receives messages with its environment and with itself. Cell needs to be able to communicate to other cells and responds to environment changes. External signals are converted into responses within the cell. Cells typically communicate using chemical signals. These chemical signals, which are proteins or other molecules produced by a sending cell, are often secreted from the cell and released into the extracellular space. Cell Signaling and Signal Transduction Cell Signaling: it is about communication between different groups of cells and tissues i.e., how one group of cells informs another group of cells what to do. Signal Transduction: refers to how the presence of an extracellular signal can produce a change in the intracellular state of the cell without the initial signal crossing the membrane. Communication between cell requires: Ligand: the signaling molecule Receptor protein: the molecule to which the receptor binds- may be on the plasma membrane or within the cell When a signaling molecule binds to its receptor, it alters the shape or activity of the receptor, triggering a change inside of the cell. Signaling molecules are often called ligands, a general term for molecules that bind specifically to other molecules (such as receptors). The message carried by a ligand is often relayed through a chain of chemical messengers inside the cell. Ultimately, it leads to a change in the cell, such as alteration in the activity of a gene or even the induction of a whole process, such as cell division. Thus, the original intercellular (between-cells) signal is converted into an intracellular (within-cell) signal that triggers a response. Mechanism of Cell Communication There are five basic mechanisms for cellular communication: a) Contact-dependent (Direct contact) b) Paracrine c) Autocrine d) Synaptic e) Endocrine Contact-dependent �(Direct contact) Gap junctions in animals and plasmodesmata in plants are tiny channels that directly connect neighboring cells. These water-filled channels allow small signaling molecules, called intracellular mediators, to diffuse between the two cells. Small molecules, such as calcium ions are able to move between cells, but large molecules like proteins and DNA cannot fit through the channels without special assistance. In another form of direct signaling, two cells may bind to one another because they carry complementary proteins on their surfaces. When the proteins bind to one another, this interaction changes the shape of one or both proteins, transmitting a signal. This kind of signaling is especially important in the immune system, where immune cells use cell-surface markers to recognize “self” cells (the body's own cells) and cells infected by pathogens. Paracrine Communication Often, cells that are near one another communicate through the release of chemical messengers (ligands that can diffuse through the space between the cells). <img style="border:1px solid #C3E6D8;float:right;" alt="" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/cellcommunication-220901195916-4e734819-thumbnail.jpg?width=120&height=120&fit=bounds" /> Cell communication focuses on how a cell gives and receives messages with its environment and with itself. Cell needs to be able to communicate to other cells and responds to environment changes. External signals are converted into responses within the cell. Cells typically communicate using chemical signals. These chemical signals, which are proteins or other molecules produced by a sending cell, are often secreted from the cell and released into the extracellular space. Cell Signaling and Signal Transduction Cell Signaling: it is about communication between different groups of cells and tissues i.e., how one group of cells informs another group of cells what to do. Signal Transduction: refers to how the presence of an extracellular signal can produce a change in the intracellular state of the cell without the initial signal crossing the membrane. Communication between cell requires: Ligand: the signaling molecule Receptor protein: the molecule to which the receptor binds- may be on the plasma membrane or within the cell When a signaling molecule binds to its receptor, it alters the shape or activity of the receptor, triggering a change inside of the cell. Signaling molecules are often called ligands, a general term for molecules that bind specifically to other molecules (such as receptors). The message carried by a ligand is often relayed through a chain of chemical messengers inside the cell. Ultimately, it leads to a change in the cell, such as alteration in the activity of a gene or even the induction of a whole process, such as cell division. Thus, the original intercellular (between-cells) signal is converted into an intracellular (within-cell) signal that triggers a response. Mechanism of Cell Communication There are five basic mechanisms for cellular communication: a) Contact-dependent (Direct contact) b) Paracrine c) Autocrine d) Synaptic e) Endocrine Contact-dependent �(Direct contact) Gap junctions in animals and plasmodesmata in plants are tiny channels that directly connect neighboring cells. These water-filled channels allow small signaling molecules, called intracellular mediators, to diffuse between the two cells. Small molecules, such as calcium ions are able to move between cells, but large molecules like proteins and DNA cannot fit through the channels without special assistance. In another form of direct signaling, two cells may bind to one another because they carry complementary proteins on their surfaces. When the proteins bind to one another, this interaction changes the shape of one or both proteins, transmitting a signal. This kind of signaling is especially important in the immune system, where immune cells use cell-surface markers to recognize “self” cells (the body's own cells) and cells infected by pathogens. Paracrine Communication Often, cells that are near one another communicate through the release of chemical messengers (ligands that can diffuse through the space between the cells).

Cell Communication.pptx from gulnaz543668

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0 Cell Division.pptx /slideshow/cell-divisionpptx/252792152 celldivision-220901151737-c400162e
Cell division is a process by which cell reproduce itself and divides into two or more daughter cells. The cell cycle is defined as the period between successive divisions of a cell. It is an orderly sequence of events by which a somatic cell duplicates its contents and divides in two. ]]>
Cell division is a process by which cell reproduce itself and divides into two or more daughter cells. The cell cycle is defined as the period between successive divisions of a cell. It is an orderly sequence of events by which a somatic cell duplicates its contents and divides in two. ]]> Thu, 01 Sep 2022 15:17:37 GMT /slideshow/cell-divisionpptx/252792152 gulnaz543668@slideshare.net(gulnaz543668) Cell Division.pptx gulnaz543668 Cell division is a process by which cell reproduce itself and divides into two or more daughter cells. The cell cycle is defined as the period between successive divisions of a cell. It is an orderly sequence of events by which a somatic cell duplicates its contents and divides in two. <img style="border:1px solid #C3E6D8;float:right;" alt="" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/celldivision-220901151737-c400162e-thumbnail.jpg?width=120&height=120&fit=bounds" /> Cell division is a process by which cell reproduce itself and divides into two or more daughter cells. The cell cycle is defined as the period between successive divisions of a cell. It is an orderly sequence of events by which a somatic cell duplicates its contents and divides in two.

Cell Division.pptx from gulnaz543668

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