�ݺ�ߣshows by User: karolinekersinE

�ݺ�ߣshows by User: karolinekersinE / http://www.slideshare.net/images/logo.gif �ݺ�ߣshows by User: karolinekersinE / Sat, 02 Apr 2022 05:53:00 GMT �ݺ�ߣShare feed for �ݺ�ߣshows by User: karolinekersinE Thermogravimetric analysis.pptx /slideshow/thermogravimetric-analysispptx/251495577 thermogravimetricanalysis-220402055301
In thermogravimetric analysis, the change in weight in relation to a change in temperature in a controlled environment is measured. Heat is used in TGA to force reactions and physical changes in materials. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) is a reliable method to determine endotherms, exotherms, measure oxidation processes, thermal stability, decomposition points of explosives, characteristics of polymers, solvent residues, the level of organic and inorganic components of a mixture, degradation temperatures of a material, and the absorbed moisture content of materials. Materials analyzed by thermogravimetric analysis include explosives, petroleum, chemicals, biological samples, polymers, composites, plastics, adhesives, coatings, organic materials, and pharmaceuticals.The thermogravimetric analysis instrument usually consists of a high-precision balance and sample pan. The pan holds the sample material and is located in a furnace or oven that is heated or cooled during the experiment. A thermocouple is used to accurately control and measure the temperature within the oven. The mass of the sample is constantly monitored during the analysis. An inert or reactive gas may be used to purge and control the environment. The analysis is performed by gradually raising the temperature and plotting the substances weight against temperature. A computer is utilized to control the instrument and to process the output curves.]]>
In thermogravimetric analysis, the change in weight in relation to a change in temperature in a controlled environment is measured. Heat is used in TGA to force reactions and physical changes in materials. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) is a reliable method to determine endotherms, exotherms, measure oxidation processes, thermal stability, decomposition points of explosives, characteristics of polymers, solvent residues, the level of organic and inorganic components of a mixture, degradation temperatures of a material, and the absorbed moisture content of materials. Materials analyzed by thermogravimetric analysis include explosives, petroleum, chemicals, biological samples, polymers, composites, plastics, adhesives, coatings, organic materials, and pharmaceuticals.The thermogravimetric analysis instrument usually consists of a high-precision balance and sample pan. The pan holds the sample material and is located in a furnace or oven that is heated or cooled during the experiment. A thermocouple is used to accurately control and measure the temperature within the oven. The mass of the sample is constantly monitored during the analysis. An inert or reactive gas may be used to purge and control the environment. The analysis is performed by gradually raising the temperature and plotting the substances weight against temperature. A computer is utilized to control the instrument and to process the output curves.]]> Sat, 02 Apr 2022 05:53:00 GMT /slideshow/thermogravimetric-analysispptx/251495577 karolinekersinE@slideshare.net(karolinekersinE) Thermogravimetric analysis.pptx karolinekersinE In thermogravimetric analysis, the change in weight in relation to a change in temperature in a controlled environment is measured. Heat is used in TGA to force reactions and physical changes in materials. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) is a reliable method to determine endotherms, exotherms, measure oxidation processes, thermal stability, decomposition points of explosives, characteristics of polymers, solvent residues, the level of organic and inorganic components of a mixture, degradation temperatures of a material, and the absorbed moisture content of materials. Materials analyzed by thermogravimetric analysis include explosives, petroleum, chemicals, biological samples, polymers, composites, plastics, adhesives, coatings, organic materials, and pharmaceuticals.The thermogravimetric analysis instrument usually consists of a high-precision balance and sample pan. The pan holds the sample material and is located in a furnace or oven that is heated or cooled during the experiment. A thermocouple is used to accurately control and measure the temperature within the oven. The mass of the sample is constantly monitored during the analysis. An inert or reactive gas may be used to purge and control the environment. The analysis is performed by gradually raising the temperature and plotting the substances weight against temperature. A computer is utilized to control the instrument and to process the output curves. <img style="border:1px solid #C3E6D8;float:right;" alt="" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/thermogravimetricanalysis-220402055301-thumbnail.jpg?width=120&height=120&fit=bounds" /> In thermogravimetric analysis, the change in weight in relation to a change in temperature in a controlled environment is measured. Heat is used in TGA to force reactions and physical changes in materials. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) is a reliable method to determine endotherms, exotherms, measure oxidation processes, thermal stability, decomposition points of explosives, characteristics of polymers, solvent residues, the level of organic and inorganic components of a mixture, degradation temperatures of a material, and the absorbed moisture content of materials. Materials analyzed by thermogravimetric analysis include explosives, petroleum, chemicals, biological samples, polymers, composites, plastics, adhesives, coatings, organic materials, and pharmaceuticals.The thermogravimetric analysis instrument usually consists of a high-precision balance and sample pan. The pan holds the sample material and is located in a furnace or oven that is heated or cooled during the experiment. A thermocouple is used to accurately control and measure the temperature within the oven. The mass of the sample is constantly monitored during the analysis. An inert or reactive gas may be used to purge and control the environment. The analysis is performed by gradually raising the temperature and plotting the substances weight against temperature. A computer is utilized to control the instrument and to process the output curves.

Thermogravimetric analysis.pptx from karoline Enoch

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0 UV VISIBLE SPECTROSCOPY /slideshow/uv-visible-spectroscopy-251495535/251495535 uvvisible-220402054412
Spectroscopy is the measurement and interpretation of electromagnetic radiation absorbed or emitted when the molecules or atoms or ions of a sample move from one energy state to another energy state. UV spectroscopy is a type of absorption spectroscopy in which light of the ultra-violet region (200-400 nm) is absorbed by the molecule which results in the excitation of the electrons from the ground state to a higher energy state.Basically, spectroscopy is related to the interaction of light with matter. As light is absorbed by matter, the result is an increase in the energy content of the atoms or molecules. When ultraviolet radiations are absorbed, this results in the excitation of the electrons from the ground state towards a higher energy state. Molecules containing π-electrons or nonbonding electrons (n-electrons) can absorb energy in the form of ultraviolet light to excite these electrons to higher anti-bonding molecular orbitals. The more easily excited the electrons, the longer the wavelength of light they can absorb. There are four possible types of transitions (π–π*, n–π*, σ–σ*, and n–σ*), and they can be ordered as follows: σ–σ* > n–σ* > π–π* > n–π* The absorption of ultraviolet light by a chemical compound will produce a distinct spectrum that aids in the identification of the compound. ]]>
Spectroscopy is the measurement and interpretation of electromagnetic radiation absorbed or emitted when the molecules or atoms or ions of a sample move from one energy state to another energy state. UV spectroscopy is a type of absorption spectroscopy in which light of the ultra-violet region (200-400 nm) is absorbed by the molecule which results in the excitation of the electrons from the ground state to a higher energy state.Basically, spectroscopy is related to the interaction of light with matter. As light is absorbed by matter, the result is an increase in the energy content of the atoms or molecules. When ultraviolet radiations are absorbed, this results in the excitation of the electrons from the ground state towards a higher energy state. Molecules containing π-electrons or nonbonding electrons (n-electrons) can absorb energy in the form of ultraviolet light to excite these electrons to higher anti-bonding molecular orbitals. The more easily excited the electrons, the longer the wavelength of light they can absorb. There are four possible types of transitions (π–π*, n–π*, σ–σ*, and n–σ*), and they can be ordered as follows: σ–σ* > n–σ* > π–π* > n–π* The absorption of ultraviolet light by a chemical compound will produce a distinct spectrum that aids in the identification of the compound. ]]> Sat, 02 Apr 2022 05:44:12 GMT /slideshow/uv-visible-spectroscopy-251495535/251495535 karolinekersinE@slideshare.net(karolinekersinE) UV VISIBLE SPECTROSCOPY karolinekersinE Spectroscopy is the measurement and interpretation of electromagnetic radiation absorbed or emitted when the molecules or atoms or ions of a sample move from one energy state to another energy state. UV spectroscopy is a type of absorption spectroscopy in which light of the ultra-violet region (200-400 nm) is absorbed by the molecule which results in the excitation of the electrons from the ground state to a higher energy state.Basically, spectroscopy is related to the interaction of light with matter. As light is absorbed by matter, the result is an increase in the energy content of the atoms or molecules. When ultraviolet radiations are absorbed, this results in the excitation of the electrons from the ground state towards a higher energy state. Molecules containing π-electrons or nonbonding electrons (n-electrons) can absorb energy in the form of ultraviolet light to excite these electrons to higher anti-bonding molecular orbitals. The more easily excited the electrons, the longer the wavelength of light they can absorb. There are four possible types of transitions (π–π*, n–π*, σ–σ*, and n–σ*), and they can be ordered as follows: σ–σ* > n–σ* > π–π* > n–π* The absorption of ultraviolet light by a chemical compound will produce a distinct spectrum that aids in the identification of the compound. <img style="border:1px solid #C3E6D8;float:right;" alt="" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/uvvisible-220402054412-thumbnail.jpg?width=120&height=120&fit=bounds" /> Spectroscopy is the measurement and interpretation of electromagnetic radiation absorbed or emitted when the molecules or atoms or ions of a sample move from one energy state to another energy state. UV spectroscopy is a type of absorption spectroscopy in which light of the ultra-violet region (200-400 nm) is absorbed by the molecule which results in the excitation of the electrons from the ground state to a higher energy state.Basically, spectroscopy is related to the interaction of light with matter. As light is absorbed by matter, the result is an increase in the energy content of the atoms or molecules. When ultraviolet radiations are absorbed, this results in the excitation of the electrons from the ground state towards a higher energy state. Molecules containing π-electrons or nonbonding electrons (n-electrons) can absorb energy in the form of ultraviolet light to excite these electrons to higher anti-bonding molecular orbitals. The more easily excited the electrons, the longer the wavelength of light they can absorb. There are four possible types of transitions (π–π*, n–π*, σ–σ*, and n–σ*), and they can be ordered as follows: σ–σ* > n–σ* > π–π* > n–π* The absorption of ultraviolet light by a chemical compound will produce a distinct spectrum that aids in the identification of the compound.

UV VISIBLE SPECTROSCOPY from karoline Enoch

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0 Nanotribolgy for medical devices /slideshow/nanotribolgy-for-medical-devices/250952042 nanotribolgyformedicaldevices-220106095131
Medical devices are heavily regulated because of their intended uses in human beings. Generally medical devices are classified into different categories depending upon the degree of potential risks and regulated accordingly.Many medical devices are involved with relative moving parts, either in contact to the native tissues or within the biomaterials, and often under loading. Important issues, such as friction and wear of the moving parts, not only affect the functions of these devices but also the potential adverse effects on the natural tissues. Biotribology deals with the application of tribological principles, such as friction, wear and lubrication between relatively motions surfaces, to medical and biological systems. Biotribology plays an important role in a number of medical devices]]>
Medical devices are heavily regulated because of their intended uses in human beings. Generally medical devices are classified into different categories depending upon the degree of potential risks and regulated accordingly.Many medical devices are involved with relative moving parts, either in contact to the native tissues or within the biomaterials, and often under loading. Important issues, such as friction and wear of the moving parts, not only affect the functions of these devices but also the potential adverse effects on the natural tissues. Biotribology deals with the application of tribological principles, such as friction, wear and lubrication between relatively motions surfaces, to medical and biological systems. Biotribology plays an important role in a number of medical devices]]> Thu, 06 Jan 2022 09:51:31 GMT /slideshow/nanotribolgy-for-medical-devices/250952042 karolinekersinE@slideshare.net(karolinekersinE) Nanotribolgy for medical devices karolinekersinE Medical devices are heavily regulated because of their intended uses in human beings. Generally medical devices are classified into different categories depending upon the degree of potential risks and regulated accordingly.Many medical devices are involved with relative moving parts, either in contact to the native tissues or within the biomaterials, and often under loading. Important issues, such as friction and wear of the moving parts, not only affect the functions of these devices but also the potential adverse effects on the natural tissues. Biotribology deals with the application of tribological principles, such as friction, wear and lubrication between relatively motions surfaces, to medical and biological systems. Biotribology plays an important role in a number of medical devices <img style="border:1px solid #C3E6D8;float:right;" alt="" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/nanotribolgyformedicaldevices-220106095131-thumbnail.jpg?width=120&height=120&fit=bounds" /> Medical devices are heavily regulated because of their intended uses in human beings. Generally medical devices are classified into different categories depending upon the degree of potential risks and regulated accordingly.Many medical devices are involved with relative moving parts, either in contact to the native tissues or within the biomaterials, and often under loading. Important issues, such as friction and wear of the moving parts, not only affect the functions of these devices but also the potential adverse effects on the natural tissues. Biotribology deals with the application of tribological principles, such as friction, wear and lubrication between relatively motions surfaces, to medical and biological systems. Biotribology plays an important role in a number of medical devices

Nanotribolgy for medical devices from karoline Enoch

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0 Protein based nanostructures for biomedical applications /slideshow/protein-based-nanostructures-for-biomedical-applications/250951988 proteinbasednanostructures-220106094219
Proteins are kind of natural molecules that show unique functionalities and properties in biological materials and manufacturing feld. Tere are numerous nanomaterials which are derived from protein, albumin, and gelatin. Tese nanoparticles have promising properties like biodegradability, nonantigenicity, metabolizable, surface modifer, greater stability during in vivo during storage, and being relatively easy to prepare and monitor the size of the particles. These particles have the ability to attach covalently with drug and ligand]]>
Proteins are kind of natural molecules that show unique functionalities and properties in biological materials and manufacturing feld. Tere are numerous nanomaterials which are derived from protein, albumin, and gelatin. Tese nanoparticles have promising properties like biodegradability, nonantigenicity, metabolizable, surface modifer, greater stability during in vivo during storage, and being relatively easy to prepare and monitor the size of the particles. These particles have the ability to attach covalently with drug and ligand]]> Thu, 06 Jan 2022 09:42:19 GMT /slideshow/protein-based-nanostructures-for-biomedical-applications/250951988 karolinekersinE@slideshare.net(karolinekersinE) Protein based nanostructures for biomedical applications karolinekersinE Proteins are kind of natural molecules that show unique functionalities and properties in biological materials and manufacturing feld. Tere are numerous nanomaterials which are derived from protein, albumin, and gelatin. Tese nanoparticles have promising properties like biodegradabil�ity, nonantigenicity, metabolizable, surface modifer, greater stability during in vivo during storage, and being relatively easy to prepare and monitor the size of the particles. These particles have the ability to attach covalently with drug and ligand <img style="border:1px solid #C3E6D8;float:right;" alt="" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/proteinbasednanostructures-220106094219-thumbnail.jpg?width=120&height=120&fit=bounds" /> Proteins are kind of natural molecules that show unique functionalities and properties in biological materials and manufacturing feld. Tere are numerous nanomaterials which are derived from protein, albumin, and gelatin. Tese nanoparticles have promising properties like biodegradabil�ity, nonantigenicity, metabolizable, surface modifer, greater stability during in vivo during storage, and being relatively easy to prepare and monitor the size of the particles. These particles have the ability to attach covalently with drug and ligand

Protein based nanostructures for biomedical applications from karoline Enoch

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0 Schering bridge and its derivation /slideshow/schering-bridge-and-its-derivation/240086632 scheringbridge-201214062214
A Schering Bridge is a bridge circuit used for measuring an unknown electrical capacitance and its dissipation factor. The dissipation factor of a capacitor is the the ratio of its resistance to its capacitive reactance. The Schering Bridge is basically a four-arm alternating-current (AC) bridge circuit whose measurement depends on balancing the loads on its arms .]]>
A Schering Bridge is a bridge circuit used for measuring an unknown electrical capacitance and its dissipation factor. The dissipation factor of a capacitor is the the ratio of its resistance to its capacitive reactance. The Schering Bridge is basically a four-arm alternating-current (AC) bridge circuit whose measurement depends on balancing the loads on its arms .]]> Mon, 14 Dec 2020 06:22:14 GMT /slideshow/schering-bridge-and-its-derivation/240086632 karolinekersinE@slideshare.net(karolinekersinE) Schering bridge and its derivation karolinekersinE A Schering Bridge is a bridge circuit used for measuring an unknown electrical capacitance and its dissipation factor. The dissipation factor of a capacitor is the the ratio of its resistance to its capacitive reactance. The Schering Bridge is basically a four-arm alternating-current (AC) bridge circuit whose measurement depends on balancing the loads on its arms . <img style="border:1px solid #C3E6D8;float:right;" alt="" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/scheringbridge-201214062214-thumbnail.jpg?width=120&height=120&fit=bounds" /> A Schering Bridge is a bridge circuit used for measuring an unknown electrical capacitance and its dissipation factor. The dissipation factor of a capacitor is the the ratio of its resistance to its capacitive reactance. The Schering Bridge is basically a four-arm alternating-current (AC) bridge circuit whose measurement depends on balancing the loads on its arms .

Schering bridge and its derivation from karoline Enoch

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0 Maxwell bridge and its types /slideshow/maxwell-bridge-and-its-types/239828565 maxwellbridge-201207042927
A Maxwell bridge is a modification to a Wheatstone bridge used to measure an unknown inductance (usually of low Q value) in terms of calibrated resistance and inductance or resistance and capacitance. When the calibrated components are a parallel resistor and capacitor, the bridge is known as a Maxwell-Wien bridge. It is named for James C. Maxwell, who first described it in 1873. It uses the principle that the positive phase angle of an inductive impedance can be compensated by the negative phase angle of a capacitive impedance when put in the opposite arm and the circuit is at resonance; i.e., no potential difference across the detector (an AC voltmeter or ammeter)) and hence no current flowing through it. The unknown inductance then becomes known in terms of this capacitance.]]>
A Maxwell bridge is a modification to a Wheatstone bridge used to measure an unknown inductance (usually of low Q value) in terms of calibrated resistance and inductance or resistance and capacitance. When the calibrated components are a parallel resistor and capacitor, the bridge is known as a Maxwell-Wien bridge. It is named for James C. Maxwell, who first described it in 1873. It uses the principle that the positive phase angle of an inductive impedance can be compensated by the negative phase angle of a capacitive impedance when put in the opposite arm and the circuit is at resonance; i.e., no potential difference across the detector (an AC voltmeter or ammeter)) and hence no current flowing through it. The unknown inductance then becomes known in terms of this capacitance.]]> Mon, 07 Dec 2020 04:29:27 GMT /slideshow/maxwell-bridge-and-its-types/239828565 karolinekersinE@slideshare.net(karolinekersinE) Maxwell bridge and its types karolinekersinE A Maxwell bridge is a modification to a Wheatstone bridge used to measure an unknown inductance (usually of low Q value) in terms of calibrated resistance and inductance or resistance and capacitance. When the calibrated components are a parallel resistor and capacitor, the bridge is known as a Maxwell-Wien bridge. It is named for James C. Maxwell, who first described it in 1873. It uses the principle that the positive phase angle of an inductive impedance can be compensated by the negative phase angle of a capacitive impedance when put in the opposite arm and the circuit is at resonance; i.e., no potential difference across the detector (an AC voltmeter or ammeter)) and hence no current flowing through it. The unknown inductance then becomes known in terms of this capacitance. <img style="border:1px solid #C3E6D8;float:right;" alt="" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/maxwellbridge-201207042927-thumbnail.jpg?width=120&height=120&fit=bounds" /> A Maxwell bridge is a modification to a Wheatstone bridge used to measure an unknown inductance (usually of low Q value) in terms of calibrated resistance and inductance or resistance and capacitance. When the calibrated components are a parallel resistor and capacitor, the bridge is known as a Maxwell-Wien bridge. It is named for James C. Maxwell, who first described it in 1873. It uses the principle that the positive phase angle of an inductive impedance can be compensated by the negative phase angle of a capacitive impedance when put in the opposite arm and the circuit is at resonance; i.e., no potential difference across the detector (an AC voltmeter or ammeter)) and hence no current flowing through it. The unknown inductance then becomes known in terms of this capacitance.

Maxwell bridge and its types from karoline Enoch

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0 Kelvin bridge and kelvin double bridge /slideshow/kelvin-bridge-and-kelvin-double-bridge/239828267 kelvinbridge-201207042428
A Kelvin bridge, also called a Kelvin double bridge and in some countries a Thomson bridge, is a measuring instrument used to measure unknown electrical resistors below 1 ohm. It is specifically designed to measure resistors that are constructed as four terminal resistors.]]>
A Kelvin bridge, also called a Kelvin double bridge and in some countries a Thomson bridge, is a measuring instrument used to measure unknown electrical resistors below 1 ohm. It is specifically designed to measure resistors that are constructed as four terminal resistors.]]> Mon, 07 Dec 2020 04:24:28 GMT /slideshow/kelvin-bridge-and-kelvin-double-bridge/239828267 karolinekersinE@slideshare.net(karolinekersinE) Kelvin bridge and kelvin double bridge karolinekersinE A Kelvin bridge, also called a Kelvin double bridge and in some countries a Thomson bridge, is a measuring instrument used to measure unknown electrical resistors below 1 ohm. It is specifically designed to measure resistors that are constructed as four terminal resistors. <img style="border:1px solid #C3E6D8;float:right;" alt="" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/kelvinbridge-201207042428-thumbnail.jpg?width=120&height=120&fit=bounds" /> A Kelvin bridge, also called a Kelvin double bridge and in some countries a Thomson bridge, is a measuring instrument used to measure unknown electrical resistors below 1 ohm. It is specifically designed to measure resistors that are constructed as four terminal resistors.

Kelvin bridge and kelvin double bridge from karoline Enoch

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0 Dc bridge types ,derivation and its application /slideshow/dc-bridge-types-derivation-and-its-application/239824960 dcbridge-201207033959
The DC Bridge is used for measuring the unknown electrical resistance. This can be done by balancing the two legs of the bridge circuit. The value of one of the arm is known while the other of them is unknown]]>
The DC Bridge is used for measuring the unknown electrical resistance. This can be done by balancing the two legs of the bridge circuit. The value of one of the arm is known while the other of them is unknown]]> Mon, 07 Dec 2020 03:39:59 GMT /slideshow/dc-bridge-types-derivation-and-its-application/239824960 karolinekersinE@slideshare.net(karolinekersinE) Dc bridge types ,derivation and its application karolinekersinE The DC Bridge is used for measuring the unknown electrical resistance. This can be done by balancing the two legs of the bridge circuit. The value of one of the arm is known while the other of them is unknown <img style="border:1px solid #C3E6D8;float:right;" alt="" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/dcbridge-201207033959-thumbnail.jpg?width=120&height=120&fit=bounds" /> The DC Bridge is used for measuring the unknown electrical resistance. This can be done by balancing the two legs of the bridge circuit. The value of one of the arm is known while the other of them is unknown

Dc bridge types ,derivation and its application from karoline Enoch

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0 Ac bridge and its application /slideshow/ac-bridge-and-its-application/239823036 acbridge-201207030734
The bridge uses for measuring the value of unknown resistance, inductance and capacitance, is known as the AC Bridge. The AC bridges are very convenient and give the accurate result of the measurement.The construction of the bridges is very simple. The bridge has four arms, one AC supply source and the balance detector. It works on the principle that the balance ratio of the impedances will give the balance condition to the circuit which is determined by the null detector.]]>
The bridge uses for measuring the value of unknown resistance, inductance and capacitance, is known as the AC Bridge. The AC bridges are very convenient and give the accurate result of the measurement.The construction of the bridges is very simple. The bridge has four arms, one AC supply source and the balance detector. It works on the principle that the balance ratio of the impedances will give the balance condition to the circuit which is determined by the null detector.]]> Mon, 07 Dec 2020 03:07:34 GMT /slideshow/ac-bridge-and-its-application/239823036 karolinekersinE@slideshare.net(karolinekersinE) Ac bridge and its application karolinekersinE The bridge uses for measuring the value of unknown resistance, inductance and capacitance, is known as the AC Bridge. The AC bridges are very convenient and give the accurate result of the measurement.The construction of the bridges is very simple. The bridge has four arms, one AC supply source and the balance detector. It works on the principle that the balance ratio of the impedances will give the balance condition to the circuit which is determined by the null detector. <img style="border:1px solid #C3E6D8;float:right;" alt="" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/acbridge-201207030734-thumbnail.jpg?width=120&height=120&fit=bounds" /> The bridge uses for measuring the value of unknown resistance, inductance and capacitance, is known as the AC Bridge. The AC bridges are very convenient and give the accurate result of the measurement.The construction of the bridges is very simple. The bridge has four arms, one AC supply source and the balance detector. It works on the principle that the balance ratio of the impedances will give the balance condition to the circuit which is determined by the null detector.

Ac bridge and its application from karoline Enoch

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0 Photodynamic therapy and mechanism /karolinekersinE/photodynamic-therapy-and-mechanism photodynamictherapy-201126063551
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a two-stage treatment that combines light energy with a drug (photosensitizer) designed to destroy cancerous and precancerous cells after light activation. Photosensitizers are activated by a specific wavelength of light energy, usually from a laser.]]>
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a two-stage treatment that combines light energy with a drug (photosensitizer) designed to destroy cancerous and precancerous cells after light activation. Photosensitizers are activated by a specific wavelength of light energy, usually from a laser.]]> Thu, 26 Nov 2020 06:35:51 GMT /karolinekersinE/photodynamic-therapy-and-mechanism karolinekersinE@slideshare.net(karolinekersinE) Photodynamic therapy and mechanism karolinekersinE Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a two-stage treatment that combines light energy with a drug (photosensitizer) designed to destroy cancerous and precancerous cells after light activation. Photosensitizers are activated by a specific wavelength of light energy, usually from a laser. <img style="border:1px solid #C3E6D8;float:right;" alt="" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/photodynamictherapy-201126063551-thumbnail.jpg?width=120&height=120&fit=bounds" /> Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a two-stage treatment that combines light energy with a drug (photosensitizer) designed to destroy cancerous and precancerous cells after light activation. Photosensitizers are activated by a specific wavelength of light energy, usually from a laser.

Photodynamic therapy and mechanism from karoline Enoch

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0 Preamplifier and impedance matching circuits /slideshow/preamplifier-and-impedance-matching-circuits/239289750 preamplifierandimpedancecircuits-201117042042
A preamplifier circuit with a very low noise characteristic can be built by simply combining a FET transistor with a bipolar one. The input impedance of the preamp circuit is almost the same as the gate impedance of the FET transistor (around 1MΩ) The output impedance at the other end is about 1KΩ.]]>
A preamplifier circuit with a very low noise characteristic can be built by simply combining a FET transistor with a bipolar one. The input impedance of the preamp circuit is almost the same as the gate impedance of the FET transistor (around 1MΩ) The output impedance at the other end is about 1KΩ.]]> Tue, 17 Nov 2020 04:20:42 GMT /slideshow/preamplifier-and-impedance-matching-circuits/239289750 karolinekersinE@slideshare.net(karolinekersinE) Preamplifier and impedance matching circuits karolinekersinE A preamplifier circuit with a very low noise characteristic can be built by simply combining a FET transistor with a bipolar one. The input impedance of the preamp circuit is almost the same as the gate impedance of the FET transistor (around 1MΩ) The output impedance at the other end is about 1KΩ. <img style="border:1px solid #C3E6D8;float:right;" alt="" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/preamplifierandimpedancecircuits-201117042042-thumbnail.jpg?width=120&height=120&fit=bounds" /> A preamplifier circuit with a very low noise characteristic can be built by simply combining a FET transistor with a bipolar one. The input impedance of the preamp circuit is almost the same as the gate impedance of the FET transistor (around 1MΩ) The output impedance at the other end is about 1KΩ.

Preamplifier and impedance matching circuits from karoline Enoch

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0 Photo theraphy ,principle and mechanism /karolinekersinE/photo-theraphy-principle-and-mechanism phototheraphy-201116173757
Phototherapy is a type of medical treatment that involves exposure to fluorescent light bulbs or other sources of light like halogen lights, sunlight, and light emitting diodes (LEDs) to treat certain medical conditions]]>
Phototherapy is a type of medical treatment that involves exposure to fluorescent light bulbs or other sources of light like halogen lights, sunlight, and light emitting diodes (LEDs) to treat certain medical conditions]]> Mon, 16 Nov 2020 17:37:57 GMT /karolinekersinE/photo-theraphy-principle-and-mechanism karolinekersinE@slideshare.net(karolinekersinE) Photo theraphy ,principle and mechanism karolinekersinE Phototherapy is a type of medical treatment that involves exposure to fluorescent light bulbs or other sources of light like halogen lights, sunlight, and light emitting diodes (LEDs) to treat certain medical conditions <img style="border:1px solid #C3E6D8;float:right;" alt="" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/phototheraphy-201116173757-thumbnail.jpg?width=120&height=120&fit=bounds" /> Phototherapy is a type of medical treatment that involves exposure to fluorescent light bulbs or other sources of light like halogen lights, sunlight, and light emitting diodes (LEDs) to treat certain medical conditions

Photo theraphy ,principle and mechanism from karoline Enoch

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0 Lasers in opthalmology /slideshow/lasers-in-opthalmology-238906654/238906654 lasersinopthalmology-201018172951
The word “laser” is an acronym for light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation. Most sources of visible light radiate energy at different wavelengths (ie, different colors) and at random time intervals (noncoherent). The unique properties of laser energy are monochromaticity (single wavelength), spatial coherence, and high density of electrons. These allow focusing of laser beams to extremely small spots with very high-energy densities. A laser consists of a transparent crystal rod (solid-state laser), or a gas- or liquid-filled cavity (gas or fluid laser) constructed with a fully reflective mirror at one end and a partially reflective mirror at the other. Surrounding the rod or cavity is an optical or electrical source of energy that will raise the energy level of the atoms within the rod or cavity to a high and unstable level, a process known as population inversion. When the excited atoms spontaneously decay back to a lower-energy level, their excess energy is released in the form of light. This light can be emitted in any direction. In a laser cavity, however, light emitted along the long axis of the cavity can bounce back and forth between the mirrors, setting up a standing wave that stimulates the remaining excited atoms to release their energy into the standing wave, producing an intense beam of light that exits the cavity through the partially reflective mirror. All of the light produced has the same wavelength (monochromatic) and phase (coherent), with little tendency to spread out (low divergence). The laser light energy can be emitted continuously or in pulses, which may have pulse durations of nanoseconds or less.]]>
The word “laser” is an acronym for light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation. Most sources of visible light radiate energy at different wavelengths (ie, different colors) and at random time intervals (noncoherent). The unique properties of laser energy are monochromaticity (single wavelength), spatial coherence, and high density of electrons. These allow focusing of laser beams to extremely small spots with very high-energy densities. A laser consists of a transparent crystal rod (solid-state laser), or a gas- or liquid-filled cavity (gas or fluid laser) constructed with a fully reflective mirror at one end and a partially reflective mirror at the other. Surrounding the rod or cavity is an optical or electrical source of energy that will raise the energy level of the atoms within the rod or cavity to a high and unstable level, a process known as population inversion. When the excited atoms spontaneously decay back to a lower-energy level, their excess energy is released in the form of light. This light can be emitted in any direction. In a laser cavity, however, light emitted along the long axis of the cavity can bounce back and forth between the mirrors, setting up a standing wave that stimulates the remaining excited atoms to release their energy into the standing wave, producing an intense beam of light that exits the cavity through the partially reflective mirror. All of the light produced has the same wavelength (monochromatic) and phase (coherent), with little tendency to spread out (low divergence). The laser light energy can be emitted continuously or in pulses, which may have pulse durations of nanoseconds or less.]]> Sun, 18 Oct 2020 17:29:51 GMT /slideshow/lasers-in-opthalmology-238906654/238906654 karolinekersinE@slideshare.net(karolinekersinE) Lasers in opthalmology karolinekersinE The word “laser” is an acronym for light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation. Most sources of visible light radiate energy at different wavelengths (ie, different colors) and at random time intervals (noncoherent). The unique properties of laser energy are monochromaticity (single wavelength), spatial coherence, and high density of electrons. These allow focusing of laser beams to extremely small spots with very high-energy densities. A laser consists of a transparent crystal rod (solid-state laser), or a gas- or liquid-filled cavity (gas or fluid laser) constructed with a fully reflective mirror at one end and a partially reflective mirror at the other. Surrounding the rod or cavity is an optical or electrical source of energy that will raise the energy level of the atoms within the rod or cavity to a high and unstable level, a process known as population inversion. When the excited atoms spontaneously decay back to a lower-energy level, their excess energy is released in the form of light. This light can be emitted in any direction. In a laser cavity, however, light emitted along the long axis of the cavity can bounce back and forth between the mirrors, setting up a standing wave that stimulates the remaining excited atoms to release their energy into the standing wave, producing an intense beam of light that exits the cavity through the partially reflective mirror. All of the light produced has the same wavelength (monochromatic) and phase (coherent), with little tendency to spread out (low divergence). The laser light energy can be emitted continuously or in pulses, which may have pulse durations of nanoseconds or less. <img style="border:1px solid #C3E6D8;float:right;" alt="" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/lasersinopthalmology-201018172951-thumbnail.jpg?width=120&height=120&fit=bounds" /> The word “laser” is an acronym for light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation. Most sources of visible light radiate energy at different wavelengths (ie, different colors) and at random time intervals (noncoherent). The unique properties of laser energy are monochromaticity (single wavelength), spatial coherence, and high density of electrons. These allow focusing of laser beams to extremely small spots with very high-energy densities. A laser consists of a transparent crystal rod (solid-state laser), or a gas- or liquid-filled cavity (gas or fluid laser) constructed with a fully reflective mirror at one end and a partially reflective mirror at the other. Surrounding the rod or cavity is an optical or electrical source of energy that will raise the energy level of the atoms within the rod or cavity to a high and unstable level, a process known as population inversion. When the excited atoms spontaneously decay back to a lower-energy level, their excess energy is released in the form of light. This light can be emitted in any direction. In a laser cavity, however, light emitted along the long axis of the cavity can bounce back and forth between the mirrors, setting up a standing wave that stimulates the remaining excited atoms to release their energy into the standing wave, producing an intense beam of light that exits the cavity through the partially reflective mirror. All of the light produced has the same wavelength (monochromatic) and phase (coherent), with little tendency to spread out (low divergence). The laser light energy can be emitted continuously or in pulses, which may have pulse durations of nanoseconds or less.

Lasers in opthalmology from karoline Enoch

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0 Lasers in urology /slideshow/lasers-in-urology-238906625/238906625 lasersinurology-201018171504
he ability of the laser to ablate prostatic tissue with minimal hemorrhage has concentrated most of the interest in urologically applied lasers to benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) [Anson et al. 1994]. Despite tremendous advances in the surgical and minimally invasive treatment of BPH, transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) is still considered the ‘gold standard’. The risks of TURP are always mentioned when discussing the reasons for seeking alternative treatment modalities for BPH. Bleeding certainly remains a concern, especially in patients on some form of anticoagulation (heparin, coumarin related compounds, antiplatelet agents) or those with prostates in excess of 60–80 g. On the other hand, with the availability of transurethral resection in saline (TURiS), the TURP syndrome is nowadays considered by many to be a relatively rare complication]]>
he ability of the laser to ablate prostatic tissue with minimal hemorrhage has concentrated most of the interest in urologically applied lasers to benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) [Anson et al. 1994]. Despite tremendous advances in the surgical and minimally invasive treatment of BPH, transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) is still considered the ‘gold standard’. The risks of TURP are always mentioned when discussing the reasons for seeking alternative treatment modalities for BPH. Bleeding certainly remains a concern, especially in patients on some form of anticoagulation (heparin, coumarin related compounds, antiplatelet agents) or those with prostates in excess of 60–80 g. On the other hand, with the availability of transurethral resection in saline (TURiS), the TURP syndrome is nowadays considered by many to be a relatively rare complication]]> Sun, 18 Oct 2020 17:15:04 GMT /slideshow/lasers-in-urology-238906625/238906625 karolinekersinE@slideshare.net(karolinekersinE) Lasers in urology karolinekersinE he ability of the laser to ablate prostatic tissue with minimal hemorrhage has concentrated most of the interest in urologically applied lasers to benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) [Anson et al. 1994]. Despite tremendous advances in the surgical and minimally invasive treatment of BPH, transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) is still considered the ‘gold standard’. The risks of TURP are always mentioned when discussing the reasons for seeking alternative treatment modalities for BPH. Bleeding certainly remains a concern, especially in patients on some form of anticoagulation (heparin, coumarin related compounds, antiplatelet agents) or those with prostates in excess of 60–80 g. On the other hand, with the availability of transurethral resection in saline (TURiS), the TURP syndrome is nowadays considered by many to be a relatively rare complication <img style="border:1px solid #C3E6D8;float:right;" alt="" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/lasersinurology-201018171504-thumbnail.jpg?width=120&height=120&fit=bounds" /> he ability of the laser to ablate prostatic tissue with minimal hemorrhage has concentrated most of the interest in urologically applied lasers to benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) [Anson et al. 1994]. Despite tremendous advances in the surgical and minimally invasive treatment of BPH, transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) is still considered the ‘gold standard’. The risks of TURP are always mentioned when discussing the reasons for seeking alternative treatment modalities for BPH. Bleeding certainly remains a concern, especially in patients on some form of anticoagulation (heparin, coumarin related compounds, antiplatelet agents) or those with prostates in excess of 60–80 g. On the other hand, with the availability of transurethral resection in saline (TURiS), the TURP syndrome is nowadays considered by many to be a relatively rare complication

Lasers in urology from karoline Enoch

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0 Lasers in dermatology /slideshow/lasers-in-dermatology-238906361/238906361 lasersindermatology-201018154332
Lasers have been used successfully to treat a variety of vascular lesions including superficial vascular malformations (port-wine stains), facial telangiectases, haemangiomas, pyogenic granulomas, Kaposi sarcoma and poikiloderma of Civatte. Lasers that have been used to treat these conditions include argon, APTD, KTP, krypton, copper vapour, copper bromide, pulsed dye lasers and Nd:YAG. Argon (CW) causes a high degree of non-specific thermal injury and scarring and is now largely replaced by yellow-light quasi-CW and pulsed laser therapies. The pulsed dye laser is considered the laser of choice for most vascular lesions because of its superior clinical efficacy and low-risk profile. It has a large spot size (5 to 10mm) allowing large lesions to be treated quickly. Side effects include postoperative bruising (purpura) that may last 1-2 weeks and transient pigmentary changes. Crusting, textural changes and scarring are rarely seen.]]>
Lasers have been used successfully to treat a variety of vascular lesions including superficial vascular malformations (port-wine stains), facial telangiectases, haemangiomas, pyogenic granulomas, Kaposi sarcoma and poikiloderma of Civatte. Lasers that have been used to treat these conditions include argon, APTD, KTP, krypton, copper vapour, copper bromide, pulsed dye lasers and Nd:YAG. Argon (CW) causes a high degree of non-specific thermal injury and scarring and is now largely replaced by yellow-light quasi-CW and pulsed laser therapies. The pulsed dye laser is considered the laser of choice for most vascular lesions because of its superior clinical efficacy and low-risk profile. It has a large spot size (5 to 10mm) allowing large lesions to be treated quickly. Side effects include postoperative bruising (purpura) that may last 1-2 weeks and transient pigmentary changes. Crusting, textural changes and scarring are rarely seen.]]> Sun, 18 Oct 2020 15:43:32 GMT /slideshow/lasers-in-dermatology-238906361/238906361 karolinekersinE@slideshare.net(karolinekersinE) Lasers in dermatology karolinekersinE Lasers have been used successfully to treat a variety of vascular lesions including superficial vascular malformations (port-wine stains), facial telangiectases, haemangiomas, pyogenic granulomas, Kaposi sarcoma and poikiloderma of Civatte. Lasers that have been used to treat these conditions include argon, APTD, KTP, krypton, copper vapour, copper bromide, pulsed dye lasers and Nd:YAG. Argon (CW) causes a high degree of non-specific thermal injury and scarring and is now largely replaced by yellow-light quasi-CW and pulsed laser therapies. The pulsed dye laser is considered the laser of choice for most vascular lesions because of its superior clinical efficacy and low-risk profile. It has a large spot size (5 to 10mm) allowing large lesions to be treated quickly. Side effects include postoperative bruising (purpura) that may last 1-2 weeks and transient pigmentary changes. Crusting, textural changes and scarring are rarely seen. <img style="border:1px solid #C3E6D8;float:right;" alt="" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/lasersindermatology-201018154332-thumbnail.jpg?width=120&height=120&fit=bounds" /> Lasers have been used successfully to treat a variety of vascular lesions including superficial vascular malformations (port-wine stains), facial telangiectases, haemangiomas, pyogenic granulomas, Kaposi sarcoma and poikiloderma of Civatte. Lasers that have been used to treat these conditions include argon, APTD, KTP, krypton, copper vapour, copper bromide, pulsed dye lasers and Nd:YAG. Argon (CW) causes a high degree of non-specific thermal injury and scarring and is now largely replaced by yellow-light quasi-CW and pulsed laser therapies. The pulsed dye laser is considered the laser of choice for most vascular lesions because of its superior clinical efficacy and low-risk profile. It has a large spot size (5 to 10mm) allowing large lesions to be treated quickly. Side effects include postoperative bruising (purpura) that may last 1-2 weeks and transient pigmentary changes. Crusting, textural changes and scarring are rarely seen.

Lasers in dermatology from karoline Enoch

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0 Lasers in dentistry /slideshow/lasers-in-dentistry-238906315/238906315 lasersindentistry-201018152701
The term LASER is an acronym for ‘Light Amplification by the Stimulated Emission of Radiation’. As its first application in dentistry by Miaman, in 1960, the laser has seen various hard and soft tissue applications. In the last two decades, there has been an explosion of research studies in laser application. In hard tissue application, the laser is used for caries prevention, bleaching, restorative removal and curing, cavity preparation, dentinal hypersensitivity, growth modulation and for diagnostic purposes, whereas soft tissue application includes wound healing, removal of hyperplastic tissue to uncovering of impacted or partially erupted tooth, photodynamic therapy for malignancies, photostimulation of herpetic lesion. Use of the laser proved to be an effective tool to increase efficiency, specificity, ease, and cost and comfort of the dental treatment.]]>
The term LASER is an acronym for ‘Light Amplification by the Stimulated Emission of Radiation’. As its first application in dentistry by Miaman, in 1960, the laser has seen various hard and soft tissue applications. In the last two decades, there has been an explosion of research studies in laser application. In hard tissue application, the laser is used for caries prevention, bleaching, restorative removal and curing, cavity preparation, dentinal hypersensitivity, growth modulation and for diagnostic purposes, whereas soft tissue application includes wound healing, removal of hyperplastic tissue to uncovering of impacted or partially erupted tooth, photodynamic therapy for malignancies, photostimulation of herpetic lesion. Use of the laser proved to be an effective tool to increase efficiency, specificity, ease, and cost and comfort of the dental treatment.]]> Sun, 18 Oct 2020 15:27:01 GMT /slideshow/lasers-in-dentistry-238906315/238906315 karolinekersinE@slideshare.net(karolinekersinE) Lasers in dentistry karolinekersinE The term LASER is an acronym for ‘Light Amplification by the Stimulated Emission of Radiation’. As its first application in dentistry by Miaman, in 1960, the laser has seen various hard and soft tissue applications. In the last two decades, there has been an explosion of research studies in laser application. In hard tissue application, the laser is used for caries prevention, bleaching, restorative removal and curing, cavity preparation, dentinal hypersensitivity, growth modulation and for diagnostic purposes, whereas soft tissue application includes wound healing, removal of hyperplastic tissue to uncovering of impacted or partially erupted tooth, photodynamic therapy for malignancies, photostimulation of herpetic lesion. Use of the laser proved to be an effective tool to increase efficiency, specificity, ease, and cost and comfort of the dental treatment. <img style="border:1px solid #C3E6D8;float:right;" alt="" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/lasersindentistry-201018152701-thumbnail.jpg?width=120&height=120&fit=bounds" /> The term LASER is an acronym for ‘Light Amplification by the Stimulated Emission of Radiation’. As its first application in dentistry by Miaman, in 1960, the laser has seen various hard and soft tissue applications. In the last two decades, there has been an explosion of research studies in laser application. In hard tissue application, the laser is used for caries prevention, bleaching, restorative removal and curing, cavity preparation, dentinal hypersensitivity, growth modulation and for diagnostic purposes, whereas soft tissue application includes wound healing, removal of hyperplastic tissue to uncovering of impacted or partially erupted tooth, photodynamic therapy for malignancies, photostimulation of herpetic lesion. Use of the laser proved to be an effective tool to increase efficiency, specificity, ease, and cost and comfort of the dental treatment.

Lasers in dentistry from karoline Enoch

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0 Photolithography and its procedure /slideshow/photolithography-and-its-procedure/238906224 photolithography-201018145950
Photolithography, also called optical lithography or UV lithography, is a process used in microfabrication to pattern parts on a thin film or the bulk of a substrate (also called a wafer). It uses light to transfer a geometric pattern from a photomask (also called an optical mask) to a photosensitive (that is, light-sensitive) chemical photoresist on the substrate. A series of chemical treatments then either etches the exposure pattern into the material or enables deposition of a new material in the desired pattern upon the material underneath the photoresist. In complex integrated circuits, a CMOS wafer may go through the photolithographic cycle as many as 50 times. Photolithography shares some fundamental principles with photography in that the pattern in the photoresist etching is created by exposing it to light, either directly (without using a mask) or with a projected image using a photomask. This procedure is comparable to a high precision version of the method used to make printed circuit boards. Subsequent stages in the process have more in common with etching than with lithographic printing. This method can create extremely small patterns, down to a few tens of nanometers in size. It provides precise control of the shape and size of the objects it creates and can create patterns over an entire surface cost-effectively. Its main disadvantages are that it requires a flat substrate to start with, it is not very effective at creating shapes that are not flat, and it can require extremely clean operating conditions. Photolithography is the standard method of printed circuit board (PCB) and microprocessor fabrication. Directed self-assembly is being evaluated as an alternative to photolithography]]>
Photolithography, also called optical lithography or UV lithography, is a process used in microfabrication to pattern parts on a thin film or the bulk of a substrate (also called a wafer). It uses light to transfer a geometric pattern from a photomask (also called an optical mask) to a photosensitive (that is, light-sensitive) chemical photoresist on the substrate. A series of chemical treatments then either etches the exposure pattern into the material or enables deposition of a new material in the desired pattern upon the material underneath the photoresist. In complex integrated circuits, a CMOS wafer may go through the photolithographic cycle as many as 50 times. Photolithography shares some fundamental principles with photography in that the pattern in the photoresist etching is created by exposing it to light, either directly (without using a mask) or with a projected image using a photomask. This procedure is comparable to a high precision version of the method used to make printed circuit boards. Subsequent stages in the process have more in common with etching than with lithographic printing. This method can create extremely small patterns, down to a few tens of nanometers in size. It provides precise control of the shape and size of the objects it creates and can create patterns over an entire surface cost-effectively. Its main disadvantages are that it requires a flat substrate to start with, it is not very effective at creating shapes that are not flat, and it can require extremely clean operating conditions. Photolithography is the standard method of printed circuit board (PCB) and microprocessor fabrication. Directed self-assembly is being evaluated as an alternative to photolithography]]> Sun, 18 Oct 2020 14:59:50 GMT /slideshow/photolithography-and-its-procedure/238906224 karolinekersinE@slideshare.net(karolinekersinE) Photolithography and its procedure karolinekersinE Photolithography, also called optical lithography or UV lithography, is a process used in microfabrication to pattern parts on a thin film or the bulk of a substrate (also called a wafer). It uses light to transfer a geometric pattern from a photomask (also called an optical mask) to a photosensitive (that is, light-sensitive) chemical photoresist on the substrate. A series of chemical treatments then either etches the exposure pattern into the material or enables deposition of a new material in the desired pattern upon the material underneath the photoresist. In complex integrated circuits, a CMOS wafer may go through the photolithographic cycle as many as 50 times. Photolithography shares some fundamental principles with photography in that the pattern in the photoresist etching is created by exposing it to light, either directly (without using a mask) or with a projected image using a photomask. This procedure is comparable to a high precision version of the method used to make printed circuit boards. Subsequent stages in the process have more in common with etching than with lithographic printing. This method can create extremely small patterns, down to a few tens of nanometers in size. It provides precise control of the shape and size of the objects it creates and can create patterns over an entire surface cost-effectively. Its main disadvantages are that it requires a flat substrate to start with, it is not very effective at creating shapes that are not flat, and it can require extremely clean operating conditions. Photolithography is the standard method of printed circuit board (PCB) and microprocessor fabrication. Directed self-assembly is being evaluated as an alternative to photolithography <img style="border:1px solid #C3E6D8;float:right;" alt="" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/photolithography-201018145950-thumbnail.jpg?width=120&height=120&fit=bounds" /> Photolithography, also called optical lithography or UV lithography, is a process used in microfabrication to pattern parts on a thin film or the bulk of a substrate (also called a wafer). It uses light to transfer a geometric pattern from a photomask (also called an optical mask) to a photosensitive (that is, light-sensitive) chemical photoresist on the substrate. A series of chemical treatments then either etches the exposure pattern into the material or enables deposition of a new material in the desired pattern upon the material underneath the photoresist. In complex integrated circuits, a CMOS wafer may go through the photolithographic cycle as many as 50 times. Photolithography shares some fundamental principles with photography in that the pattern in the photoresist etching is created by exposing it to light, either directly (without using a mask) or with a projected image using a photomask. This procedure is comparable to a high precision version of the method used to make printed circuit boards. Subsequent stages in the process have more in common with etching than with lithographic printing. This method can create extremely small patterns, down to a few tens of nanometers in size. It provides precise control of the shape and size of the objects it creates and can create patterns over an entire surface cost-effectively. Its main disadvantages are that it requires a flat substrate to start with, it is not very effective at creating shapes that are not flat, and it can require extremely clean operating conditions. Photolithography is the standard method of printed circuit board (PCB) and microprocessor fabrication. Directed self-assembly is being evaluated as an alternative to photolithography

Photolithography and its procedure from karoline Enoch

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0 Piezoelectric transducer and its working /slideshow/piezoelectric-transducer-and-its-working/238906152 piezoelectrictransducer-201018142518
The Piezoelectric transducer is an electroacoustic transducer use for conversion of pressure or mechanical stress into an alternating electrical force. It is used for measuring the physical quantity like force, pressure, stress, etc., which is directly not possible to measure.The piezo transducer converts the physical quantity into an electrical voltage which is easily measured by analogue and digital meter. The piezoelectric transducer uses the piezoelectric material which has a special property, i.e. the material induces voltage when the pressure or stress applied to it. The material which shows such property is known as the electro-resistive element]]>
The Piezoelectric transducer is an electroacoustic transducer use for conversion of pressure or mechanical stress into an alternating electrical force. It is used for measuring the physical quantity like force, pressure, stress, etc., which is directly not possible to measure.The piezo transducer converts the physical quantity into an electrical voltage which is easily measured by analogue and digital meter. The piezoelectric transducer uses the piezoelectric material which has a special property, i.e. the material induces voltage when the pressure or stress applied to it. The material which shows such property is known as the electro-resistive element]]> Sun, 18 Oct 2020 14:25:18 GMT /slideshow/piezoelectric-transducer-and-its-working/238906152 karolinekersinE@slideshare.net(karolinekersinE) Piezoelectric transducer and its working karolinekersinE The Piezoelectric transducer is an electroacoustic transducer use for conversion of pressure or mechanical stress into an alternating electrical force. It is used for measuring the physical quantity like force, pressure, stress, etc., which is directly not possible to measure.The piezo transducer converts the physical quantity into an electrical voltage which is easily measured by analogue and digital meter. The piezoelectric transducer uses the piezoelectric material which has a special property, i.e. the material induces voltage when the pressure or stress applied to it. The material which shows such property is known as the electro-resistive element <img style="border:1px solid #C3E6D8;float:right;" alt="" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/piezoelectrictransducer-201018142518-thumbnail.jpg?width=120&height=120&fit=bounds" /> The Piezoelectric transducer is an electroacoustic transducer use for conversion of pressure or mechanical stress into an alternating electrical force. It is used for measuring the physical quantity like force, pressure, stress, etc., which is directly not possible to measure.The piezo transducer converts the physical quantity into an electrical voltage which is easily measured by analogue and digital meter. The piezoelectric transducer uses the piezoelectric material which has a special property, i.e. the material induces voltage when the pressure or stress applied to it. The material which shows such property is known as the electro-resistive element

Piezoelectric transducer and its working from karoline Enoch

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0 Photoelectric transducers and its classification /slideshow/photoelectric-transducers-and-its-classification/238905964 photoelectrictransducers-201018131055
The photoelectric transducer converts the light energy into electrical energy. It is made of semiconductor material. The photoelectric transducer uses a photosensitive element, which ejects the electrons when the beam of light absorbs through it.]]>
The photoelectric transducer converts the light energy into electrical energy. It is made of semiconductor material. The photoelectric transducer uses a photosensitive element, which ejects the electrons when the beam of light absorbs through it.]]> Sun, 18 Oct 2020 13:10:55 GMT /slideshow/photoelectric-transducers-and-its-classification/238905964 karolinekersinE@slideshare.net(karolinekersinE) Photoelectric transducers and its classification karolinekersinE The photoelectric transducer converts the light energy into electrical energy. It is made of semiconductor material. The photoelectric transducer uses a photosensitive element, which ejects the electrons when the beam of light absorbs through it. <img style="border:1px solid #C3E6D8;float:right;" alt="" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/photoelectrictransducers-201018131055-thumbnail.jpg?width=120&height=120&fit=bounds" /> The photoelectric transducer converts the light energy into electrical energy. It is made of semiconductor material. The photoelectric transducer uses a photosensitive element, which ejects the electrons when the beam of light absorbs through it.

Photoelectric transducers and its classification from karoline Enoch

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0 Piezoresistive sensing /slideshow/piezoresistive-sensing/238638295 piezoresistivesensing-200924164736
Piezoresistive pressure sensors are one of the very-first products of MEMS technology. Those products are widely used in biomedical applications, automotive industry and household appliances. The sensing material in a piezoresistive pressure sensor is a diaphragm formed on a silicon substrate, which bends with applied pressure. A deformation occurs in the crystal lattice of the diaphragm because of that bending. This deformation causes a change in the band structure of the piezoresistors that are placed on the diaphragm, leading to a change in the resistivity of the material. This change can be an increase or a decrease according to the orientation of the resistors.]]>
Piezoresistive pressure sensors are one of the very-first products of MEMS technology. Those products are widely used in biomedical applications, automotive industry and household appliances. The sensing material in a piezoresistive pressure sensor is a diaphragm formed on a silicon substrate, which bends with applied pressure. A deformation occurs in the crystal lattice of the diaphragm because of that bending. This deformation causes a change in the band structure of the piezoresistors that are placed on the diaphragm, leading to a change in the resistivity of the material. This change can be an increase or a decrease according to the orientation of the resistors.]]> Thu, 24 Sep 2020 16:47:36 GMT /slideshow/piezoresistive-sensing/238638295 karolinekersinE@slideshare.net(karolinekersinE) Piezoresistive sensing karolinekersinE Piezoresistive pressure sensors are one of the very-first products of MEMS technology. Those products are widely used in biomedical applications, automotive industry and household appliances. The sensing material in a piezoresistive pressure sensor is a diaphragm formed on a silicon substrate, which bends with applied pressure. A deformation occurs in the crystal lattice of the diaphragm because of that bending. This deformation causes a change in the band structure of the piezoresistors that are placed on the diaphragm, leading to a change in the resistivity of the material. This change can be an increase or a decrease according to the orientation of the resistors. <img style="border:1px solid #C3E6D8;float:right;" alt="" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/piezoresistivesensing-200924164736-thumbnail.jpg?width=120&height=120&fit=bounds" /> Piezoresistive pressure sensors are one of the very-first products of MEMS technology. Those products are widely used in biomedical applications, automotive industry and household appliances. The sensing material in a piezoresistive pressure sensor is a diaphragm formed on a silicon substrate, which bends with applied pressure. A deformation occurs in the crystal lattice of the diaphragm because of that bending. This deformation causes a change in the band structure of the piezoresistors that are placed on the diaphragm, leading to a change in the resistivity of the material. This change can be an increase or a decrease according to the orientation of the resistors.

Piezoresistive sensing from karoline Enoch

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