�ݺ�ߣshows by User: muhammadawaisjutt

�ݺ�ߣshows by User: muhammadawaisjutt / http://www.slideshare.net/images/logo.gif �ݺ�ߣshows by User: muhammadawaisjutt / Wed, 18 Jan 2023 20:23:43 GMT �ݺ�ߣShare feed for �ݺ�ߣshows by User: muhammadawaisjutt Qualitative Research.pptx /slideshow/qualitative-researchpptx-255396123/255396123 qualitativeresearch-230118202344-fc8c989b
The PPT is about qualitative research and a few data collection methods of it.]]>
The PPT is about qualitative research and a few data collection methods of it.]]> Wed, 18 Jan 2023 20:23:43 GMT /slideshow/qualitative-researchpptx-255396123/255396123 muhammadawaisjutt@slideshare.net(muhammadawaisjutt) Qualitative Research.pptx muhammadawaisjutt The PPT is about qualitative research and a few data collection methods of it. <img style="border:1px solid #C3E6D8;float:right;" alt="" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/qualitativeresearch-230118202344-fc8c989b-thumbnail.jpg?width=120&height=120&fit=bounds" /> The PPT is about qualitative research and a few data collection methods of it.

Qualitative Research.pptx from Muhammad Awais

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0 Stratified Sampling Technique - Probability Sampling - Mass Media Research.pptx /slideshow/stratified-sampling-technique-probability-sampling-mass-media-researchpptx/253584711 stratifiedsamplingtechnique-probabilitysampling-massmediaresearch-221014184811-035e3573
A stratified sample is the approach used to get adequate representation of a subsample. The characteristics of the subsample (strata or segment) may include almost any variable: age, gender, religion, income level, or even individuals who listen to specific radio stations or read certain magazines. The strata may be defined by an almost unlimited number of characteristics; however, each additional variable or characteristic makes the subsample more difficult to find and costs to find the sample increase substantially. ]]>
A stratified sample is the approach used to get adequate representation of a subsample. The characteristics of the subsample (strata or segment) may include almost any variable: age, gender, religion, income level, or even individuals who listen to specific radio stations or read certain magazines. The strata may be defined by an almost unlimited number of characteristics; however, each additional variable or characteristic makes the subsample more difficult to find and costs to find the sample increase substantially. ]]> Fri, 14 Oct 2022 18:48:11 GMT /slideshow/stratified-sampling-technique-probability-sampling-mass-media-researchpptx/253584711 muhammadawaisjutt@slideshare.net(muhammadawaisjutt) Stratified Sampling Technique - Probability Sampling - Mass Media Research.pptx muhammadawaisjutt A stratified sample is the approach used to get adequate representation of a subsample. The characteristics of the subsample (strata or segment) may include almost any variable: age, gender, religion, income level, or even individuals who listen to specific radio stations or read certain magazines. The strata may be defined by an almost unlimited number of characteristics; however, each additional variable or characteristic makes the subsample more difficult to find and costs to find the sample increase substantially. <img style="border:1px solid #C3E6D8;float:right;" alt="" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/stratifiedsamplingtechnique-probabilitysampling-massmediaresearch-221014184811-035e3573-thumbnail.jpg?width=120&height=120&fit=bounds" /> A stratified sample is the approach used to get adequate representation of a subsample. The characteristics of the subsample (strata or segment) may include almost any variable: age, gender, religion, income level, or even individuals who listen to specific radio stations or read certain magazines. The strata may be defined by an almost unlimited number of characteristics; however, each additional variable or characteristic makes the subsample more difficult to find and costs to find the sample increase substantially.

Stratified Sampling Technique - Probability Sampling - Mass Media Research.pptx from Muhammad Awais

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0 Steps in Content Analysis and How to Conduct Them - Mass Media Research.pptx /slideshow/steps-in-content-analysis-and-how-to-conduct-them-mass-media-researchpptx/253584710 stepsincontentanalysisandhowtoconductthem-massmediaresearch-221014184810-256f3e8f
In general, a content analysis is conducted in several discrete stages. Although the steps are listed here in sequence, they need not be followed in the order given. In fact, the initial stages of analysis can easily be combined. Nonetheless, the following steps may be used as a rough outline: ]]>
In general, a content analysis is conducted in several discrete stages. Although the steps are listed here in sequence, they need not be followed in the order given. In fact, the initial stages of analysis can easily be combined. Nonetheless, the following steps may be used as a rough outline: ]]> Fri, 14 Oct 2022 18:48:10 GMT /slideshow/steps-in-content-analysis-and-how-to-conduct-them-mass-media-researchpptx/253584710 muhammadawaisjutt@slideshare.net(muhammadawaisjutt) Steps in Content Analysis and How to Conduct Them - Mass Media Research.pptx muhammadawaisjutt In general, a content analysis is conducted in several discrete stages. Although the steps are listed here in sequence, they need not be followed in the order given. In fact, the initial stages of analysis can easily be combined. Nonetheless, the following steps may be used as a rough outline: <img style="border:1px solid #C3E6D8;float:right;" alt="" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/stepsincontentanalysisandhowtoconductthem-massmediaresearch-221014184810-256f3e8f-thumbnail.jpg?width=120&height=120&fit=bounds" /> In general, a content analysis is conducted in several discrete stages. Although the steps are listed here in sequence, they need not be followed in the order given. In fact, the initial stages of analysis can easily be combined. Nonetheless, the following steps may be used as a rough outline:

Steps in Content Analysis and How to Conduct Them - Mass Media Research.pptx from Muhammad Awais

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0 Simple Rating Scales in Mass Media Research and How to Transform Them.pptx /muhammadawaisjutt/simple-rating-scales-in-mass-media-research-and-how-to-transform-thempptx simpleratingscalesinmassmediaresearchandhowtotransformthem-221014184810-26844a05
Rating scales are common in mass media research. Researchers frequently ask respondents to rate a list of items such as a list of programming elements that can be included in a radio station’s weekday morning show, or to rate how much respondents like radio or TV on-air personalities. The researcher’s decision is to decide which type of scale to use: 1 to 3? 1 to 5? 1 to 7? 1 to 10? 1 to 100? Or even a 0 to 9 scale, which is commonly used by researchers who don’t have computer software to accept double-digit numbers (like 10). Selecting a type of scale is largely a matter of personal preference, but there are a few things to consider: ]]>
Rating scales are common in mass media research. Researchers frequently ask respondents to rate a list of items such as a list of programming elements that can be included in a radio station’s weekday morning show, or to rate how much respondents like radio or TV on-air personalities. The researcher’s decision is to decide which type of scale to use: 1 to 3? 1 to 5? 1 to 7? 1 to 10? 1 to 100? Or even a 0 to 9 scale, which is commonly used by researchers who don’t have computer software to accept double-digit numbers (like 10). Selecting a type of scale is largely a matter of personal preference, but there are a few things to consider: ]]> Fri, 14 Oct 2022 18:48:10 GMT /muhammadawaisjutt/simple-rating-scales-in-mass-media-research-and-how-to-transform-thempptx muhammadawaisjutt@slideshare.net(muhammadawaisjutt) Simple Rating Scales in Mass Media Research and How to Transform Them.pptx muhammadawaisjutt Rating scales are common in mass media research. Researchers frequently ask respondents to rate a list of items such as a list of programming elements that can be included in a radio station’s weekday morning show, or to rate how much respondents like radio or TV on-air personalities. The researcher’s decision is to decide which type of scale to use: 1 to 3? 1 to 5? 1 to 7? 1 to 10? 1 to 100? Or even a 0 to 9 scale, which is commonly used by researchers who don’t have computer software to accept double-digit numbers (like 10). Selecting a type of scale is largely a matter of personal preference, but there are a few things to consider: <img style="border:1px solid #C3E6D8;float:right;" alt="" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/simpleratingscalesinmassmediaresearchandhowtotransformthem-221014184810-26844a05-thumbnail.jpg?width=120&height=120&fit=bounds" /> Rating scales are common in mass media research. Researchers frequently ask respondents to rate a list of items such as a list of programming elements that can be included in a radio station’s weekday morning show, or to rate how much respondents like radio or TV on-air personalities. The researcher’s decision is to decide which type of scale to use: 1 to 3? 1 to 5? 1 to 7? 1 to 10? 1 to 100? Or even a 0 to 9 scale, which is commonly used by researchers who don’t have computer software to accept double-digit numbers (like 10). Selecting a type of scale is largely a matter of personal preference, but there are a few things to consider:

Simple Rating Scales in Mass Media Research and How to Transform Them.pptx from Muhammad Awais

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0 Quantitative vs Qualitative - Mass Media Research.pptx /slideshow/quantiative-vs-qualitative-mass-media-researchpptx/253584708 quantiativevsqualitative-massmediaresearch-221014184810-523b47a6
Qualitative research is a process of naturalistic inquiry that seeks in-depth understanding of social phenomena within their natural setting. It focuses on the "why" rather than the "what" of social phenomena and relies on the direct experiences of human beings as meaning-making agents in their every day lives. ]]>
Qualitative research is a process of naturalistic inquiry that seeks in-depth understanding of social phenomena within their natural setting. It focuses on the "why" rather than the "what" of social phenomena and relies on the direct experiences of human beings as meaning-making agents in their every day lives. ]]> Fri, 14 Oct 2022 18:48:10 GMT /slideshow/quantiative-vs-qualitative-mass-media-researchpptx/253584708 muhammadawaisjutt@slideshare.net(muhammadawaisjutt) Quantitative vs Qualitative - Mass Media Research.pptx muhammadawaisjutt Qualitative research is a process of naturalistic inquiry that seeks in-depth understanding of social phenomena within their natural setting. It focuses on the "why" rather than the "what" of social phenomena and relies on the direct experiences of human beings as meaning-making agents in their every day lives. <img style="border:1px solid #C3E6D8;float:right;" alt="" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/quantiativevsqualitative-massmediaresearch-221014184810-523b47a6-thumbnail.jpg?width=120&height=120&fit=bounds" /> Qualitative research is a process of naturalistic inquiry that seeks in-depth understanding of social phenomena within their natural setting. It focuses on the "why" rather than the "what" of social phenomena and relies on the direct experiences of human beings as meaning-making agents in their every day lives.

Quantitative vs Qualitative - Mass Media Research.pptx from Muhammad Awais

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0 Reliability and Validity and How to Achieve Them - Mass Media Research.pptx /slideshow/reliability-and-validity-and-how-to-achieve-them-mass-media-researchpptx/253584707 reliabilityandvalidityandhowtoachievethem-massmediaresearch-221014184810-6e915b85
At least one pilot study should be conducted for any newly developed scale to ensure its reliability and validity. To be useful, a measurement must possess these two related qualities. A measure is reliable if it consistently gives the same answer. Reliability in measurement is the same as reliability in any other context. For example, a reliable person is one who is dependable, stable, and consistent over time. An unreliable person is unstable and unpredictable and may act one way today and another way tomorrow. Similarly, if measurements are consistent from one session to another, they are reliable and can be believed to some degree. ]]>
At least one pilot study should be conducted for any newly developed scale to ensure its reliability and validity. To be useful, a measurement must possess these two related qualities. A measure is reliable if it consistently gives the same answer. Reliability in measurement is the same as reliability in any other context. For example, a reliable person is one who is dependable, stable, and consistent over time. An unreliable person is unstable and unpredictable and may act one way today and another way tomorrow. Similarly, if measurements are consistent from one session to another, they are reliable and can be believed to some degree. ]]> Fri, 14 Oct 2022 18:48:10 GMT /slideshow/reliability-and-validity-and-how-to-achieve-them-mass-media-researchpptx/253584707 muhammadawaisjutt@slideshare.net(muhammadawaisjutt) Reliability and Validity and How to Achieve Them - Mass Media Research.pptx muhammadawaisjutt At least one pilot study should be conducted for any newly developed scale to ensure its reliability and validity. To be useful, a measurement must possess these two related qualities. A measure is reliable if it consistently gives the same answer. Reliability in measurement is the same as reliability in any other context. For example, a reliable person is one who is dependable, stable, and consistent over time. An unreliable person is unstable and unpredictable and may act one way today and another way tomorrow. Similarly, if measurements are consistent from one session to another, they are reliable and can be believed to some degree. <img style="border:1px solid #C3E6D8;float:right;" alt="" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/reliabilityandvalidityandhowtoachievethem-massmediaresearch-221014184810-6e915b85-thumbnail.jpg?width=120&height=120&fit=bounds" /> At least one pilot study should be conducted for any newly developed scale to ensure its reliability and validity. To be useful, a measurement must possess these two related qualities. A measure is reliable if it consistently gives the same answer. Reliability in measurement is the same as reliability in any other context. For example, a reliable person is one who is dependable, stable, and consistent over time. An unreliable person is unstable and unpredictable and may act one way today and another way tomorrow. Similarly, if measurements are consistent from one session to another, they are reliable and can be believed to some degree.

Reliability and Validity and How to Achieve Them - Mass Media Research.pptx from Muhammad Awais

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0 Simple Random Sampling Technique - Probabiltiy Sampling - Mass Media Research.pptx /slideshow/simple-random-sampling-technique-probabiltiy-sampling-mass-media-researchpptx/253584706 simplerandomsamplingtechnique-probabiltiysampling-massmediaresearch-221014184810-acad9ec7
The most basic type of probability sampling is the simple random sample, where each subject, element, event, or unit in the population has an equal chance of being selected. If a subject or unit is drawn from the population and removed from subsequent selections, the procedure is known as random sampling without replacement—the most widely used random sampling method. Simple random sampling with replacement involves returning the subject, element, or unit to the population so that it has a chance of being chosen another time. ]]>
The most basic type of probability sampling is the simple random sample, where each subject, element, event, or unit in the population has an equal chance of being selected. If a subject or unit is drawn from the population and removed from subsequent selections, the procedure is known as random sampling without replacement—the most widely used random sampling method. Simple random sampling with replacement involves returning the subject, element, or unit to the population so that it has a chance of being chosen another time. ]]> Fri, 14 Oct 2022 18:48:10 GMT /slideshow/simple-random-sampling-technique-probabiltiy-sampling-mass-media-researchpptx/253584706 muhammadawaisjutt@slideshare.net(muhammadawaisjutt) Simple Random Sampling Technique - Probabiltiy Sampling - Mass Media Research.pptx muhammadawaisjutt The most basic type of probability sampling is the simple random sample, where each subject, element, event, or unit in the population has an equal chance of being selected. If a subject or unit is drawn from the population and removed from subsequent selections, the procedure is known as random sampling without replacement—the most widely used random sampling method. Simple random sampling with replacement involves returning the subject, element, or unit to the population so that it has a chance of being chosen another time. <img style="border:1px solid #C3E6D8;float:right;" alt="" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/simplerandomsamplingtechnique-probabiltiysampling-massmediaresearch-221014184810-acad9ec7-thumbnail.jpg?width=120&height=120&fit=bounds" /> The most basic type of probability sampling is the simple random sample, where each subject, element, event, or unit in the population has an equal chance of being selected. If a subject or unit is drawn from the population and removed from subsequent selections, the procedure is known as random sampling without replacement—the most widely used random sampling method. Simple random sampling with replacement involves returning the subject, element, or unit to the population so that it has a chance of being chosen another time.

Simple Random Sampling Technique - Probabiltiy Sampling - Mass Media Research.pptx from Muhammad Awais

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0 Reliability in Content Analysis and How to Measure It - Mass Media Research.pptx /slideshow/reliability-in-content-analysis-and-how-to-measure-it-mass-media-researchpptx/253584705 reliabilityincontentanalysisandhowtomeasureit-massmediaresearch-221014184810-606e1f0d
Reliability refers to levels of agreement among independent coders who code the same content using the same coding instrument. If the results fail to achieve reliability, something is amiss with the coders, the coding instructions, the category definitions, the unit of analysis, or some combination of these. To achieve acceptable levels of reliability, the following steps are recommended: ]]>
Reliability refers to levels of agreement among independent coders who code the same content using the same coding instrument. If the results fail to achieve reliability, something is amiss with the coders, the coding instructions, the category definitions, the unit of analysis, or some combination of these. To achieve acceptable levels of reliability, the following steps are recommended: ]]> Fri, 14 Oct 2022 18:48:10 GMT /slideshow/reliability-in-content-analysis-and-how-to-measure-it-mass-media-researchpptx/253584705 muhammadawaisjutt@slideshare.net(muhammadawaisjutt) Reliability in Content Analysis and How to Measure It - Mass Media Research.pptx muhammadawaisjutt Reliability refers to levels of agreement among independent coders who code the same content using the same coding instrument. If the results fail to achieve reliability, something is amiss with the coders, the coding instructions, the category definitions, the unit of analysis, or some combination of these. To achieve acceptable levels of reliability, the following steps are recommended: <img style="border:1px solid #C3E6D8;float:right;" alt="" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/reliabilityincontentanalysisandhowtomeasureit-massmediaresearch-221014184810-606e1f0d-thumbnail.jpg?width=120&height=120&fit=bounds" /> Reliability refers to levels of agreement among independent coders who code the same content using the same coding instrument. If the results fail to achieve reliability, something is amiss with the coders, the coding instructions, the category definitions, the unit of analysis, or some combination of these. To achieve acceptable levels of reliability, the following steps are recommended:

Reliability in Content Analysis and How to Measure It - Mass Media Research.pptx from Muhammad Awais

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0 Qualitative Research Methods - How to Reliability in Qualitative Research - Mass Media Research.pptx /slideshow/qualitative-research-methods-how-to-reliability-in-qualitative-research-mass-media-researchpptx/253584704 qualitativeresearchmethods-howtoreliabilityinqualitativeresearch-massmediaresearch-221014184810-436e8533
Quantitative research uses a static or standardized set of questions. All respondents are asked the same questions. Although follow-up questions (and skips) can be designed into a questionnaire, they must be included in the questionnaire or measurement instrument before the research project begins. Interviewers conducting the interview are not allowed to stray from the questionnaire. Qualitative research uses a flexible questioning approach. Although a basic set of questions is designed to start the project, the researcher can change questions or ask follow-up questions at any time. ]]>
Quantitative research uses a static or standardized set of questions. All respondents are asked the same questions. Although follow-up questions (and skips) can be designed into a questionnaire, they must be included in the questionnaire or measurement instrument before the research project begins. Interviewers conducting the interview are not allowed to stray from the questionnaire. Qualitative research uses a flexible questioning approach. Although a basic set of questions is designed to start the project, the researcher can change questions or ask follow-up questions at any time. ]]> Fri, 14 Oct 2022 18:48:09 GMT /slideshow/qualitative-research-methods-how-to-reliability-in-qualitative-research-mass-media-researchpptx/253584704 muhammadawaisjutt@slideshare.net(muhammadawaisjutt) Qualitative Research Methods - How to Reliability in Qualitative Research - Mass Media Research.pptx muhammadawaisjutt Quantitative research uses a static or standardized set of questions. All respondents are asked the same questions. Although follow-up questions (and skips) can be designed into a questionnaire, they must be included in the questionnaire or measurement instrument before the research project begins. Interviewers conducting the interview are not allowed to stray from the questionnaire. Qualitative research uses a flexible questioning approach. Although a basic set of questions is designed to start the project, the researcher can change questions or ask follow-up questions at any time. <img style="border:1px solid #C3E6D8;float:right;" alt="" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/qualitativeresearchmethods-howtoreliabilityinqualitativeresearch-massmediaresearch-221014184810-436e8533-thumbnail.jpg?width=120&height=120&fit=bounds" /> Quantitative research uses a static or standardized set of questions. All respondents are asked the same questions. Although follow-up questions (and skips) can be designed into a questionnaire, they must be included in the questionnaire or measurement instrument before the research project begins. Interviewers conducting the interview are not allowed to stray from the questionnaire. Qualitative research uses a flexible questioning approach. Although a basic set of questions is designed to start the project, the researcher can change questions or ask follow-up questions at any time.

Qualitative Research Methods - How to Reliability in Qualitative Research - Mass Media Research.pptx from Muhammad Awais

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0 Limitations of Content Analysis in Mass Media Research.pptx /slideshow/limitations-of-content-analysis-in-mass-media-researchpptx/253584703 limitationsofcontentanalysisinmassmediaresearch-221014184810-a4a9a72c
Content analysis alone cannot serve as the basis for making statements about the effects of content on an audience. A study of Saturday morning cartoon programs on television might reveal that 80% of these programs contain commercials for sugared cereal, but this finding alone does not allow researchers to claim that children who watch these programs will want to purchase sugared cereals. An additional study of the viewers is necessary ]]>
Content analysis alone cannot serve as the basis for making statements about the effects of content on an audience. A study of Saturday morning cartoon programs on television might reveal that 80% of these programs contain commercials for sugared cereal, but this finding alone does not allow researchers to claim that children who watch these programs will want to purchase sugared cereals. An additional study of the viewers is necessary ]]> Fri, 14 Oct 2022 18:48:09 GMT /slideshow/limitations-of-content-analysis-in-mass-media-researchpptx/253584703 muhammadawaisjutt@slideshare.net(muhammadawaisjutt) Limitations of Content Analysis in Mass Media Research.pptx muhammadawaisjutt Content analysis alone cannot serve as the basis for making statements about the effects of content on an audience. A study of Saturday morning cartoon programs on television might reveal that 80% of these programs contain commercials for sugared cereal, but this finding alone does not allow researchers to claim that children who watch these programs will want to purchase sugared cereals. An additional study of the viewers is necessary <img style="border:1px solid #C3E6D8;float:right;" alt="" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/limitationsofcontentanalysisinmassmediaresearch-221014184810-a4a9a72c-thumbnail.jpg?width=120&height=120&fit=bounds" /> Content analysis alone cannot serve as the basis for making statements about the effects of content on an audience. A study of Saturday morning cartoon programs on television might reveal that 80% of these programs contain commercials for sugared cereal, but this finding alone does not allow researchers to claim that children who watch these programs will want to purchase sugared cereals. An additional study of the viewers is necessary

Limitations of Content Analysis in Mass Media Research.pptx from Muhammad Awais

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0 Research Error in Mass Media Research.pptx /slideshow/research-error-in-mass-media-researchpptx/253584702 researcherrorinmassmediaresearch-221014184810-9f2e5d4e
There are two broad types of error present in all research: Sampling error: or error related to selecting a sample from a population. A sampling error is a statistical error that occurs when an analyst does not select a sample that represents the entire population of data and the results found in the sample do not represent the results that would be obtained from the entire population. Sampling error can be reduced by increasing the sample size. If the sample size n is equal to the population size N, then the sampling error is zero. Non-Sampling error: It is an error created by every other aspect of a research study, such as measurement errors, data analysis errors, the influence of the research situation itself, or even error from an unknown source that can never be identified and control or eliminated. Random errors are (like the name suggests) completely random. They are unpredictable and can't be replicated by repeating the experiment again. ]]>
There are two broad types of error present in all research: Sampling error: or error related to selecting a sample from a population. A sampling error is a statistical error that occurs when an analyst does not select a sample that represents the entire population of data and the results found in the sample do not represent the results that would be obtained from the entire population. Sampling error can be reduced by increasing the sample size. If the sample size n is equal to the population size N, then the sampling error is zero. Non-Sampling error: It is an error created by every other aspect of a research study, such as measurement errors, data analysis errors, the influence of the research situation itself, or even error from an unknown source that can never be identified and control or eliminated. Random errors are (like the name suggests) completely random. They are unpredictable and can't be replicated by repeating the experiment again. ]]> Fri, 14 Oct 2022 18:48:09 GMT /slideshow/research-error-in-mass-media-researchpptx/253584702 muhammadawaisjutt@slideshare.net(muhammadawaisjutt) Research Error in Mass Media Research.pptx muhammadawaisjutt There are two broad types of error present in all research: Sampling error: or error related to selecting a sample from a population. A sampling error is a statistical error that occurs when an analyst does not select a sample that represents the entire population of data and the results found in the sample do not represent the results that would be obtained from the entire population. Sampling error can be reduced by increasing the sample size. If the sample size n is equal to the population size N, then the sampling error is zero. Non-Sampling error: It is an error created by every other aspect of a research study, such as measurement errors, data analysis errors, the influence of the research situation itself, or even error from an unknown source that can never be identified and control or eliminated. Random errors are (like the name suggests) completely random. They are unpredictable and can't be replicated by repeating the experiment again. <img style="border:1px solid #C3E6D8;float:right;" alt="" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/researcherrorinmassmediaresearch-221014184810-9f2e5d4e-thumbnail.jpg?width=120&height=120&fit=bounds" /> There are two broad types of error present in all research: Sampling error: or error related to selecting a sample from a population. A sampling error is a statistical error that occurs when an analyst does not select a sample that represents the entire population of data and the results found in the sample do not represent the results that would be obtained from the entire population. Sampling error can be reduced by increasing the sample size. If the sample size n is equal to the population size N, then the sampling error is zero. Non-Sampling error: It is an error created by every other aspect of a research study, such as measurement errors, data analysis errors, the influence of the research situation itself, or even error from an unknown source that can never be identified and control or eliminated. Random errors are (like the name suggests) completely random. They are unpredictable and can't be replicated by repeating the experiment again.

Research Error in Mass Media Research.pptx from Muhammad Awais

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0 Likert Scale and Types of Questions - Mass Media Research.pptx /slideshow/likert-scale-and-types-of-questions-mass-media-researchpptx/253584701 likertscaleandtypesofquestions-massmediaresearch-221014184809-aeb7b8ec
Perhaps the most commonly used scale in mass media research is the Likert scale, also called the summated rating approach. A number of statements are developed with respect to a topic, and respondents can strongly agree, agree, be neutral, disagree, or strongly disagree with the statements. Each response option is weighted, and each subject’s responses are added to produce a single score on the topic. ]]>
Perhaps the most commonly used scale in mass media research is the Likert scale, also called the summated rating approach. A number of statements are developed with respect to a topic, and respondents can strongly agree, agree, be neutral, disagree, or strongly disagree with the statements. Each response option is weighted, and each subject’s responses are added to produce a single score on the topic. ]]> Fri, 14 Oct 2022 18:48:09 GMT /slideshow/likert-scale-and-types-of-questions-mass-media-researchpptx/253584701 muhammadawaisjutt@slideshare.net(muhammadawaisjutt) Likert Scale and Types of Questions - Mass Media Research.pptx muhammadawaisjutt Perhaps the most commonly used scale in mass media research is the Likert scale, also called the summated rating approach. A number of statements are developed with respect to a topic, and respondents can strongly agree, agree, be neutral, disagree, or strongly disagree with the statements. Each response option is weighted, and each subject’s responses are added to produce a single score on the topic. <img style="border:1px solid #C3E6D8;float:right;" alt="" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/likertscaleandtypesofquestions-massmediaresearch-221014184809-aeb7b8ec-thumbnail.jpg?width=120&height=120&fit=bounds" /> Perhaps the most commonly used scale in mass media research is the Likert scale, also called the summated rating approach. A number of statements are developed with respect to a topic, and respondents can strongly agree, agree, be neutral, disagree, or strongly disagree with the statements. Each response option is weighted, and each subject’s responses are added to produce a single score on the topic.

Likert Scale and Types of Questions - Mass Media Research.pptx from Muhammad Awais

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0 Thurstone Scales - Mass Media Research.pptx /slideshow/thurstone-scales-mass-media-researchpptx/253584700 thurstonescales-massmediaresearch-221014184809-ff3d0656
Thurstone scales are also called equalappearing interval scales because of the technique used to develop them and are typically used to measure the attitude toward a given concept or construct. To develop a Thurstone scale, a researcher first collects a large number of statements (Thurstone recommends at least 100) that relate to the concept or construct to be measured. Next, judges rate these statements along an 11-category scale in which each category expresses a different degree of favorableness toward the concept. The items are then ranked according to the mean or median ratings assigned by the judges and are used to construct a questionnaire of 20 to 30 items that are chosen more or less evenly from across the range of ratings. ]]>
Thurstone scales are also called equalappearing interval scales because of the technique used to develop them and are typically used to measure the attitude toward a given concept or construct. To develop a Thurstone scale, a researcher first collects a large number of statements (Thurstone recommends at least 100) that relate to the concept or construct to be measured. Next, judges rate these statements along an 11-category scale in which each category expresses a different degree of favorableness toward the concept. The items are then ranked according to the mean or median ratings assigned by the judges and are used to construct a questionnaire of 20 to 30 items that are chosen more or less evenly from across the range of ratings. ]]> Fri, 14 Oct 2022 18:48:09 GMT /slideshow/thurstone-scales-mass-media-researchpptx/253584700 muhammadawaisjutt@slideshare.net(muhammadawaisjutt) Thurstone Scales - Mass Media Research.pptx muhammadawaisjutt Thurstone scales are also called equalappearing interval scales because of the technique used to develop them and are typically used to measure the attitude toward a given concept or construct. To develop a Thurstone scale, a researcher first collects a large number of statements (Thurstone recommends at least 100) that relate to the concept or construct to be measured. Next, judges rate these statements along an 11-category scale in which each category expresses a different degree of favorableness toward the concept. The items are then ranked according to the mean or median ratings assigned by the judges and are used to construct a questionnaire of 20 to 30 items that are chosen more or less evenly from across the range of ratings. <img style="border:1px solid #C3E6D8;float:right;" alt="" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/thurstonescales-massmediaresearch-221014184809-ff3d0656-thumbnail.jpg?width=120&height=120&fit=bounds" /> Thurstone scales are also called equalappearing interval scales because of the technique used to develop them and are typically used to measure the attitude toward a given concept or construct. To develop a Thurstone scale, a researcher first collects a large number of statements (Thurstone recommends at least 100) that relate to the concept or construct to be measured. Next, judges rate these statements along an 11-category scale in which each category expresses a different degree of favorableness toward the concept. The items are then ranked according to the mean or median ratings assigned by the judges and are used to construct a questionnaire of 20 to 30 items that are chosen more or less evenly from across the range of ratings.

Thurstone Scales - Mass Media Research.pptx from Muhammad Awais

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0 Difference Between EFA and CFA in Mass Media Research.pptx /muhammadawaisjutt/difference-between-efa-and-cfa-in-mass-media-researchpptx differentbetweenefaandcfainmassmediaresearch-221014184809-7ae1433f
Exploratory factor analysis is a statistical technique that is used to reduce data to a smaller set of summary variables and to explore the underlying theoretical structure of the phenomena. It is used to identify the structure of the relationship between the variable and the respondent. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) is a multivariate statistical procedure that is used to test how well the measured variables represent the number of constructs. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and exploratory factor analysis (EFA) are similar techniques, but in exploratory factor analysis (EFA), data is simply explored and provides information about the numbers of factors required to represent the data. In exploratory factor analysis, all measured variables are related to every latent variable. But in confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), researchers can specify the number of factors required in the data and which measured variable is related to which latent variable. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) is a tool that is used to confirm or reject the measurement theory. ]]>
Exploratory factor analysis is a statistical technique that is used to reduce data to a smaller set of summary variables and to explore the underlying theoretical structure of the phenomena. It is used to identify the structure of the relationship between the variable and the respondent. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) is a multivariate statistical procedure that is used to test how well the measured variables represent the number of constructs. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and exploratory factor analysis (EFA) are similar techniques, but in exploratory factor analysis (EFA), data is simply explored and provides information about the numbers of factors required to represent the data. In exploratory factor analysis, all measured variables are related to every latent variable. But in confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), researchers can specify the number of factors required in the data and which measured variable is related to which latent variable. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) is a tool that is used to confirm or reject the measurement theory. ]]> Fri, 14 Oct 2022 18:48:09 GMT /muhammadawaisjutt/difference-between-efa-and-cfa-in-mass-media-researchpptx muhammadawaisjutt@slideshare.net(muhammadawaisjutt) Difference Between EFA and CFA in Mass Media Research.pptx muhammadawaisjutt Exploratory factor analysis is a statistical technique that is used to reduce data to a smaller set of summary variables and to explore the underlying theoretical structure of the phenomena. It is used to identify the structure of the relationship between the variable and the respondent. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) is a multivariate statistical procedure that is used to test how well the measured variables represent the number of constructs. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and exploratory factor analysis (EFA) are similar techniques, but in exploratory factor analysis (EFA), data is simply explored and provides information about the numbers of factors required to represent the data. In exploratory factor analysis, all measured variables are related to every latent variable. But in confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), researchers can specify the number of factors required in the data and which measured variable is related to which latent variable. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) is a tool that is used to confirm or reject the measurement theory. <img style="border:1px solid #C3E6D8;float:right;" alt="" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/differentbetweenefaandcfainmassmediaresearch-221014184809-7ae1433f-thumbnail.jpg?width=120&height=120&fit=bounds" /> Exploratory factor analysis is a statistical technique that is used to reduce data to a smaller set of summary variables and to explore the underlying theoretical structure of the phenomena. It is used to identify the structure of the relationship between the variable and the respondent. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) is a multivariate statistical procedure that is used to test how well the measured variables represent the number of constructs. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and exploratory factor analysis (EFA) are similar techniques, but in exploratory factor analysis (EFA), data is simply explored and provides information about the numbers of factors required to represent the data. In exploratory factor analysis, all measured variables are related to every latent variable. But in confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), researchers can specify the number of factors required in the data and which measured variable is related to which latent variable. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) is a tool that is used to confirm or reject the measurement theory.

Difference Between EFA and CFA in Mass Media Research.pptx from Muhammad Awais

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0 Multistage Sampling Technique - Probability Sampling - Mass Media Research.pptx /slideshow/multistage-sampling-technique-probability-sampling-mass-media-researchpptx/253584698 multistagesamplingtechnique-probabilitysampling-massmediaresearch-221014184809-6a39c7f9
Multistage sampling is the taking of samples in stages using smaller and smaller sampling units at each stage. Multistage sampling can be a complex form of cluster sampling because it is a type of sampling which involves dividing the population into groups (or clusters). ]]>
Multistage sampling is the taking of samples in stages using smaller and smaller sampling units at each stage. Multistage sampling can be a complex form of cluster sampling because it is a type of sampling which involves dividing the population into groups (or clusters). ]]> Fri, 14 Oct 2022 18:48:09 GMT /slideshow/multistage-sampling-technique-probability-sampling-mass-media-researchpptx/253584698 muhammadawaisjutt@slideshare.net(muhammadawaisjutt) Multistage Sampling Technique - Probability Sampling - Mass Media Research.pptx muhammadawaisjutt Multistage sampling is the taking of samples in stages using smaller and smaller sampling units at each stage. Multistage sampling can be a complex form of cluster sampling because it is a type of sampling which involves dividing the population into groups (or clusters). <img style="border:1px solid #C3E6D8;float:right;" alt="" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/multistagesamplingtechnique-probabilitysampling-massmediaresearch-221014184809-6a39c7f9-thumbnail.jpg?width=120&height=120&fit=bounds" /> Multistage sampling is the taking of samples in stages using smaller and smaller sampling units at each stage. Multistage sampling can be a complex form of cluster sampling because it is a type of sampling which involves dividing the population into groups (or clusters).

Multistage Sampling Technique - Probability Sampling - Mass Media Research.pptx from Muhammad Awais

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0 Determining Sample Size, Sampling Error and Sample Weightage - Mass Media Research.pptx /slideshow/determining-sample-size-sampling-error-and-sample-weightage-mass-media-researchpptx/253584697 determiningsamplesizesamplingerrorandsampleweightage-massmediaresearch-221014184809-83f581a6
Determining an adequate sample size is one of the most controversial aspects of sampling. How large must a sample be to provide the desired level of confidence in the results? Unfortunately, there is no simple answer. The size of the sample required for a study depends on at least one or more of the following seven factors: (1) project type, (2) project purpose, (3) project complexity, (4) amount of error tolerated, (5) time constraints, (6) financial constraints, and (7) previous research in the area. However, projects intended to answer significant questions (those designed to provide information for decisions involving large sums of money or decisions that may affect people’s lives) require high levels of precision and, therefore, large samples. ]]>
Determining an adequate sample size is one of the most controversial aspects of sampling. How large must a sample be to provide the desired level of confidence in the results? Unfortunately, there is no simple answer. The size of the sample required for a study depends on at least one or more of the following seven factors: (1) project type, (2) project purpose, (3) project complexity, (4) amount of error tolerated, (5) time constraints, (6) financial constraints, and (7) previous research in the area. However, projects intended to answer significant questions (those designed to provide information for decisions involving large sums of money or decisions that may affect people’s lives) require high levels of precision and, therefore, large samples. ]]> Fri, 14 Oct 2022 18:48:09 GMT /slideshow/determining-sample-size-sampling-error-and-sample-weightage-mass-media-researchpptx/253584697 muhammadawaisjutt@slideshare.net(muhammadawaisjutt) Determining Sample Size, Sampling Error and Sample Weightage - Mass Media Research.pptx muhammadawaisjutt Determining an adequate sample size is one of the most controversial aspects of sampling. How large must a sample be to provide the desired level of confidence in the results? Unfortunately, there is no simple answer. The size of the sample required for a study depends on at least one or more of the following seven factors: (1) project type, (2) project purpose, (3) project complexity, (4) amount of error tolerated, (5) time constraints, (6) financial constraints, and (7) previous research in the area. However, projects intended to answer significant questions (those designed to provide information for decisions involving large sums of money or decisions that may affect people’s lives) require high levels of precision and, therefore, large samples. <img style="border:1px solid #C3E6D8;float:right;" alt="" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/determiningsamplesizesamplingerrorandsampleweightage-massmediaresearch-221014184809-83f581a6-thumbnail.jpg?width=120&height=120&fit=bounds" /> Determining an adequate sample size is one of the most controversial aspects of sampling. How large must a sample be to provide the desired level of confidence in the results? Unfortunately, there is no simple answer. The size of the sample required for a study depends on at least one or more of the following seven factors: (1) project type, (2) project purpose, (3) project complexity, (4) amount of error tolerated, (5) time constraints, (6) financial constraints, and (7) previous research in the area. However, projects intended to answer significant questions (those designed to provide information for decisions involving large sums of money or decisions that may affect people’s lives) require high levels of precision and, therefore, large samples.

Determining Sample Size, Sampling Error and Sample Weightage - Mass Media Research.pptx from Muhammad Awais

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0 Systematic Random Sampling Technique - Probability Sampling - Mass Media Research.pptx /slideshow/systematic-random-sampling-technique-probability-sampling-mass-media-researchpptx/253584696 systematicrandomsamplingtechnique-probabilitysampling-massmediaresearch-221014184809-a1f864c4
Systematic sampling is a simple random sampling with a shortcut selection procedure. Everything is the same except that instead of using a list of random numbers, we first calculate a sampling interval to create a quasi-random selection method. The sampling interval (i.e., 1 in k, where k is some number) tells us how to select elements from a sampling frame by skipping elements in the frame before selecting one for the sample. ]]>
Systematic sampling is a simple random sampling with a shortcut selection procedure. Everything is the same except that instead of using a list of random numbers, we first calculate a sampling interval to create a quasi-random selection method. The sampling interval (i.e., 1 in k, where k is some number) tells us how to select elements from a sampling frame by skipping elements in the frame before selecting one for the sample. ]]> Fri, 14 Oct 2022 18:48:09 GMT /slideshow/systematic-random-sampling-technique-probability-sampling-mass-media-researchpptx/253584696 muhammadawaisjutt@slideshare.net(muhammadawaisjutt) Systematic Random Sampling Technique - Probability Sampling - Mass Media Research.pptx muhammadawaisjutt Systematic sampling is a simple random sampling with a shortcut selection procedure. Everything is the same except that instead of using a list of random numbers, we first calculate a sampling interval to create a quasi-random selection method. The sampling interval (i.e., 1 in k, where k is some number) tells us how to select elements from a sampling frame by skipping elements in the frame before selecting one for the sample. <img style="border:1px solid #C3E6D8;float:right;" alt="" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/systematicrandomsamplingtechnique-probabilitysampling-massmediaresearch-221014184809-a1f864c4-thumbnail.jpg?width=120&height=120&fit=bounds" /> Systematic sampling is a simple random sampling with a shortcut selection procedure. Everything is the same except that instead of using a list of random numbers, we first calculate a sampling interval to create a quasi-random selection method. The sampling interval (i.e., 1 in k, where k is some number) tells us how to select elements from a sampling frame by skipping elements in the frame before selecting one for the sample.

Systematic Random Sampling Technique - Probability Sampling - Mass Media Research.pptx from Muhammad Awais

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0 Population vs Sample - Mass Media Research.pptx /slideshow/population-vs-sample-mass-media-researchpptx/253584695 populationvssample-massmediaresearch-221014184809-e6e63134
One goal of scientific research is to describe the nature of a population—a group or class of subjects, variables, concepts, or phenomena. In some cases, an entire class or group is investigated, as in a study of prime-time television programs during the week of September 10–16. The process of examining every member in a population is called a census. In many situations, however, an entire population cannot be examined due to time and resource constraints. Studying every member of a population is also generally cost-prohibitive and may, in fact, confound the research because measurements of large numbers of people often affect measurement quality The usual procedure in these instances is to take a sample from the population. ]]>
One goal of scientific research is to describe the nature of a population—a group or class of subjects, variables, concepts, or phenomena. In some cases, an entire class or group is investigated, as in a study of prime-time television programs during the week of September 10–16. The process of examining every member in a population is called a census. In many situations, however, an entire population cannot be examined due to time and resource constraints. Studying every member of a population is also generally cost-prohibitive and may, in fact, confound the research because measurements of large numbers of people often affect measurement quality The usual procedure in these instances is to take a sample from the population. ]]> Fri, 14 Oct 2022 18:48:08 GMT /slideshow/population-vs-sample-mass-media-researchpptx/253584695 muhammadawaisjutt@slideshare.net(muhammadawaisjutt) Population vs Sample - Mass Media Research.pptx muhammadawaisjutt One goal of scientific research is to describe the nature of a population—a group or class of subjects, variables, concepts, or phenomena. In some cases, an entire class or group is investigated, as in a study of prime-time television programs during the week of September 10–16. The process of examining every member in a population is called a census. In many situations, however, an entire population cannot be examined due to time and resource constraints. Studying every member of a population is also generally cost-prohibitive and may, in fact, confound the research because measurements of large numbers of people often affect measurement quality The usual procedure in these instances is to take a sample from the population. <img style="border:1px solid #C3E6D8;float:right;" alt="" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/populationvssample-massmediaresearch-221014184809-e6e63134-thumbnail.jpg?width=120&height=120&fit=bounds" /> One goal of scientific research is to describe the nature of a population—a group or class of subjects, variables, concepts, or phenomena. In some cases, an entire class or group is investigated, as in a study of prime-time television programs during the week of September 10–16. The process of examining every member in a population is called a census. In many situations, however, an entire population cannot be examined due to time and resource constraints. Studying every member of a population is also generally cost-prohibitive and may, in fact, confound the research because measurements of large numbers of people often affect measurement quality The usual procedure in these instances is to take a sample from the population.

Population vs Sample - Mass Media Research.pptx from Muhammad Awais

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0 How to Do Literature Review in Mass Media Research.pptx /slideshow/how-to-do-literature-review-in-mass-media-researchpptx-253584693/253584693 howtodoliteraturereviewinmassmediaresearch-221014184808-78ed2ed0
Choose a topic. Define your research question. Your literature review should be guided by a central research question. Remember, it is not a collection of loosely related studies in a field but instead represents background and research developments related to a specific research question, interpreted and analyzed by you in a synthesized way. Decide on the scope of your review. How many studies do you need to look at? How comprehensive should it be? How many years should it cover? ]]>
Choose a topic. Define your research question. Your literature review should be guided by a central research question. Remember, it is not a collection of loosely related studies in a field but instead represents background and research developments related to a specific research question, interpreted and analyzed by you in a synthesized way. Decide on the scope of your review. How many studies do you need to look at? How comprehensive should it be? How many years should it cover? ]]> Fri, 14 Oct 2022 18:48:08 GMT /slideshow/how-to-do-literature-review-in-mass-media-researchpptx-253584693/253584693 muhammadawaisjutt@slideshare.net(muhammadawaisjutt) How to Do Literature Review in Mass Media Research.pptx muhammadawaisjutt Choose a topic. Define your research question. Your literature review should be guided by a central research question. Remember, it is not a collection of loosely related studies in a field but instead represents background and research developments related to a specific research question, interpreted and analyzed by you in a synthesized way. Decide on the scope of your review. How many studies do you need to look at? How comprehensive should it be? How many years should it cover? <img style="border:1px solid #C3E6D8;float:right;" alt="" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/howtodoliteraturereviewinmassmediaresearch-221014184808-78ed2ed0-thumbnail.jpg?width=120&height=120&fit=bounds" /> Choose a topic. Define your research question. Your literature review should be guided by a central research question. Remember, it is not a collection of loosely related studies in a field but instead represents background and research developments related to a specific research question, interpreted and analyzed by you in a synthesized way. Decide on the scope of your review. How many studies do you need to look at? How comprehensive should it be? How many years should it cover?

How to Do Literature Review in Mass Media Research.pptx from Muhammad Awais

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0 Types of Non Probability Sampling - Mass Media Research.pptx /slideshow/types-of-non-probability-sampling-mass-media-researchpptx/253584692 typesofnonprobabilitysampling-massmediaresearch-221014184808-fe802969
Types of Non-Probability Sampling]]>
Types of Non-Probability Sampling]]> Fri, 14 Oct 2022 18:48:08 GMT /slideshow/types-of-non-probability-sampling-mass-media-researchpptx/253584692 muhammadawaisjutt@slideshare.net(muhammadawaisjutt) Types of Non Probability Sampling - Mass Media Research.pptx muhammadawaisjutt Types of Non-Probability Sampling <img style="border:1px solid #C3E6D8;float:right;" alt="" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/typesofnonprobabilitysampling-massmediaresearch-221014184808-fe802969-thumbnail.jpg?width=120&height=120&fit=bounds" /> Types of Non-Probability Sampling

Types of Non Probability Sampling - Mass Media Research.pptx from Muhammad Awais

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0 https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/profile-photo-muhammadawaisjutt-48x48.jpg?cb=1729801554 I have been working as a Lecturer in the School of Media and Communication Studies at University of Management and Technology, Sialkot Campus since five years. I am a Harvard alumni. I got 22 publications to my credit. I have also won a travel grant award from UNESCO to present one of his papers at a conference which was held in Bangkok. Currently, I am a PhD candidate at Communication University of China. www.facebook.com/Awwaiis/ https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/qualitativeresearch-230118202344-fc8c989b-thumbnail.jpg?width=320&height=320&fit=bounds slideshow/qualitative-researchpptx-255396123/255396123 Qualitative Research.pptx https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/stratifiedsamplingtechnique-probabilitysampling-massmediaresearch-221014184811-035e3573-thumbnail.jpg?width=320&height=320&fit=bounds slideshow/stratified-sampling-technique-probability-sampling-mass-media-researchpptx/253584711 Stratified Sampling Te... https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/stepsincontentanalysisandhowtoconductthem-massmediaresearch-221014184810-256f3e8f-thumbnail.jpg?width=320&height=320&fit=bounds slideshow/steps-in-content-analysis-and-how-to-conduct-them-mass-media-researchpptx/253584710 Steps in Content Analy...