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Mon, 12 Dec 2022 03:13:31 GMT狠狠撸Share feed for 狠狠撸shows by User: shyleshmurthyTopological manupilation of DNA.pptx
/slideshow/topological-manupilation-of-dnapptx/254862991
topologicalmanupilationofdna-221212031331-1c65ad28 The topology of DNA is defined by how the two complementary single strand are intertwined
DNA in a relax state usually assumes the B-Conformation with10.6 bp per turn
DNA is subjected to bends or opening of DNA over winding or unwinding, its base pair turn changes and the DNA is subjected to stress and strain
DNA Topology also encompasses super coiling
]]>
The topology of DNA is defined by how the two complementary single strand are intertwined
DNA in a relax state usually assumes the B-Conformation with10.6 bp per turn
DNA is subjected to bends or opening of DNA over winding or unwinding, its base pair turn changes and the DNA is subjected to stress and strain
DNA Topology also encompasses super coiling
]]>
Mon, 12 Dec 2022 03:13:31 GMT/slideshow/topological-manupilation-of-dnapptx/254862991shyleshmurthy@slideshare.net(shyleshmurthy)Topological manupilation of DNA.pptxshyleshmurthyThe topology of DNA is defined by how the two complementary single strand are intertwined
DNA in a relax state usually assumes the B-Conformation with10.6 bp per turn
DNA is subjected to bends or opening of DNA over winding or unwinding, its base pair turn changes and the DNA is subjected to stress and strain
DNA Topology also encompasses super coiling
<img style="border:1px solid #C3E6D8;float:right;" alt="" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/topologicalmanupilationofdna-221212031331-1c65ad28-thumbnail.jpg?width=120&height=120&fit=bounds" /><br> The topology of DNA is defined by how the two complementary single strand are intertwined
DNA in a relax state usually assumes the B-Conformation with10.6 bp per turn
DNA is subjected to bends or opening of DNA over winding or unwinding, its base pair turn changes and the DNA is subjected to stress and strain
DNA Topology also encompasses super coiling
]]>
8460https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/topologicalmanupilationofdna-221212031331-1c65ad28-thumbnail.jpg?width=120&height=120&fit=boundspresentationBlackhttp://activitystrea.ms/schema/1.0/posthttp://activitystrea.ms/schema/1.0/posted0RNA 鈥� i PATHWAY
/slideshow/rna-i-pathway/251380326
rnaipathway-220319085510 RNA interference [ RNAi] is a sequence mechanism , triggered by the introduction of ds RNA leading to mRNA degradation
It results in switching the targeted gene on and off at transcriptional or post transcriptional level3
The long double stranded RNAs enter a cellular pathway that is known as RNA interference pathway .
First ds RNAs get processed into 20-25 nucleotides small interfering RNAs [siRNAs] by an enzyme Dicer .
Small interfering RNAs assemble into RNA induced silencing complexes [RISCs] ,unwinding in the process.
The siRNAs strands subsequently guide the RISCs complementary RNA molecules , where they cleave and destroy the RNA .
Cleavage of RNA takes place near the middle of the region bound by siRNA strand .
This results into mRNA Degradation.
Gene knockdown
Double stranded RNA is synthesized with a sequence complementary to a gene of interest and introduced into a cell organism ,where it is recognized as exogenous genetic material and activates the RNAi pathway .
Using this mechanism, researchers can cause drastic decrease in the expresssion of targeted gene .
Since RNAi may not totally abolish expression of the gene , this technique is referred to as knockdown.
]]>
RNA interference [ RNAi] is a sequence mechanism , triggered by the introduction of ds RNA leading to mRNA degradation
It results in switching the targeted gene on and off at transcriptional or post transcriptional level3
The long double stranded RNAs enter a cellular pathway that is known as RNA interference pathway .
First ds RNAs get processed into 20-25 nucleotides small interfering RNAs [siRNAs] by an enzyme Dicer .
Small interfering RNAs assemble into RNA induced silencing complexes [RISCs] ,unwinding in the process.
The siRNAs strands subsequently guide the RISCs complementary RNA molecules , where they cleave and destroy the RNA .
Cleavage of RNA takes place near the middle of the region bound by siRNA strand .
This results into mRNA Degradation.
Gene knockdown
Double stranded RNA is synthesized with a sequence complementary to a gene of interest and introduced into a cell organism ,where it is recognized as exogenous genetic material and activates the RNAi pathway .
Using this mechanism, researchers can cause drastic decrease in the expresssion of targeted gene .
Since RNAi may not totally abolish expression of the gene , this technique is referred to as knockdown.
]]>
Sat, 19 Mar 2022 08:55:10 GMT/slideshow/rna-i-pathway/251380326shyleshmurthy@slideshare.net(shyleshmurthy)RNA 鈥� i PATHWAY shyleshmurthyRNA interference [ RNAi] is a sequence mechanism , triggered by the introduction of ds RNA leading to mRNA degradation
It results in switching the targeted gene on and off at transcriptional or post transcriptional level3
The long double stranded RNAs enter a cellular pathway that is known as RNA interference pathway .
First ds RNAs get processed into 20-25 nucleotides small interfering RNAs [siRNAs] by an enzyme Dicer .
Small interfering RNAs assemble into RNA induced silencing complexes [RISCs] ,unwinding in the process.
The siRNAs strands subsequently guide the RISCs complementary RNA molecules , where they cleave and destroy the RNA .
Cleavage of RNA takes place near the middle of the region bound by siRNA strand .
This results into mRNA Degradation.
Gene knockdown
Double stranded RNA is synthesized with a sequence complementary to a gene of interest and introduced into a cell organism ,where it is recognized as exogenous genetic material and activates the RNAi pathway .
Using this mechanism, researchers can cause drastic decrease in the expresssion of targeted gene .
Since RNAi may not totally abolish expression of the gene , this technique is referred to as knockdown.
<img style="border:1px solid #C3E6D8;float:right;" alt="" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/rnaipathway-220319085510-thumbnail.jpg?width=120&height=120&fit=bounds" /><br> RNA interference [ RNAi] is a sequence mechanism , triggered by the introduction of ds RNA leading to mRNA degradation
It results in switching the targeted gene on and off at transcriptional or post transcriptional level3
The long double stranded RNAs enter a cellular pathway that is known as RNA interference pathway .
First ds RNAs get processed into 20-25 nucleotides small interfering RNAs [siRNAs] by an enzyme Dicer .
Small interfering RNAs assemble into RNA induced silencing complexes [RISCs] ,unwinding in the process.
The siRNAs strands subsequently guide the RISCs complementary RNA molecules , where they cleave and destroy the RNA .
Cleavage of RNA takes place near the middle of the region bound by siRNA strand .
This results into mRNA Degradation.
Gene knockdown
Double stranded RNA is synthesized with a sequence complementary to a gene of interest and introduced into a cell organism ,where it is recognized as exogenous genetic material and activates the RNAi pathway .
Using this mechanism, researchers can cause drastic decrease in the expresssion of targeted gene .
Since RNAi may not totally abolish expression of the gene , this technique is referred to as knockdown.
]]>
2090https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/rnaipathway-220319085510-thumbnail.jpg?width=120&height=120&fit=boundspresentationBlackhttp://activitystrea.ms/schema/1.0/posthttp://activitystrea.ms/schema/1.0/posted0Morphology Of Viruses : Viruses, structure and characteristics
/slideshow/morphology-of-viruses-251073134/251073134
morphologyofviruses-220128160749 Viruses can be extremely simple in design, consisting of nuclei acid
surrounded by the protein coat as a capsid.
The capsid is composed of smaller protein components
referred to as capsomeres.
The capsid along with genome combination
is called a nucleocapsid.
The viruses can also posses additional components,
with most common being an additional membranous layer
that surrounds nucleocapsid called an envelope.
This envelope is actually acquired from the nuclear or
plasma membrane of the infected host cell and then
Modified with viral protein called peplomere.
A complete virus, with all the components needed for
host cell to cause infection is referred to as virions.
Viruses come in many shapes and sizes, but these are consistent
and distinct for each viral family.
The morphology of virus include size, shapes, genetic constituents,
and the nuclear envelope
An infective agent that typically consist of a nuclei acid molecule In protein coat, it is too small can not visible through naked eyes and even by light microscopy, and is able to multiply only within the living cells of a host.
These are about 100 times smaller than bacteria and can only be observed by electron microscope.
These are small obligate intracellular parasites, which Contain either a RNA or DNA genome surrounded by a protective, virus protein coat.
These are acellular, so they are neither prokaryotes nor eukaryotes because they lack the characters of living beings except the ability to replicate. And they infect all types of cells :- humans, animals, plants, bacteria, yeast, protozoa, etc.
VIRAL SIZE:-
These are much smaller than bacteria for a time
they were know as鈥檉ilterable agents鈥� as they can pass through
filters that can hold back bacteria.
They can not be seen under light microscope hence
called as'ultramicroscopic鈥�. These viral particles seen in this
manner are know as 鈥榚lementary bodies鈥�.
The size ranges:- 5-300nanometer.
In recent years a number of viruses including mimivirus length of
virus up to 600nm,and Pandoravirus Ranges from 50-100nm
In length have been identified.
Most viruses vary in diameter from 250-400nm;the largest,
however measure about 500nm in diameter and are about 700-1,000nm in length.
Paramyxoviruses can be up to 14,000nm long, Rotavirus particles measures 76.5nm in diameter.
Viruses, VIRAL STRUCTURE, MORPHOLOGY
]]>
Viruses can be extremely simple in design, consisting of nuclei acid
surrounded by the protein coat as a capsid.
The capsid is composed of smaller protein components
referred to as capsomeres.
The capsid along with genome combination
is called a nucleocapsid.
The viruses can also posses additional components,
with most common being an additional membranous layer
that surrounds nucleocapsid called an envelope.
This envelope is actually acquired from the nuclear or
plasma membrane of the infected host cell and then
Modified with viral protein called peplomere.
A complete virus, with all the components needed for
host cell to cause infection is referred to as virions.
Viruses come in many shapes and sizes, but these are consistent
and distinct for each viral family.
The morphology of virus include size, shapes, genetic constituents,
and the nuclear envelope
An infective agent that typically consist of a nuclei acid molecule In protein coat, it is too small can not visible through naked eyes and even by light microscopy, and is able to multiply only within the living cells of a host.
These are about 100 times smaller than bacteria and can only be observed by electron microscope.
These are small obligate intracellular parasites, which Contain either a RNA or DNA genome surrounded by a protective, virus protein coat.
These are acellular, so they are neither prokaryotes nor eukaryotes because they lack the characters of living beings except the ability to replicate. And they infect all types of cells :- humans, animals, plants, bacteria, yeast, protozoa, etc.
VIRAL SIZE:-
These are much smaller than bacteria for a time
they were know as鈥檉ilterable agents鈥� as they can pass through
filters that can hold back bacteria.
They can not be seen under light microscope hence
called as'ultramicroscopic鈥�. These viral particles seen in this
manner are know as 鈥榚lementary bodies鈥�.
The size ranges:- 5-300nanometer.
In recent years a number of viruses including mimivirus length of
virus up to 600nm,and Pandoravirus Ranges from 50-100nm
In length have been identified.
Most viruses vary in diameter from 250-400nm;the largest,
however measure about 500nm in diameter and are about 700-1,000nm in length.
Paramyxoviruses can be up to 14,000nm long, Rotavirus particles measures 76.5nm in diameter.
Viruses, VIRAL STRUCTURE, MORPHOLOGY
]]>
Fri, 28 Jan 2022 16:07:49 GMT/slideshow/morphology-of-viruses-251073134/251073134shyleshmurthy@slideshare.net(shyleshmurthy)Morphology Of Viruses : Viruses, structure and characteristicsshyleshmurthyViruses can be extremely simple in design, consisting of nuclei acid
surrounded by the protein coat as a capsid.
The capsid is composed of smaller protein components
referred to as capsomeres.
The capsid along with genome combination
is called a nucleocapsid.
The viruses can also posses additional components,
with most common being an additional membranous layer
that surrounds nucleocapsid called an envelope.
This envelope is actually acquired from the nuclear or
plasma membrane of the infected host cell and then
Modified with viral protein called peplomere.
A complete virus, with all the components needed for
host cell to cause infection is referred to as virions.
Viruses come in many shapes and sizes, but these are consistent
and distinct for each viral family.
The morphology of virus include size, shapes, genetic constituents,
and the nuclear envelope
An infective agent that typically consist of a nuclei acid molecule In protein coat, it is too small can not visible through naked eyes and even by light microscopy, and is able to multiply only within the living cells of a host.
These are about 100 times smaller than bacteria and can only be observed by electron microscope.
These are small obligate intracellular parasites, which Contain either a RNA or DNA genome surrounded by a protective, virus protein coat.
These are acellular, so they are neither prokaryotes nor eukaryotes because they lack the characters of living beings except the ability to replicate. And they infect all types of cells :- humans, animals, plants, bacteria, yeast, protozoa, etc.
VIRAL SIZE:-
These are much smaller than bacteria for a time
they were know as鈥檉ilterable agents鈥� as they can pass through
filters that can hold back bacteria.
They can not be seen under light microscope hence
called as'ultramicroscopic鈥�. These viral particles seen in this
manner are know as 鈥榚lementary bodies鈥�.
The size ranges:- 5-300nanometer.
In recent years a number of viruses including mimivirus length of
virus up to 600nm,and Pandoravirus Ranges from 50-100nm
In length have been identified.
Most viruses vary in diameter from 250-400nm;the largest,
however measure about 500nm in diameter and are about 700-1,000nm in length.
Paramyxoviruses can be up to 14,000nm long, Rotavirus particles measures 76.5nm in diameter.
Viruses, VIRAL STRUCTURE, MORPHOLOGY
<img style="border:1px solid #C3E6D8;float:right;" alt="" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/morphologyofviruses-220128160749-thumbnail.jpg?width=120&height=120&fit=bounds" /><br> Viruses can be extremely simple in design, consisting of nuclei acid
surrounded by the protein coat as a capsid.
The capsid is composed of smaller protein components
referred to as capsomeres.
The capsid along with genome combination
is called a nucleocapsid.
The viruses can also posses additional components,
with most common being an additional membranous layer
that surrounds nucleocapsid called an envelope.
This envelope is actually acquired from the nuclear or
plasma membrane of the infected host cell and then
Modified with viral protein called peplomere.
A complete virus, with all the components needed for
host cell to cause infection is referred to as virions.
Viruses come in many shapes and sizes, but these are consistent
and distinct for each viral family.
The morphology of virus include size, shapes, genetic constituents,
and the nuclear envelope
An infective agent that typically consist of a nuclei acid molecule In protein coat, it is too small can not visible through naked eyes and even by light microscopy, and is able to multiply only within the living cells of a host.
These are about 100 times smaller than bacteria and can only be observed by electron microscope.
These are small obligate intracellular parasites, which Contain either a RNA or DNA genome surrounded by a protective, virus protein coat.
These are acellular, so they are neither prokaryotes nor eukaryotes because they lack the characters of living beings except the ability to replicate. And they infect all types of cells :- humans, animals, plants, bacteria, yeast, protozoa, etc.
VIRAL SIZE:-
These are much smaller than bacteria for a time
they were know as鈥檉ilterable agents鈥� as they can pass through
filters that can hold back bacteria.
They can not be seen under light microscope hence
called as'ultramicroscopic鈥�. These viral particles seen in this
manner are know as 鈥榚lementary bodies鈥�.
The size ranges:- 5-300nanometer.
In recent years a number of viruses including mimivirus length of
virus up to 600nm,and Pandoravirus Ranges from 50-100nm
In length have been identified.
Most viruses vary in diameter from 250-400nm;the largest,
however measure about 500nm in diameter and are about 700-1,000nm in length.
Paramyxoviruses can be up to 14,000nm long, Rotavirus particles measures 76.5nm in diameter.
Viruses, VIRAL STRUCTURE, MORPHOLOGY
]]>
26570https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/morphologyofviruses-220128160749-thumbnail.jpg?width=120&height=120&fit=boundspresentationBlackhttp://activitystrea.ms/schema/1.0/posthttp://activitystrea.ms/schema/1.0/posted0Glyoxylate cycle PATHWAYS REACTION
/slideshow/glyoxylate-cycle-pathways-reaction/149074014
glyoxylatecycle-190608074633 A series of metabolic reactions by which many different organism utilise fats for the synthesis of carbohydrate
Another Process Involving Glycolytic Enzymes and Metabolites
Anabolic metabolic pathway occurring in plants, and several
microorganisms , fungi not animals.
Occurs in glyoxysome
The enzymes common to the TCA cycle and the glyoxysomes are isoenzymes, one specific to mitochondria and the other to glyoxysomes.
The glyoxylate cycle allows plants to use acetyl-CoA derived from 尾-oxidation of fatty acids for carbohydrate synthesis (use fats for the synthesis of carbohydrates).
The glyoxylate cycle is a cyclic pathway that result in conversion of 2 carbon fragment of Acetyl CoA TO 4 carbon compound succinate then succinate is covert to oxaloacetate and then glucose involving the reaction of gluconeogenesis ]]>
A series of metabolic reactions by which many different organism utilise fats for the synthesis of carbohydrate
Another Process Involving Glycolytic Enzymes and Metabolites
Anabolic metabolic pathway occurring in plants, and several
microorganisms , fungi not animals.
Occurs in glyoxysome
The enzymes common to the TCA cycle and the glyoxysomes are isoenzymes, one specific to mitochondria and the other to glyoxysomes.
The glyoxylate cycle allows plants to use acetyl-CoA derived from 尾-oxidation of fatty acids for carbohydrate synthesis (use fats for the synthesis of carbohydrates).
The glyoxylate cycle is a cyclic pathway that result in conversion of 2 carbon fragment of Acetyl CoA TO 4 carbon compound succinate then succinate is covert to oxaloacetate and then glucose involving the reaction of gluconeogenesis ]]>
Sat, 08 Jun 2019 07:46:33 GMT/slideshow/glyoxylate-cycle-pathways-reaction/149074014shyleshmurthy@slideshare.net(shyleshmurthy)Glyoxylate cycle PATHWAYS REACTIONshyleshmurthy A series of metabolic reactions by which many different organism utilise fats for the synthesis of carbohydrate
Another Process Involving Glycolytic Enzymes and Metabolites
Anabolic metabolic pathway occurring in plants, and several
microorganisms , fungi not animals.
Occurs in glyoxysome
The enzymes common to the TCA cycle and the glyoxysomes are isoenzymes, one specific to mitochondria and the other to glyoxysomes.
The glyoxylate cycle allows plants to use acetyl-CoA derived from 尾-oxidation of fatty acids for carbohydrate synthesis (use fats for the synthesis of carbohydrates).
The glyoxylate cycle is a cyclic pathway that result in conversion of 2 carbon fragment of Acetyl CoA TO 4 carbon compound succinate then succinate is covert to oxaloacetate and then glucose involving the reaction of gluconeogenesis <img style="border:1px solid #C3E6D8;float:right;" alt="" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/glyoxylatecycle-190608074633-thumbnail.jpg?width=120&height=120&fit=bounds" /><br> A series of metabolic reactions by which many different organism utilise fats for the synthesis of carbohydrate
Another Process Involving Glycolytic Enzymes and Metabolites
Anabolic metabolic pathway occurring in plants, and several
microorganisms , fungi not animals.
Occurs in glyoxysome
The enzymes common to the TCA cycle and the glyoxysomes are isoenzymes, one specific to mitochondria and the other to glyoxysomes.
The glyoxylate cycle allows plants to use acetyl-CoA derived from 尾-oxidation of fatty acids for carbohydrate synthesis (use fats for the synthesis of carbohydrates).
The glyoxylate cycle is a cyclic pathway that result in conversion of 2 carbon fragment of Acetyl CoA TO 4 carbon compound succinate then succinate is covert to oxaloacetate and then glucose involving the reaction of gluconeogenesis
]]>
101832https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/glyoxylatecycle-190608074633-thumbnail.jpg?width=120&height=120&fit=boundspresentationBlackhttp://activitystrea.ms/schema/1.0/posthttp://activitystrea.ms/schema/1.0/posted0VIRUSES CLASSIFICATION , LIFE CYCLE OF VIRUSES. CHARACTERISTICS OF VIRUSES
/slideshow/viruses-classification-life-cycle-of-viruses-characteristics-of-viruses/140681693
viruses-190413061820 VIRUSES
LIFE CYCLE OF BACTERIOPHAGES
The word virus is derived from Latin word venom which means poisonous fluid that causes infection.
The branch of science that deals with the study of viruses is called Virology. It is the branch of Microbiology.
They show living characters inside the host and non living characters outside the host.
They contain either DNA or RNA as genetic material.
They have different size and shape. They cause diseases in plants, animals and micro-organisms .
Not cellular
Cannot carry on metabolic activities independently.
Contain either DNA or RNA, not both ( true cells contain both ).
Lack ribosomes and enzymes necessary for protein synthesis.
Reproduce only within cells they infect.
CLASSIFICATION OF VIRUSES
Holmes, in 1948, proposed a simple system of classifying viruses based on the type of cell (host) they infect:
Phytophagineae: They infect plants and they RNA as their genetic material. Eg: TMV,CaMV.
Zoophagineae: They infect animals and they have mostly DNA as their genetic material. Eg: Polio virus.
Pagineae: They infect bacterial cells, called bacteriophages they usually have DNA as genetic material.
Based on the viral envelope
Named after David Baltimore, a noble prize winning biologist n 1971.
1. dsDNA viruses Eg: Adenoviruses, Herpiviruses.
2. ssDNA viruses Eg: Paravoviruses.
3. dsRNA viruses Eg: Reoviruses.
4. (+)ssRNA viruses Eg: Picornaviruses.
5. (-)ssRNA viruses Eg: Orthomyxoviruses.
6. ssRNA-RT viruses Eg: Retroviruses.
7. dsDNA-RT viruses Eg: Hepadnaviruses.
Tobacco mosaic:
Causative agent: Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)
Symptoms: The leaves of infected plants develop mosaic patches ,it is due to destruction of chlorophyll or due to production of abnormal chlorophyll .blisters appear in the region of dark green spots these may be regular or irregular in advanced stages leaves curl and get distorted.
Adsorption of the virion to the bacterial cell.
Penetration and decoating of the nucleic acid .
Protein synthesis.
Breakdown of bacterial DNA.
Arrest of host cell development.
Replication of phage DNA.
Maturation of infective progeny.
Lysis and release of newly formed phages.
Holmes, in 1948, proposed a simple system of classifying viruses based on the type of cell (host) they infect:
Phytophagineae: They infect plants and they RNA as their genetic material. Eg: TMV,CaMV.
Zoophagineae: They infect animals and they have mostly DNA as their genetic material. Eg: Polio virus.
Pagineae: They infect bacterial cells, called bacteriophages they usually have DNA as genetic material.
]]>
VIRUSES
LIFE CYCLE OF BACTERIOPHAGES
The word virus is derived from Latin word venom which means poisonous fluid that causes infection.
The branch of science that deals with the study of viruses is called Virology. It is the branch of Microbiology.
They show living characters inside the host and non living characters outside the host.
They contain either DNA or RNA as genetic material.
They have different size and shape. They cause diseases in plants, animals and micro-organisms .
Not cellular
Cannot carry on metabolic activities independently.
Contain either DNA or RNA, not both ( true cells contain both ).
Lack ribosomes and enzymes necessary for protein synthesis.
Reproduce only within cells they infect.
CLASSIFICATION OF VIRUSES
Holmes, in 1948, proposed a simple system of classifying viruses based on the type of cell (host) they infect:
Phytophagineae: They infect plants and they RNA as their genetic material. Eg: TMV,CaMV.
Zoophagineae: They infect animals and they have mostly DNA as their genetic material. Eg: Polio virus.
Pagineae: They infect bacterial cells, called bacteriophages they usually have DNA as genetic material.
Based on the viral envelope
Named after David Baltimore, a noble prize winning biologist n 1971.
1. dsDNA viruses Eg: Adenoviruses, Herpiviruses.
2. ssDNA viruses Eg: Paravoviruses.
3. dsRNA viruses Eg: Reoviruses.
4. (+)ssRNA viruses Eg: Picornaviruses.
5. (-)ssRNA viruses Eg: Orthomyxoviruses.
6. ssRNA-RT viruses Eg: Retroviruses.
7. dsDNA-RT viruses Eg: Hepadnaviruses.
Tobacco mosaic:
Causative agent: Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)
Symptoms: The leaves of infected plants develop mosaic patches ,it is due to destruction of chlorophyll or due to production of abnormal chlorophyll .blisters appear in the region of dark green spots these may be regular or irregular in advanced stages leaves curl and get distorted.
Adsorption of the virion to the bacterial cell.
Penetration and decoating of the nucleic acid .
Protein synthesis.
Breakdown of bacterial DNA.
Arrest of host cell development.
Replication of phage DNA.
Maturation of infective progeny.
Lysis and release of newly formed phages.
Holmes, in 1948, proposed a simple system of classifying viruses based on the type of cell (host) they infect:
Phytophagineae: They infect plants and they RNA as their genetic material. Eg: TMV,CaMV.
Zoophagineae: They infect animals and they have mostly DNA as their genetic material. Eg: Polio virus.
Pagineae: They infect bacterial cells, called bacteriophages they usually have DNA as genetic material.
]]>
Sat, 13 Apr 2019 06:18:20 GMT/slideshow/viruses-classification-life-cycle-of-viruses-characteristics-of-viruses/140681693shyleshmurthy@slideshare.net(shyleshmurthy)VIRUSES CLASSIFICATION , LIFE CYCLE OF VIRUSES. CHARACTERISTICS OF VIRUSES shyleshmurthyVIRUSES
LIFE CYCLE OF BACTERIOPHAGES
The word virus is derived from Latin word venom which means poisonous fluid that causes infection.
The branch of science that deals with the study of viruses is called Virology. It is the branch of Microbiology.
They show living characters inside the host and non living characters outside the host.
They contain either DNA or RNA as genetic material.
They have different size and shape. They cause diseases in plants, animals and micro-organisms .
Not cellular
Cannot carry on metabolic activities independently.
Contain either DNA or RNA, not both ( true cells contain both ).
Lack ribosomes and enzymes necessary for protein synthesis.
Reproduce only within cells they infect.
CLASSIFICATION OF VIRUSES
Holmes, in 1948, proposed a simple system of classifying viruses based on the type of cell (host) they infect:
Phytophagineae: They infect plants and they RNA as their genetic material. Eg: TMV,CaMV.
Zoophagineae: They infect animals and they have mostly DNA as their genetic material. Eg: Polio virus.
Pagineae: They infect bacterial cells, called bacteriophages they usually have DNA as genetic material.
Based on the viral envelope
Named after David Baltimore, a noble prize winning biologist n 1971.
1. dsDNA viruses Eg: Adenoviruses, Herpiviruses.
2. ssDNA viruses Eg: Paravoviruses.
3. dsRNA viruses Eg: Reoviruses.
4. (+)ssRNA viruses Eg: Picornaviruses.
5. (-)ssRNA viruses Eg: Orthomyxoviruses.
6. ssRNA-RT viruses Eg: Retroviruses.
7. dsDNA-RT viruses Eg: Hepadnaviruses.
Tobacco mosaic:
Causative agent: Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)
Symptoms: The leaves of infected plants develop mosaic patches ,it is due to destruction of chlorophyll or due to production of abnormal chlorophyll .blisters appear in the region of dark green spots these may be regular or irregular in advanced stages leaves curl and get distorted.
Adsorption of the virion to the bacterial cell.
Penetration and decoating of the nucleic acid .
Protein synthesis.
Breakdown of bacterial DNA.
Arrest of host cell development.
Replication of phage DNA.
Maturation of infective progeny.
Lysis and release of newly formed phages.
Holmes, in 1948, proposed a simple system of classifying viruses based on the type of cell (host) they infect:
Phytophagineae: They infect plants and they RNA as their genetic material. Eg: TMV,CaMV.
Zoophagineae: They infect animals and they have mostly DNA as their genetic material. Eg: Polio virus.
Pagineae: They infect bacterial cells, called bacteriophages they usually have DNA as genetic material.
<img style="border:1px solid #C3E6D8;float:right;" alt="" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/viruses-190413061820-thumbnail.jpg?width=120&height=120&fit=bounds" /><br> VIRUSES
LIFE CYCLE OF BACTERIOPHAGES
The word virus is derived from Latin word venom which means poisonous fluid that causes infection.
The branch of science that deals with the study of viruses is called Virology. It is the branch of Microbiology.
They show living characters inside the host and non living characters outside the host.
They contain either DNA or RNA as genetic material.
They have different size and shape. They cause diseases in plants, animals and micro-organisms .
Not cellular
Cannot carry on metabolic activities independently.
Contain either DNA or RNA, not both ( true cells contain both ).
Lack ribosomes and enzymes necessary for protein synthesis.
Reproduce only within cells they infect.
CLASSIFICATION OF VIRUSES
Holmes, in 1948, proposed a simple system of classifying viruses based on the type of cell (host) they infect:
Phytophagineae: They infect plants and they RNA as their genetic material. Eg: TMV,CaMV.
Zoophagineae: They infect animals and they have mostly DNA as their genetic material. Eg: Polio virus.
Pagineae: They infect bacterial cells, called bacteriophages they usually have DNA as genetic material.
Based on the viral envelope
Named after David Baltimore, a noble prize winning biologist n 1971.
1. dsDNA viruses Eg: Adenoviruses, Herpiviruses.
2. ssDNA viruses Eg: Paravoviruses.
3. dsRNA viruses Eg: Reoviruses.
4. (+)ssRNA viruses Eg: Picornaviruses.
5. (-)ssRNA viruses Eg: Orthomyxoviruses.
6. ssRNA-RT viruses Eg: Retroviruses.
7. dsDNA-RT viruses Eg: Hepadnaviruses.
Tobacco mosaic:
Causative agent: Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)
Symptoms: The leaves of infected plants develop mosaic patches ,it is due to destruction of chlorophyll or due to production of abnormal chlorophyll .blisters appear in the region of dark green spots these may be regular or irregular in advanced stages leaves curl and get distorted.
Adsorption of the virion to the bacterial cell.
Penetration and decoating of the nucleic acid .
Protein synthesis.
Breakdown of bacterial DNA.
Arrest of host cell development.
Replication of phage DNA.
Maturation of infective progeny.
Lysis and release of newly formed phages.
Holmes, in 1948, proposed a simple system of classifying viruses based on the type of cell (host) they infect:
Phytophagineae: They infect plants and they RNA as their genetic material. Eg: TMV,CaMV.
Zoophagineae: They infect animals and they have mostly DNA as their genetic material. Eg: Polio virus.
Pagineae: They infect bacterial cells, called bacteriophages they usually have DNA as genetic material.
]]>
78922https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/viruses-190413061820-thumbnail.jpg?width=120&height=120&fit=boundspresentationBlackhttp://activitystrea.ms/schema/1.0/posthttp://activitystrea.ms/schema/1.0/posted0SDS- Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis
/shyleshmurthy/sds-polyacrylamide-gel-electrophoresis
sdspageshylessh-190410052114 SDS-Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis
What is SDS?
Preparation of Gel
Process of SDS-PAGE
Visualization of protein bands
SDS-PAGE is differentiated into two systems.
*continuous sds-page
*discontinuous sds-page.
Polyacrylamide is used to form a gel, a matrix of a pores which allow the molecules migrate at different rates.
Negatively charged detergent sodium dodecyl sulfate.
Used to denature and linearize the proteins
Coated the proteins with negatively charged.
SDS-page is a technique that used to separate proteins according to their molecular size through the gel.
Proteins are unfolded and migrate from cathode to anode terminal at different rates.
Molecular weight is determined by compare the result with a standard curve of relative motility of standard proteins.
Visualizes the band under UV light.
Types of stains;
Coomassie Blue;
* Coomassie Brilliant Blue staining The Coomassie dyes R-250 and G-250 bind to proteins stoichiometrically through their sulfonic acid groups.
* . The interactions between dye and protein are Van der Waals and ionic. The sulfonic acid groups interact with positive amine groups. Therefore coomassie dye binds to wide range of proteins.
* Limited to ~100ng of protein.
Silver stain;
*most sensitive test
*detection limit 0.1-1.0ng of protein
The size of pores is determined by the concentration of acrylamide.
The higher the concentration, the smaller the size of pores.
Discontinuos sds-page consist of two different gels.
*stacking gel -4%of acrylamide
*separating gel-range from 5-15% of acrylamide.
]]>
SDS-Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis
What is SDS?
Preparation of Gel
Process of SDS-PAGE
Visualization of protein bands
SDS-PAGE is differentiated into two systems.
*continuous sds-page
*discontinuous sds-page.
Polyacrylamide is used to form a gel, a matrix of a pores which allow the molecules migrate at different rates.
Negatively charged detergent sodium dodecyl sulfate.
Used to denature and linearize the proteins
Coated the proteins with negatively charged.
SDS-page is a technique that used to separate proteins according to their molecular size through the gel.
Proteins are unfolded and migrate from cathode to anode terminal at different rates.
Molecular weight is determined by compare the result with a standard curve of relative motility of standard proteins.
Visualizes the band under UV light.
Types of stains;
Coomassie Blue;
* Coomassie Brilliant Blue staining The Coomassie dyes R-250 and G-250 bind to proteins stoichiometrically through their sulfonic acid groups.
* . The interactions between dye and protein are Van der Waals and ionic. The sulfonic acid groups interact with positive amine groups. Therefore coomassie dye binds to wide range of proteins.
* Limited to ~100ng of protein.
Silver stain;
*most sensitive test
*detection limit 0.1-1.0ng of protein
The size of pores is determined by the concentration of acrylamide.
The higher the concentration, the smaller the size of pores.
Discontinuos sds-page consist of two different gels.
*stacking gel -4%of acrylamide
*separating gel-range from 5-15% of acrylamide.
]]>
Wed, 10 Apr 2019 05:21:14 GMT/shyleshmurthy/sds-polyacrylamide-gel-electrophoresisshyleshmurthy@slideshare.net(shyleshmurthy)SDS- Polyacrylamide Gel ElectrophoresisshyleshmurthySDS-Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis
What is SDS?
Preparation of Gel
Process of SDS-PAGE
Visualization of protein bands
SDS-PAGE is differentiated into two systems.
*continuous sds-page
*discontinuous sds-page.
Polyacrylamide is used to form a gel, a matrix of a pores which allow the molecules migrate at different rates.
Negatively charged detergent sodium dodecyl sulfate.
Used to denature and linearize the proteins
Coated the proteins with negatively charged.
SDS-page is a technique that used to separate proteins according to their molecular size through the gel.
Proteins are unfolded and migrate from cathode to anode terminal at different rates.
Molecular weight is determined by compare the result with a standard curve of relative motility of standard proteins.
Visualizes the band under UV light.
Types of stains;
Coomassie Blue;
* Coomassie Brilliant Blue staining The Coomassie dyes R-250 and G-250 bind to proteins stoichiometrically through their sulfonic acid groups.
* . The interactions between dye and protein are Van der Waals and ionic. The sulfonic acid groups interact with positive amine groups. Therefore coomassie dye binds to wide range of proteins.
* Limited to ~100ng of protein.
Silver stain;
*most sensitive test
*detection limit 0.1-1.0ng of protein
The size of pores is determined by the concentration of acrylamide.
The higher the concentration, the smaller the size of pores.
Discontinuos sds-page consist of two different gels.
*stacking gel -4%of acrylamide
*separating gel-range from 5-15% of acrylamide.
<img style="border:1px solid #C3E6D8;float:right;" alt="" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/sdspageshylessh-190410052114-thumbnail.jpg?width=120&height=120&fit=bounds" /><br> SDS-Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis
What is SDS?
Preparation of Gel
Process of SDS-PAGE
Visualization of protein bands
SDS-PAGE is differentiated into two systems.
*continuous sds-page
*discontinuous sds-page.
Polyacrylamide is used to form a gel, a matrix of a pores which allow the molecules migrate at different rates.
Negatively charged detergent sodium dodecyl sulfate.
Used to denature and linearize the proteins
Coated the proteins with negatively charged.
SDS-page is a technique that used to separate proteins according to their molecular size through the gel.
Proteins are unfolded and migrate from cathode to anode terminal at different rates.
Molecular weight is determined by compare the result with a standard curve of relative motility of standard proteins.
Visualizes the band under UV light.
Types of stains;
Coomassie Blue;
* Coomassie Brilliant Blue staining The Coomassie dyes R-250 and G-250 bind to proteins stoichiometrically through their sulfonic acid groups.
* . The interactions between dye and protein are Van der Waals and ionic. The sulfonic acid groups interact with positive amine groups. Therefore coomassie dye binds to wide range of proteins.
* Limited to ~100ng of protein.
Silver stain;
*most sensitive test
*detection limit 0.1-1.0ng of protein
The size of pores is determined by the concentration of acrylamide.
The higher the concentration, the smaller the size of pores.
Discontinuos sds-page consist of two different gels.
*stacking gel -4%of acrylamide
*separating gel-range from 5-15% of acrylamide.
]]>
41002https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/sdspageshylessh-190410052114-thumbnail.jpg?width=120&height=120&fit=boundspresentationBlackhttp://activitystrea.ms/schema/1.0/posthttp://activitystrea.ms/schema/1.0/posted0SOLID WASTE AND MANAGEMENT BIO GAS PRODUCTION
/shyleshmurthy/solid-waste-and-management-bio-gas-production
solidwastes-190410045953 Source And Management
Agriculture
Fisheries
Household
Commercial and Industry
MANAGEMENT :-
Storage
Collection
Transport and Handling
Recyling
Biogas production
Biogas production from biomass is an anaerobic process.
The anaerobic digestion is usually carried out by using are referred to as anaerobic digesters.
A digester may be made up of concrete bricks and cement or steel, usually built underground.
The digester has an inlet attached to a mixing tank feeding cow dung.
The methanogenic bacteria from another digester are also added with cow dung.
The digester is attached to a movable gas holding or storage tank with a gas outlet.
The used slurry comes out from the digester through an outlet. This can be used as a manure.
Process of Biogas production
By products of Sugar Industries
Molasses
Molasses is a viscous by product of refining sugarcane or sugar beets into sugar.
It contain solids, sucrose and reducing sugars.
Total sugar content is 45-55%. Hence it is a valuable raw material for the producton of many value added products.
India has the largest chemical industry in the world using sugarcane molasses to produce acetaldehyde, acetic acid, polyvinyl chloride, synthetic rubber etc.
Citric acid is produced easily from molasses by submerged fermentation.
Bagasse is the fibrous matter that remains after sugarcane stalks are crushed to extract their juice.
It is a dry pulpy residue left after the extraction of juice from sugarcane.
Bagasse is used as a biofuel and in manufacture of pulp and building materials.
]]>
Source And Management
Agriculture
Fisheries
Household
Commercial and Industry
MANAGEMENT :-
Storage
Collection
Transport and Handling
Recyling
Biogas production
Biogas production from biomass is an anaerobic process.
The anaerobic digestion is usually carried out by using are referred to as anaerobic digesters.
A digester may be made up of concrete bricks and cement or steel, usually built underground.
The digester has an inlet attached to a mixing tank feeding cow dung.
The methanogenic bacteria from another digester are also added with cow dung.
The digester is attached to a movable gas holding or storage tank with a gas outlet.
The used slurry comes out from the digester through an outlet. This can be used as a manure.
Process of Biogas production
By products of Sugar Industries
Molasses
Molasses is a viscous by product of refining sugarcane or sugar beets into sugar.
It contain solids, sucrose and reducing sugars.
Total sugar content is 45-55%. Hence it is a valuable raw material for the producton of many value added products.
India has the largest chemical industry in the world using sugarcane molasses to produce acetaldehyde, acetic acid, polyvinyl chloride, synthetic rubber etc.
Citric acid is produced easily from molasses by submerged fermentation.
Bagasse is the fibrous matter that remains after sugarcane stalks are crushed to extract their juice.
It is a dry pulpy residue left after the extraction of juice from sugarcane.
Bagasse is used as a biofuel and in manufacture of pulp and building materials.
]]>
Wed, 10 Apr 2019 04:59:53 GMT/shyleshmurthy/solid-waste-and-management-bio-gas-productionshyleshmurthy@slideshare.net(shyleshmurthy)SOLID WASTE AND MANAGEMENT BIO GAS PRODUCTIONshyleshmurthySource And Management
Agriculture
Fisheries
Household
Commercial and Industry
MANAGEMENT :-
Storage
Collection
Transport and Handling
Recyling
Biogas production
Biogas production from biomass is an anaerobic process.
The anaerobic digestion is usually carried out by using are referred to as anaerobic digesters.
A digester may be made up of concrete bricks and cement or steel, usually built underground.
The digester has an inlet attached to a mixing tank feeding cow dung.
The methanogenic bacteria from another digester are also added with cow dung.
The digester is attached to a movable gas holding or storage tank with a gas outlet.
The used slurry comes out from the digester through an outlet. This can be used as a manure.
Process of Biogas production
By products of Sugar Industries
Molasses
Molasses is a viscous by product of refining sugarcane or sugar beets into sugar.
It contain solids, sucrose and reducing sugars.
Total sugar content is 45-55%. Hence it is a valuable raw material for the producton of many value added products.
India has the largest chemical industry in the world using sugarcane molasses to produce acetaldehyde, acetic acid, polyvinyl chloride, synthetic rubber etc.
Citric acid is produced easily from molasses by submerged fermentation.
Bagasse is the fibrous matter that remains after sugarcane stalks are crushed to extract their juice.
It is a dry pulpy residue left after the extraction of juice from sugarcane.
Bagasse is used as a biofuel and in manufacture of pulp and building materials.
<img style="border:1px solid #C3E6D8;float:right;" alt="" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/solidwastes-190410045953-thumbnail.jpg?width=120&height=120&fit=bounds" /><br> Source And Management
Agriculture
Fisheries
Household
Commercial and Industry
MANAGEMENT :-
Storage
Collection
Transport and Handling
Recyling
Biogas production
Biogas production from biomass is an anaerobic process.
The anaerobic digestion is usually carried out by using are referred to as anaerobic digesters.
A digester may be made up of concrete bricks and cement or steel, usually built underground.
The digester has an inlet attached to a mixing tank feeding cow dung.
The methanogenic bacteria from another digester are also added with cow dung.
The digester is attached to a movable gas holding or storage tank with a gas outlet.
The used slurry comes out from the digester through an outlet. This can be used as a manure.
Process of Biogas production
By products of Sugar Industries
Molasses
Molasses is a viscous by product of refining sugarcane or sugar beets into sugar.
It contain solids, sucrose and reducing sugars.
Total sugar content is 45-55%. Hence it is a valuable raw material for the producton of many value added products.
India has the largest chemical industry in the world using sugarcane molasses to produce acetaldehyde, acetic acid, polyvinyl chloride, synthetic rubber etc.
Citric acid is produced easily from molasses by submerged fermentation.
Bagasse is the fibrous matter that remains after sugarcane stalks are crushed to extract their juice.
It is a dry pulpy residue left after the extraction of juice from sugarcane.
Bagasse is used as a biofuel and in manufacture of pulp and building materials.
]]>
41611https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/solidwastes-190410045953-thumbnail.jpg?width=120&height=120&fit=boundspresentationBlackhttp://activitystrea.ms/schema/1.0/posthttp://activitystrea.ms/schema/1.0/posted0STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION OF PROTEINS
/slideshow/structural-organization-of-proteins/139662604
structuralorganizationofprotein-190405055958 Primary structure of protein
Secondary structure of protein
Tertiary structure of protein
Quaternary structure of protein
Methods to determine protein structure
Conclusion
References
METHODS TO DETERMINE PROTEIN STRUCTURE
Each protein has a unique sequence of amino acids.
The amino acids are held together in a protein by
covalent peptide bonds or linkages.
A peptide bond are formed when amino group of an
amino acid combines with the carboxyl group of another.
The conformation of polypeptide chain by twisting or folding is referred to as secondary structure.
Two types of secondary structures 伪-helix and 尾-sheet are mainly identified.
伪-Helical structure was proposed by Pauling and Corey in 1951.
It occurs when the sequence of amino acids are linked by hydrogen bonds.
Each turn of 伪-helix contains 3.6 amino acids.
尾-pleated sheets are composed of two or more segments of fully extended peptide chains.
尾-Sheets may be arranged either in parallel or anti-parallel direction.
Many globular proteins contain combinations of 伪-helix and 尾-pleated sheet secondary structure, these patterns are called supersecondary structures also called motifs.
The three dimensional arrangement of protein structure is referred to as tertiary structure.
It is a compact structure with hydrophobic side chains held interior while the hydrophilic groups are on the surface.
This type of arrangement provide stability of the molecule.
Besides the H-bongs, disulfide bonds, ionic interactions, hydrophobic interactions also contribute to the tertiary structure.
]]>
Primary structure of protein
Secondary structure of protein
Tertiary structure of protein
Quaternary structure of protein
Methods to determine protein structure
Conclusion
References
METHODS TO DETERMINE PROTEIN STRUCTURE
Each protein has a unique sequence of amino acids.
The amino acids are held together in a protein by
covalent peptide bonds or linkages.
A peptide bond are formed when amino group of an
amino acid combines with the carboxyl group of another.
The conformation of polypeptide chain by twisting or folding is referred to as secondary structure.
Two types of secondary structures 伪-helix and 尾-sheet are mainly identified.
伪-Helical structure was proposed by Pauling and Corey in 1951.
It occurs when the sequence of amino acids are linked by hydrogen bonds.
Each turn of 伪-helix contains 3.6 amino acids.
尾-pleated sheets are composed of two or more segments of fully extended peptide chains.
尾-Sheets may be arranged either in parallel or anti-parallel direction.
Many globular proteins contain combinations of 伪-helix and 尾-pleated sheet secondary structure, these patterns are called supersecondary structures also called motifs.
The three dimensional arrangement of protein structure is referred to as tertiary structure.
It is a compact structure with hydrophobic side chains held interior while the hydrophilic groups are on the surface.
This type of arrangement provide stability of the molecule.
Besides the H-bongs, disulfide bonds, ionic interactions, hydrophobic interactions also contribute to the tertiary structure.
]]>
Fri, 05 Apr 2019 05:59:58 GMT/slideshow/structural-organization-of-proteins/139662604shyleshmurthy@slideshare.net(shyleshmurthy)STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION OF PROTEINSshyleshmurthyPrimary structure of protein
Secondary structure of protein
Tertiary structure of protein
Quaternary structure of protein
Methods to determine protein structure
Conclusion
References
METHODS TO DETERMINE PROTEIN STRUCTURE
Each protein has a unique sequence of amino acids.
The amino acids are held together in a protein by
covalent peptide bonds or linkages.
A peptide bond are formed when amino group of an
amino acid combines with the carboxyl group of another.
The conformation of polypeptide chain by twisting or folding is referred to as secondary structure.
Two types of secondary structures 伪-helix and 尾-sheet are mainly identified.
伪-Helical structure was proposed by Pauling and Corey in 1951.
It occurs when the sequence of amino acids are linked by hydrogen bonds.
Each turn of 伪-helix contains 3.6 amino acids.
尾-pleated sheets are composed of two or more segments of fully extended peptide chains.
尾-Sheets may be arranged either in parallel or anti-parallel direction.
Many globular proteins contain combinations of 伪-helix and 尾-pleated sheet secondary structure, these patterns are called supersecondary structures also called motifs.
The three dimensional arrangement of protein structure is referred to as tertiary structure.
It is a compact structure with hydrophobic side chains held interior while the hydrophilic groups are on the surface.
This type of arrangement provide stability of the molecule.
Besides the H-bongs, disulfide bonds, ionic interactions, hydrophobic interactions also contribute to the tertiary structure.
<img style="border:1px solid #C3E6D8;float:right;" alt="" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/structuralorganizationofprotein-190405055958-thumbnail.jpg?width=120&height=120&fit=bounds" /><br> Primary structure of protein
Secondary structure of protein
Tertiary structure of protein
Quaternary structure of protein
Methods to determine protein structure
Conclusion
References
METHODS TO DETERMINE PROTEIN STRUCTURE
Each protein has a unique sequence of amino acids.
The amino acids are held together in a protein by
covalent peptide bonds or linkages.
A peptide bond are formed when amino group of an
amino acid combines with the carboxyl group of another.
The conformation of polypeptide chain by twisting or folding is referred to as secondary structure.
Two types of secondary structures 伪-helix and 尾-sheet are mainly identified.
伪-Helical structure was proposed by Pauling and Corey in 1951.
It occurs when the sequence of amino acids are linked by hydrogen bonds.
Each turn of 伪-helix contains 3.6 amino acids.
尾-pleated sheets are composed of two or more segments of fully extended peptide chains.
尾-Sheets may be arranged either in parallel or anti-parallel direction.
Many globular proteins contain combinations of 伪-helix and 尾-pleated sheet secondary structure, these patterns are called supersecondary structures also called motifs.
The three dimensional arrangement of protein structure is referred to as tertiary structure.
It is a compact structure with hydrophobic side chains held interior while the hydrophilic groups are on the surface.
This type of arrangement provide stability of the molecule.
Besides the H-bongs, disulfide bonds, ionic interactions, hydrophobic interactions also contribute to the tertiary structure.
]]>
219671https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/structuralorganizationofprotein-190405055958-thumbnail.jpg?width=120&height=120&fit=boundspresentationBlackhttp://activitystrea.ms/schema/1.0/posthttp://activitystrea.ms/schema/1.0/posted0Biochemical Evidence For dna As Genetic Material
/slideshow/molbio-2k17/117516323
molbio2k17-181001052709 Biochemical Evidence For dna As Genetic Material
What is genetic material The genetic information in all cell is stored in DNA ,Discovery of Transformation in Bacteria , The transforming principle is DNA , HERSHEY & CHASE (1952) EXPERIMENT WITH T2 BACTERIOPHAGE, Summary of Hershey & Chase (1952 ) experiment
]]>
Biochemical Evidence For dna As Genetic Material
What is genetic material The genetic information in all cell is stored in DNA ,Discovery of Transformation in Bacteria , The transforming principle is DNA , HERSHEY & CHASE (1952) EXPERIMENT WITH T2 BACTERIOPHAGE, Summary of Hershey & Chase (1952 ) experiment
]]>
Mon, 01 Oct 2018 05:27:09 GMT/slideshow/molbio-2k17/117516323shyleshmurthy@slideshare.net(shyleshmurthy)Biochemical Evidence For dna As Genetic MaterialshyleshmurthyBiochemical Evidence For dna As Genetic Material
What is genetic material The genetic information in all cell is stored in DNA ,Discovery of Transformation in Bacteria , The transforming principle is DNA , HERSHEY & CHASE (1952) EXPERIMENT WITH T2 BACTERIOPHAGE, Summary of Hershey & Chase (1952 ) experiment
<img style="border:1px solid #C3E6D8;float:right;" alt="" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/molbio2k17-181001052709-thumbnail.jpg?width=120&height=120&fit=bounds" /><br> Biochemical Evidence For dna As Genetic Material
What is genetic material The genetic information in all cell is stored in DNA ,Discovery of Transformation in Bacteria , The transforming principle is DNA , HERSHEY & CHASE (1952) EXPERIMENT WITH T2 BACTERIOPHAGE, Summary of Hershey & Chase (1952 ) experiment
]]>
22942https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/molbio2k17-181001052709-thumbnail.jpg?width=120&height=120&fit=boundspresentationBlackhttp://activitystrea.ms/schema/1.0/posthttp://activitystrea.ms/schema/1.0/posted0PRIONS AND VIROIDS
/slideshow/2016-2-117515387/117515387
2016-2-181001052222 PRIONS AND VIROIDS , Diseases caused by Prions General properties , REPLICATION OF VIROIDS , viorids is 2 types
]]>
PRIONS AND VIROIDS , Diseases caused by Prions General properties , REPLICATION OF VIROIDS , viorids is 2 types
]]>
Mon, 01 Oct 2018 05:22:22 GMT/slideshow/2016-2-117515387/117515387shyleshmurthy@slideshare.net(shyleshmurthy)PRIONS AND VIROIDS shyleshmurthyPRIONS AND VIROIDS , Diseases caused by Prions General properties , REPLICATION OF VIROIDS , viorids is 2 types
<img style="border:1px solid #C3E6D8;float:right;" alt="" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/2016-2-181001052222-thumbnail.jpg?width=120&height=120&fit=bounds" /><br> PRIONS AND VIROIDS , Diseases caused by Prions General properties , REPLICATION OF VIROIDS , viorids is 2 types
]]>
27862https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/2016-2-181001052222-thumbnail.jpg?width=120&height=120&fit=boundspresentationBlackhttp://activitystrea.ms/schema/1.0/posthttp://activitystrea.ms/schema/1.0/posted0Vitamine B1 Thaimine Pyrophosphate
/shyleshmurthy/vitamine-b1-thaimine-pyrophosphate
vitamineb1thaimine-180613130931 Vitamine B1 Thaimine Pyrophosphate ,Types of cofactors ,Co enzymes, The functional role of Co enzymes is to act as transporters of chemical group, Chemistry,
Co enzyme: thiamine Pyrophosphate]]>
Vitamine B1 Thaimine Pyrophosphate ,Types of cofactors ,Co enzymes, The functional role of Co enzymes is to act as transporters of chemical group, Chemistry,
Co enzyme: thiamine Pyrophosphate]]>
Wed, 13 Jun 2018 13:09:31 GMT/shyleshmurthy/vitamine-b1-thaimine-pyrophosphateshyleshmurthy@slideshare.net(shyleshmurthy)Vitamine B1 Thaimine Pyrophosphate shyleshmurthyVitamine B1 Thaimine Pyrophosphate ,Types of cofactors ,Co enzymes, The functional role of Co enzymes is to act as transporters of chemical group, Chemistry,
Co enzyme: thiamine Pyrophosphate<img style="border:1px solid #C3E6D8;float:right;" alt="" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/vitamineb1thaimine-180613130931-thumbnail.jpg?width=120&height=120&fit=bounds" /><br> Vitamine B1 Thaimine Pyrophosphate ,Types of cofactors ,Co enzymes, The functional role of Co enzymes is to act as transporters of chemical group, Chemistry,
Co enzyme: thiamine Pyrophosphate
]]>
1254387https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/shylesh2-180604140017-thumbnail.jpg?width=120&height=120&fit=boundspresentationBlackhttp://activitystrea.ms/schema/1.0/posthttp://activitystrea.ms/schema/1.0/posted0Capture of carbondioxide , entrapement of Co2
/slideshow/capture-of-carbondioxide-entrapement-of-co2/99316010
shyleshmediclbtchh-180529031152 Steps for co2 capture and process involved ,using fungi for entrapment uses of fungi ]]>
Steps for co2 capture and process involved ,using fungi for entrapment uses of fungi ]]>
Tue, 29 May 2018 03:11:52 GMT/slideshow/capture-of-carbondioxide-entrapement-of-co2/99316010shyleshmurthy@slideshare.net(shyleshmurthy)Capture of carbondioxide , entrapement of Co2shyleshmurthySteps for co2 capture and process involved ,using fungi for entrapment uses of fungi <img style="border:1px solid #C3E6D8;float:right;" alt="" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/shyleshmediclbtchh-180529031152-thumbnail.jpg?width=120&height=120&fit=bounds" /><br> Steps for co2 capture and process involved ,using fungi for entrapment uses of fungi
]]>
25923https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/2016-1-180406045157-thumbnail.jpg?width=120&height=120&fit=boundspresentationBlackhttp://activitystrea.ms/schema/1.0/posthttp://activitystrea.ms/schema/1.0/posted0https://public.slidesharecdn.com/v2/images/profile-picture.pnghttps://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/topologicalmanupilationofdna-221212031331-1c65ad28-thumbnail.jpg?width=320&height=320&fit=boundsslideshow/topological-manupilation-of-dnapptx/254862991Topological manupilati...https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/rnaipathway-220319085510-thumbnail.jpg?width=320&height=320&fit=boundsslideshow/rna-i-pathway/251380326RNA 鈥� i PATHWAY https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/morphologyofviruses-220128160749-thumbnail.jpg?width=320&height=320&fit=boundsslideshow/morphology-of-viruses-251073134/251073134Morphology Of Viruses ...