�ݺ�ߣshows by User: swapnasree190

�ݺ�ߣshows by User: swapnasree190 / http://www.slideshare.net/images/logo.gif �ݺ�ߣshows by User: swapnasree190 / Fri, 31 Oct 2014 21:53:13 GMT �ݺ�ߣShare feed for �ݺ�ߣshows by User: swapnasree190 Ondansetron matrix patch /slideshow/ondansetron-matrix-patch/40984317 ondansetronmatrixpatch-141031215313-conversion-gate02
INTRODUCTION Recently, the use of transdermal patches for pharmaceuticals has been limited because only a few drugs have proven to be effectively delivered through the skin, typically cardiac drugs such as nitroglycerin and hormones such as estrogen. A skin patch uses a special membrane to control the rate at which the liquid drug contained in the reservoir within the patch can pass through the skin and into the bloodstream. The basic components of any transdermal delivery system include the drug(s) dissolved or dispersed in a reservoir or inert polymer matrix; an outer backing film of paper, plastic, or foil, and a pressure-sensitive adhesive that anchors the patch to the skin. The adhesive is covered by a release liner which needs to be peeled off before applying the patch to the skin. Drugs administered via skin patches include scopolamine, nicotine, estrogen, nitroglycerin, and lidocaine. Transdermal delivery not only provides controlled, constant administration of the drug, but also allows continuous input of drugs with short biological half-lives, and eliminates pulsed entry into systemic circulation which often causes undesirable side effects. Advantages 1. They can avoid gastrointestinal drug absorption difficulties caused by gastrointestinal pH, enzymatic activity, and drug interactions with food, drink, and other orally administered drugs. 2. They can substitute for oral administration of medication when that route is unsuitable, as with vomiting and diarrhea (Finnin and Morgan, 1999). 3. They avoid the first-pass effect, that is, the initial passage of “s” drug substance through the systemic and portal circulation following gastrointestinal absorption, possibly avoiding the deactivation by digestive and liver enzymes (Allen et al., 2005; Barry, 2002). 4. They are non invasive, avoiding the inconvenience of Parenteral therapy (Allen et al., 2005; Barry, 2002). 5. They provide extended therapy with a single application, improving compliance over other dosage forms requiring more frequent dose administration (Allen et al., 2005). 6. The activity of drugs having “s” short half-life is extended through the reservoir of drug in the therapeutic delivery system and its controlled release (Barry, 2002; Cleary). 7. Drug therapy may be terminated rapidly by removal of its application from the surface of the skin (Barry, 2002). 8. They are easily and rapidly identified in emergencies (for example, unresponsive, unconscious, or comatose patient) because of their physical presence, features, and identifying markings. At the same time, transdermal drug delivery has few disadvantages that are limiting the use of transdermal delivery (Barry, 2002). Disadvantages 1. Only relatively potent drugs are suitable candidates for transdermal delivery because of the natural limits of drug entry imposed by the skin’s impermeability (Allen et al., 2005; Barry, 2002). 2. Some patients develop contact dermatitis]]>
INTRODUCTION Recently, the use of transdermal patches for pharmaceuticals has been limited because only a few drugs have proven to be effectively delivered through the skin, typically cardiac drugs such as nitroglycerin and hormones such as estrogen. A skin patch uses a special membrane to control the rate at which the liquid drug contained in the reservoir within the patch can pass through the skin and into the bloodstream. The basic components of any transdermal delivery system include the drug(s) dissolved or dispersed in a reservoir or inert polymer matrix; an outer backing film of paper, plastic, or foil, and a pressure-sensitive adhesive that anchors the patch to the skin. The adhesive is covered by a release liner which needs to be peeled off before applying the patch to the skin. Drugs administered via skin patches include scopolamine, nicotine, estrogen, nitroglycerin, and lidocaine. Transdermal delivery not only provides controlled, constant administration of the drug, but also allows continuous input of drugs with short biological half-lives, and eliminates pulsed entry into systemic circulation which often causes undesirable side effects. Advantages 1. They can avoid gastrointestinal drug absorption difficulties caused by gastrointestinal pH, enzymatic activity, and drug interactions with food, drink, and other orally administered drugs. 2. They can substitute for oral administration of medication when that route is unsuitable, as with vomiting and diarrhea (Finnin and Morgan, 1999). 3. They avoid the first-pass effect, that is, the initial passage of “s” drug substance through the systemic and portal circulation following gastrointestinal absorption, possibly avoiding the deactivation by digestive and liver enzymes (Allen et al., 2005; Barry, 2002). 4. They are non invasive, avoiding the inconvenience of Parenteral therapy (Allen et al., 2005; Barry, 2002). 5. They provide extended therapy with a single application, improving compliance over other dosage forms requiring more frequent dose administration (Allen et al., 2005). 6. The activity of drugs having “s” short half-life is extended through the reservoir of drug in the therapeutic delivery system and its controlled release (Barry, 2002; Cleary). 7. Drug therapy may be terminated rapidly by removal of its application from the surface of the skin (Barry, 2002). 8. They are easily and rapidly identified in emergencies (for example, unresponsive, unconscious, or comatose patient) because of their physical presence, features, and identifying markings. At the same time, transdermal drug delivery has few disadvantages that are limiting the use of transdermal delivery (Barry, 2002). Disadvantages 1. Only relatively potent drugs are suitable candidates for transdermal delivery because of the natural limits of drug entry imposed by the skin’s impermeability (Allen et al., 2005; Barry, 2002). 2. Some patients develop contact dermatitis]]> Fri, 31 Oct 2014 21:53:13 GMT /slideshow/ondansetron-matrix-patch/40984317 swapnasree190@slideshare.net(swapnasree190) Ondansetron matrix patch swapnasree190 INTRODUCTION Recently, the use of transdermal patches for pharmaceuticals has been limited because only a few drugs have proven to be effectively delivered through the skin, typically cardiac drugs such as nitroglycerin and hormones such as estrogen. A skin patch uses a special membrane to control the rate at which the liquid drug contained in the reservoir within the patch can pass through the skin and into the bloodstream. The basic components of any transdermal delivery system include the drug(s) dissolved or dispersed in a reservoir or inert polymer matrix; an outer backing film of paper, plastic, or foil, and a pressure-sensitive adhesive that anchors the patch to the skin. The adhesive is covered by a release liner which needs to be peeled off before applying the patch to the skin. Drugs administered via skin patches include scopolamine, nicotine, estrogen, nitroglycerin, and lidocaine. Transdermal delivery not only provides controlled, constant administration of the drug, but also allows continuous input of drugs with short biological half-lives, and eliminates pulsed entry into systemic circulation which often causes undesirable side effects. Advantages 1. They can avoid gastrointestinal drug absorption difficulties caused by gastrointestinal pH, enzymatic activity, and drug interactions with food, drink, and other orally administered drugs. 2. They can substitute for oral administration of medication when that route is unsuitable, as with vomiting and diarrhea (Finnin and Morgan, 1999). 3. They avoid the first-pass effect, that is, the initial passage of “s” drug substance through the systemic and portal circulation following gastrointestinal absorption, possibly avoiding the deactivation by digestive and liver enzymes (Allen et al., 2005; Barry, 2002). 4. They are non invasive, avoiding the inconvenience of Parenteral therapy (Allen et al., 2005; Barry, 2002). 5. They provide extended therapy with a single application, improving compliance over other dosage forms requiring more frequent dose administration (Allen et al., 2005). 6. The activity of drugs having “s” short half-life is extended through the reservoir of drug in the therapeutic delivery system and its controlled release (Barry, 2002; Cleary). 7. Drug therapy may be terminated rapidly by removal of its application from the surface of the skin (Barry, 2002). 8. They are easily and rapidly identified in emergencies (for example, unresponsive, unconscious, or comatose patient) because of their physical presence, features, and identifying markings. At the same time, transdermal drug delivery has few disadvantages that are limiting the use of transdermal delivery (Barry, 2002). Disadvantages 1. Only relatively potent drugs are suitable candidates for transdermal delivery because of the natural limits of drug entry imposed by the skin’s impermeability (Allen et al., 2005; Barry, 2002). 2. Some patients develop contact dermatitis <img style="border:1px solid #C3E6D8;float:right;" alt="" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/ondansetronmatrixpatch-141031215313-conversion-gate02-thumbnail.jpg?width=120&height=120&fit=bounds" /> INTRODUCTION Recently, the use of transdermal patches for pharmaceuticals has been limited because only a few drugs have proven to be effectively delivered through the skin, typically cardiac drugs such as nitroglycerin and hormones such as estrogen. A skin patch uses a special membrane to control the rate at which the liquid drug contained in the reservoir within the patch can pass through the skin and into the bloodstream. The basic components of any transdermal delivery system include the drug(s) dissolved or dispersed in a reservoir or inert polymer matrix; an outer backing film of paper, plastic, or foil, and a pressure-sensitive adhesive that anchors the patch to the skin. The adhesive is covered by a release liner which needs to be peeled off before applying the patch to the skin. Drugs administered via skin patches include scopolamine, nicotine, estrogen, nitroglycerin, and lidocaine. Transdermal delivery not only provides controlled, constant administration of the drug, but also allows continuous input of drugs with short biological half-lives, and eliminates pulsed entry into systemic circulation which often causes undesirable side effects. Advantages 1. They can avoid gastrointestinal drug absorption difficulties caused by gastrointestinal pH, enzymatic activity, and drug interactions with food, drink, and other orally administered drugs. 2. They can substitute for oral administration of medication when that route is unsuitable, as with vomiting and diarrhea (Finnin and Morgan, 1999). 3. They avoid the first-pass effect, that is, the initial passage of “s” drug substance through the systemic and portal circulation following gastrointestinal absorption, possibly avoiding the deactivation by digestive and liver enzymes (Allen et al., 2005; Barry, 2002). 4. They are non invasive, avoiding the inconvenience of Parenteral therapy (Allen et al., 2005; Barry, 2002). 5. They provide extended therapy with a single application, improving compliance over other dosage forms requiring more frequent dose administration (Allen et al., 2005). 6. The activity of drugs having “s” short half-life is extended through the reservoir of drug in the therapeutic delivery system and its controlled release (Barry, 2002; Cleary). 7. Drug therapy may be terminated rapidly by removal of its application from the surface of the skin (Barry, 2002). 8. They are easily and rapidly identified in emergencies (for example, unresponsive, unconscious, or comatose patient) because of their physical presence, features, and identifying markings. At the same time, transdermal drug delivery has few disadvantages that are limiting the use of transdermal delivery (Barry, 2002). Disadvantages 1. Only relatively potent drugs are suitable candidates for transdermal delivery because of the natural limits of drug entry imposed by the skin’s impermeability (Allen et al., 2005; Barry, 2002). 2. Some patients develop contact dermatitis

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0 Osmotic drug delivery system /slideshow/osmotic-drug-delivery-system-40617237/40617237 osmoticdrugdeliverysystem-141022195450-conversion-gate02
　　INTRODUCTION 　　Conventional oral drug delivery systems are known to provide an immediate release of drug, in which one cannot control the release of the drug and effective concentration at the target site. The bioavailability of drug from these formulations may vary significantly, depending on factors such as physico-chemical properties of the drug, presence of excipients, various physiological factors such as the presence or absence of food, pH of the GI tract, GI motility, etc. so to overcome this limitation oral route is replied by parenteral route. This route offers the advantage of reduced dose, targeting of site and avoiding GI stability, hepatic by-pass of drug molecule. (1) 　　In recent years, much attention has focused on novel drug delivery systems (NDDS). There are many designing options available to control or modify the drug release from a dosage form. Numerous technologies have been used to control the systemic delivery of drugs. Based on the mechanism of the drug release can be classified as: Diffusion controlled (matrix and reservoir type of systems) Dissolution controlled (surface eroding, surface swelling type of systems) Osmotic drug delivery Multi particulate systems Enteric coated (pH dependent systems) 　　One of the most interesting one is that employs osmotic pressure as an energy source for release of drugs. 　　The role of drug development is to take a therapeutically effective molecule with sub-optimal physicochemical and/or physiological properties and develop an optimized product that will still be therapeutically effective with additional benefits such as: Sustained and consistent blood levels within the therapeutic window Enhanced bioavailability Reduced interpatient variability Customized delivery profiles Decreased dosing frequency Improved patient compliance Reduced side effects. 　　　　Osmotically controlled oral drug delivery systems (OCODDS) utilize osmotic pressure as the energy source for the controlled delivery of drugs. Drug release from these systems is independent of pH and hydrodynamic conditions of the gastro-intestinal tract (GIT) to a large extent and release characteristics can be easily adjusted by optimizing the parameters of the delivery system. PRINCIPLE 　　　　The flow of solvent depends on SPM characteristics and different osmosis pressures between two sides of regions. 　　　　Osmosis pressure for concentrated solution of soluble solutes commonly used in controlled release formulation are extremely high, ranging from 30 atm for sodium phosphate up to 500 atm for a lactose-fructose mixture (US patent number 4077407). These osmosis pressures can produce high water flows across semi permeable membrane. TYPES OF PUMPS Oral Osmotic Pumps Elementary osmotic pump(8) Push Pull Osmotic Pump(9) Controlled porosity Osmotic Pumps (CPOP)(10) OROS CT System(11) NEED OF THE STUDY Present investigation is to develop controlled osmotic tablet of]]>
　　INTRODUCTION 　　Conventional oral drug delivery systems are known to provide an immediate release of drug, in which one cannot control the release of the drug and effective concentration at the target site. The bioavailability of drug from these formulations may vary significantly, depending on factors such as physico-chemical properties of the drug, presence of excipients, various physiological factors such as the presence or absence of food, pH of the GI tract, GI motility, etc. so to overcome this limitation oral route is replied by parenteral route. This route offers the advantage of reduced dose, targeting of site and avoiding GI stability, hepatic by-pass of drug molecule. (1) 　　In recent years, much attention has focused on novel drug delivery systems (NDDS). There are many designing options available to control or modify the drug release from a dosage form. Numerous technologies have been used to control the systemic delivery of drugs. Based on the mechanism of the drug release can be classified as: Diffusion controlled (matrix and reservoir type of systems) Dissolution controlled (surface eroding, surface swelling type of systems) Osmotic drug delivery Multi particulate systems Enteric coated (pH dependent systems) 　　One of the most interesting one is that employs osmotic pressure as an energy source for release of drugs. 　　The role of drug development is to take a therapeutically effective molecule with sub-optimal physicochemical and/or physiological properties and develop an optimized product that will still be therapeutically effective with additional benefits such as: Sustained and consistent blood levels within the therapeutic window Enhanced bioavailability Reduced interpatient variability Customized delivery profiles Decreased dosing frequency Improved patient compliance Reduced side effects. 　　　　Osmotically controlled oral drug delivery systems (OCODDS) utilize osmotic pressure as the energy source for the controlled delivery of drugs. Drug release from these systems is independent of pH and hydrodynamic conditions of the gastro-intestinal tract (GIT) to a large extent and release characteristics can be easily adjusted by optimizing the parameters of the delivery system. PRINCIPLE 　　　　The flow of solvent depends on SPM characteristics and different osmosis pressures between two sides of regions. 　　　　Osmosis pressure for concentrated solution of soluble solutes commonly used in controlled release formulation are extremely high, ranging from 30 atm for sodium phosphate up to 500 atm for a lactose-fructose mixture (US patent number 4077407). These osmosis pressures can produce high water flows across semi permeable membrane. TYPES OF PUMPS Oral Osmotic Pumps Elementary osmotic pump(8) Push Pull Osmotic Pump(9) Controlled porosity Osmotic Pumps (CPOP)(10) OROS CT System(11) NEED OF THE STUDY Present investigation is to develop controlled osmotic tablet of]]> Wed, 22 Oct 2014 19:54:50 GMT /slideshow/osmotic-drug-delivery-system-40617237/40617237 swapnasree190@slideshare.net(swapnasree190) Osmotic drug delivery system swapnasree190 　　INTRODUCTION 　　Conventional oral drug delivery systems are known to provide an immediate release of drug, in which one cannot control the release of the drug and effective concentration at the target site. The bioavailability of drug from these formulations may vary significantly, depending on factors such as physico-chemical properties of the drug, presence of excipients, various physiological factors such as the presence or absence of food, pH of the GI tract, GI motility, etc. so to overcome this limitation oral route is replied by parenteral route. This route offers the advantage of reduced dose, targeting of site and avoiding GI stability, hepatic by-pass of drug molecule. (1) 　　In recent years, much attention has focused on novel drug delivery systems (NDDS). There are many designing options available to control or modify the drug release from a dosage form. Numerous technologies have been used to control the systemic delivery of drugs. Based on the mechanism of the drug release can be classified as: Diffusion controlled (matrix and reservoir type of systems) Dissolution controlled (surface eroding, surface swelling type of systems) Osmotic drug delivery Multi particulate systems Enteric coated (pH dependent systems) 　　One of the most interesting one is that employs osmotic pressure as an energy source for release of drugs. 　　The role of drug development is to take a therapeutically effective molecule with sub-optimal physicochemical and/or physiological properties and develop an optimized product that will still be therapeutically effective with additional benefits such as: Sustained and consistent blood levels within the therapeutic window Enhanced bioavailability Reduced interpatient variability Customized delivery profiles Decreased dosing frequency Improved patient compliance Reduced side effects. 　　　　Osmotically controlled oral drug delivery systems (OCODDS) utilize osmotic pressure as the energy source for the controlled delivery of drugs. Drug release from these systems is independent of pH and hydrodynamic conditions of the gastro-intestinal tract (GIT) to a large extent and release characteristics can be easily adjusted by optimizing the parameters of the delivery system. PRINCIPLE 　　　　The flow of solvent depends on SPM characteristics and different osmosis pressures between two sides of regions. 　　　　Osmosis pressure for concentrated solution of soluble solutes commonly used in controlled release formulation are extremely high, ranging from 30 atm for sodium phosphate up to 500 atm for a lactose-fructose mixture (US patent number 4077407). These osmosis pressures can produce high water flows across semi permeable membrane. TYPES OF PUMPS Oral Osmotic Pumps Elementary osmotic pump(8) Push Pull Osmotic Pump(9) Controlled porosity Osmotic Pumps (CPOP)(10) OROS CT System(11) NEED OF THE STUDY Present investigation is to develop controlled osmotic tablet of <img style="border:1px solid #C3E6D8;float:right;" alt="" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/osmoticdrugdeliverysystem-141022195450-conversion-gate02-thumbnail.jpg?width=120&height=120&fit=bounds" /> 　　INTRODUCTION 　　Conventional oral drug delivery systems are known to provide an immediate release of drug, in which one cannot control the release of the drug and effective concentration at the target site. The bioavailability of drug from these formulations may vary significantly, depending on factors such as physico-chemical properties of the drug, presence of excipients, various physiological factors such as the presence or absence of food, pH of the GI tract, GI motility, etc. so to overcome this limitation oral route is replied by parenteral route. This route offers the advantage of reduced dose, targeting of site and avoiding GI stability, hepatic by-pass of drug molecule. (1) 　　In recent years, much attention has focused on novel drug delivery systems (NDDS). There are many designing options available to control or modify the drug release from a dosage form. Numerous technologies have been used to control the systemic delivery of drugs. Based on the mechanism of the drug release can be classified as: Diffusion controlled (matrix and reservoir type of systems) Dissolution controlled (surface eroding, surface swelling type of systems) Osmotic drug delivery Multi particulate systems Enteric coated (pH dependent systems) 　　One of the most interesting one is that employs osmotic pressure as an energy source for release of drugs. 　　The role of drug development is to take a therapeutically effective molecule with sub-optimal physicochemical and/or physiological properties and develop an optimized product that will still be therapeutically effective with additional benefits such as: Sustained and consistent blood levels within the therapeutic window Enhanced bioavailability Reduced interpatient variability Customized delivery profiles Decreased dosing frequency Improved patient compliance Reduced side effects. 　　　　Osmotically controlled oral drug delivery systems (OCODDS) utilize osmotic pressure as the energy source for the controlled delivery of drugs. Drug release from these systems is independent of pH and hydrodynamic conditions of the gastro-intestinal tract (GIT) to a large extent and release characteristics can be easily adjusted by optimizing the parameters of the delivery system. PRINCIPLE 　　　　The flow of solvent depends on SPM characteristics and different osmosis pressures between two sides of regions. 　　　　Osmosis pressure for concentrated solution of soluble solutes commonly used in controlled release formulation are extremely high, ranging from 30 atm for sodium phosphate up to 500 atm for a lactose-fructose mixture (US patent number 4077407). These osmosis pressures can produce high water flows across semi permeable membrane. TYPES OF PUMPS Oral Osmotic Pumps Elementary osmotic pump(8) Push Pull Osmotic Pump(9) Controlled porosity Osmotic Pumps (CPOP)(10) OROS CT System(11) NEED OF THE STUDY Present investigation is to develop controlled osmotic tablet of

Osmotic drug delivery system from swapna porandla

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0 flexural behaviour of ferrocement /slideshow/10473-t0029/40616955 10473t0029-141022193905-conversion-gate01
ABSTRACT Ferrocement addition in cement mortar or concrete increases the performance of material. The present paper describes the results of testing flat ferrocement panels reinforced with different number of wire mesh layers. The main objective of these experimental tests is to study the effect of using different numbers of wire mesh layers on the flexural strength of flat ferrocement panels and to compare the effect of varying the number of wire mesh layers on the ductility and the ultimate strength of these types of ferrocement structures. The used number of wire mesh layers is one, two, three and four layers. The experimental results show that flexural strength of the folded panels increased by 37% and 90% for panels having 2 and 3 wire mesh layers respectively, copared with that having single layer, while for flat panel the increase in flexural strength compared with panel of plan mortar is 4.5%, 65% and 68% for panels having 1, 2 and 3 wire mesh layers respectively. The strength capacity of the folded panels, having the particular geometry used in the present study, is in the order of 3.5 to 5 times that of the corresponding flat panels having the same number of wire mesh layers. Both types are also analyzed using finite element method to check the flexural stresses in these panels under self weight and cracking load. Keywords: Ferrocement, Flat Panel, Mortar, Wire Mesh.]]>
ABSTRACT Ferrocement addition in cement mortar or concrete increases the performance of material. The present paper describes the results of testing flat ferrocement panels reinforced with different number of wire mesh layers. The main objective of these experimental tests is to study the effect of using different numbers of wire mesh layers on the flexural strength of flat ferrocement panels and to compare the effect of varying the number of wire mesh layers on the ductility and the ultimate strength of these types of ferrocement structures. The used number of wire mesh layers is one, two, three and four layers. The experimental results show that flexural strength of the folded panels increased by 37% and 90% for panels having 2 and 3 wire mesh layers respectively, copared with that having single layer, while for flat panel the increase in flexural strength compared with panel of plan mortar is 4.5%, 65% and 68% for panels having 1, 2 and 3 wire mesh layers respectively. The strength capacity of the folded panels, having the particular geometry used in the present study, is in the order of 3.5 to 5 times that of the corresponding flat panels having the same number of wire mesh layers. Both types are also analyzed using finite element method to check the flexural stresses in these panels under self weight and cracking load. Keywords: Ferrocement, Flat Panel, Mortar, Wire Mesh.]]> Wed, 22 Oct 2014 19:39:05 GMT /slideshow/10473-t0029/40616955 swapnasree190@slideshare.net(swapnasree190) flexural behaviour of ferrocement swapnasree190 ABSTRACT Ferrocement addition in cement mortar or concrete increases the performance of material. The present paper describes the results of testing flat ferrocement panels reinforced with different number of wire mesh layers. The main objective of these experimental tests is to study the effect of using different numbers of wire mesh layers on the flexural strength of flat ferrocement panels and to compare the effect of varying the number of wire mesh layers on the ductility and the ultimate strength of these types of ferrocement structures. The used number of wire mesh layers is one, two, three and four layers. The experimental results show that flexural strength of the folded panels increased by 37% and 90% for panels having 2 and 3 wire mesh layers respectively, copared with that having single layer, while for flat panel the increase in flexural strength compared with panel of plan mortar is 4.5%, 65% and 68% for panels having 1, 2 and 3 wire mesh layers respectively. The strength capacity of the folded panels, having the particular geometry used in the present study, is in the order of 3.5 to 5 times that of the corresponding flat panels having the same number of wire mesh layers. Both types are also analyzed using finite element method to check the flexural stresses in these panels under self weight and cracking load. Keywords: Ferrocement, Flat Panel, Mortar, Wire Mesh. <img style="border:1px solid #C3E6D8;float:right;" alt="" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/10473t0029-141022193905-conversion-gate01-thumbnail.jpg?width=120&height=120&fit=bounds" /> ABSTRACT Ferrocement addition in cement mortar or concrete increases the performance of material. The present paper describes the results of testing flat ferrocement panels reinforced with different number of wire mesh layers. The main objective of these experimental tests is to study the effect of using different numbers of wire mesh layers on the flexural strength of flat ferrocement panels and to compare the effect of varying the number of wire mesh layers on the ductility and the ultimate strength of these types of ferrocement structures. The used number of wire mesh layers is one, two, three and four layers. The experimental results show that flexural strength of the folded panels increased by 37% and 90% for panels having 2 and 3 wire mesh layers respectively, copared with that having single layer, while for flat panel the increase in flexural strength compared with panel of plan mortar is 4.5%, 65% and 68% for panels having 1, 2 and 3 wire mesh layers respectively. The strength capacity of the folded panels, having the particular geometry used in the present study, is in the order of 3.5 to 5 times that of the corresponding flat panels having the same number of wire mesh layers. Both types are also analyzed using finite element method to check the flexural stresses in these panels under self weight and cracking load. Keywords: Ferrocement, Flat Panel, Mortar, Wire Mesh.

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0 Bioavailability studies /swapnasree190/bioavailability-studies-40133029 bioavailabilitystudies-141010201308-conversion-gate01
Bioavailability (BA) studies play a major role in the drug development phase for both new drug products and their generic equivalents, and thus attract considerable attention globally. There are several approaches to assess BA and each regulatory authority has its own regulations/guidance for conducting BA studies before approving generic products for marketing in their country. Therefore, a thorough understanding is required of these BA concepts and basic regulatory considerations for conducting BA studies. This article briefly reviews the BA concepts, approaches, designs, and conducting and analysis of data obtained. INTRODUCTION • Bioavailability means the rate and extent to which the active ingredient or active moiety is absorbed from a drug product and becomes available at the site of action. For drug products that are not intended to be absorbed into the bloodstream, bioavailability may be assessed by measurements intended to reflect the rate and extent to which the active ingredient or active moiety becomes available at the site of action. • Results in 100% bioavailability as the absorption process is bypassed. • The absolute bioavailability of a drug, when administered by an extra vascular route is usually less than one (i.e. F<100%).> Oral > Rectal > Topical. A systematic approach to ensure bioavailability of pharmaceutical products: BIOAVAILABILITY It the degree to which, or the rate at which, a medication or other substance is absorbed or becomes available at the targeted place in the body. Bioavailability can be influenced by inactive ingredients (see Excipients) in the drug such as additives that prevent the medication from dissolving in the stomach. If a medication that is intended to be taken on an empty stomach is taken instead with food, this can also change the absorption rate and affect the bioavailability of the active ingredient BIO AVAILABILITY FRACTION (F): Bio available fraction it refers to the fraction of administered dose that enters the systemic circulation. *100]]>
Bioavailability (BA) studies play a major role in the drug development phase for both new drug products and their generic equivalents, and thus attract considerable attention globally. There are several approaches to assess BA and each regulatory authority has its own regulations/guidance for conducting BA studies before approving generic products for marketing in their country. Therefore, a thorough understanding is required of these BA concepts and basic regulatory considerations for conducting BA studies. This article briefly reviews the BA concepts, approaches, designs, and conducting and analysis of data obtained. INTRODUCTION • Bioavailability means the rate and extent to which the active ingredient or active moiety is absorbed from a drug product and becomes available at the site of action. For drug products that are not intended to be absorbed into the bloodstream, bioavailability may be assessed by measurements intended to reflect the rate and extent to which the active ingredient or active moiety becomes available at the site of action. • Results in 100% bioavailability as the absorption process is bypassed. • The absolute bioavailability of a drug, when administered by an extra vascular route is usually less than one (i.e. F<100%).> Oral > Rectal > Topical. A systematic approach to ensure bioavailability of pharmaceutical products: BIOAVAILABILITY It the degree to which, or the rate at which, a medication or other substance is absorbed or becomes available at the targeted place in the body. Bioavailability can be influenced by inactive ingredients (see Excipients) in the drug such as additives that prevent the medication from dissolving in the stomach. If a medication that is intended to be taken on an empty stomach is taken instead with food, this can also change the absorption rate and affect the bioavailability of the active ingredient BIO AVAILABILITY FRACTION (F): Bio available fraction it refers to the fraction of administered dose that enters the systemic circulation. *100]]> Fri, 10 Oct 2014 20:13:08 GMT /swapnasree190/bioavailability-studies-40133029 swapnasree190@slideshare.net(swapnasree190) Bioavailability studies swapnasree190 Bioavailability (BA) studies play a major role in the drug development phase for both new drug products and their generic equivalents, and thus attract considerable attention globally. There are several approaches to assess BA and each regulatory authority has its own regulations/guidance for conducting BA studies before approving generic products for marketing in their country. Therefore, a thorough understanding is required of these BA concepts and basic regulatory considerations for conducting BA studies. This article briefly reviews the BA concepts, approaches, designs, and conducting and analysis of data obtained. INTRODUCTION • Bioavailability means the rate and extent to which the active ingredient or active moiety is absorbed from a drug product and becomes available at the site of action. For drug products that are not intended to be absorbed into the bloodstream, bioavailability may be assessed by measurements intended to reflect the rate and extent to which the active ingredient or active moiety becomes available at the site of action. • Results in 100% bioavailability as the absorption process is bypassed. • The absolute bioavailability of a drug, when administered by an extra vascular route is usually less than one (i.e. F<100%).> Oral > Rectal > Topical. A systematic approach to ensure bioavailability of pharmaceutical products: BIOAVAILABILITY It the degree to which, or the rate at which, a medication or other substance is absorbed or becomes available at the targeted place in the body. Bioavailability can be influenced by inactive ingredients (see Excipients) in the drug such as additives that prevent the medication from dissolving in the stomach. If a medication that is intended to be taken on an empty stomach is taken instead with food, this can also change the absorption rate and affect the bioavailability of the active ingredient BIO AVAILABILITY FRACTION (F): Bio available fraction it refers to the fraction of administered dose that enters the systemic circulation. *100 <img style="border:1px solid #C3E6D8;float:right;" alt="" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/bioavailabilitystudies-141010201308-conversion-gate01-thumbnail.jpg?width=120&height=120&fit=bounds" /> Bioavailability (BA) studies play a major role in the drug development phase for both new drug products and their generic equivalents, and thus attract considerable attention globally. There are several approaches to assess BA and each regulatory authority has its own regulations/guidance for conducting BA studies before approving generic products for marketing in their country. Therefore, a thorough understanding is required of these BA concepts and basic regulatory considerations for conducting BA studies. This article briefly reviews the BA concepts, approaches, designs, and conducting and analysis of data obtained. INTRODUCTION • Bioavailability means the rate and extent to which the active ingredient or active moiety is absorbed from a drug product and becomes available at the site of action. For drug products that are not intended to be absorbed into the bloodstream, bioavailability may be assessed by measurements intended to reflect the rate and extent to which the active ingredient or active moiety becomes available at the site of action. • Results in 100% bioavailability as the absorption process is bypassed. • The absolute bioavailability of a drug, when administered by an extra vascular route is usually less than one (i.e. F&lt;100%).> Oral > Rectal > Topical. A systematic approach to ensure bioavailability of pharmaceutical products: BIOAVAILABILITY It the degree to which, or the rate at which, a medication or other substance is absorbed or becomes available at the targeted place in the body. Bioavailability can be influenced by inactive ingredients (see Excipients) in the drug such as additives that prevent the medication from dissolving in the stomach. If a medication that is intended to be taken on an empty stomach is taken instead with food, this can also change the absorption rate and affect the bioavailability of the active ingredient BIO AVAILABILITY FRACTION (F): Bio available fraction it refers to the fraction of administered dose that enters the systemic circulation. *100

Bioavailability studies from swapna porandla

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0 parentral controlled drug delivery system /slideshow/31-parentrals-control-release/40133025 31parentralscontrolrelease-141010201252-conversion-gate01
ABSTRACT The parenteral administration route is the most effective and common form of delivery for active drug substances with poor bioavailability and the drugs with a narrow therapeutic index. Drug delivery technology that can reduce the total number of injection throughout the drug therapy period will be truly advantageous not only in terms of compliance, but also to improve the quality of the therapy and also may reduce the dosage frequency. Such reduction in frequency of drug dosing is achieved by the use of specific formulation technologies that guarantee the release of the active drug substance in a slow and predictable manner. The development of new injectable drug delivery system has received considerable attention over the past few years. A number of technological advances have been made in the area of parenteral drug delivery leading to the development of sophisticated systems that allow drug targeting and the sustained or controlled release of parenteral medicines. ]]>
ABSTRACT The parenteral administration route is the most effective and common form of delivery for active drug substances with poor bioavailability and the drugs with a narrow therapeutic index. Drug delivery technology that can reduce the total number of injection throughout the drug therapy period will be truly advantageous not only in terms of compliance, but also to improve the quality of the therapy and also may reduce the dosage frequency. Such reduction in frequency of drug dosing is achieved by the use of specific formulation technologies that guarantee the release of the active drug substance in a slow and predictable manner. The development of new injectable drug delivery system has received considerable attention over the past few years. A number of technological advances have been made in the area of parenteral drug delivery leading to the development of sophisticated systems that allow drug targeting and the sustained or controlled release of parenteral medicines. ]]> Fri, 10 Oct 2014 20:12:52 GMT /slideshow/31-parentrals-control-release/40133025 swapnasree190@slideshare.net(swapnasree190) parentral controlled drug delivery system swapnasree190 ABSTRACT The parenteral administration route is the most effective and common form of delivery for active drug substances with poor bioavailability and the drugs with a narrow therapeutic index. Drug delivery technology that can reduce the total number of injection throughout the drug therapy period will be truly advantageous not only in terms of compliance, but also to improve the quality of the therapy and also may reduce the dosage frequency. Such reduction in frequency of drug dosing is achieved by the use of specific formulation technologies that guarantee the release of the active drug substance in a slow and predictable manner. The development of new injectable drug delivery system has received considerable attention over the past few years. A number of technological advances have been made in the area of parenteral drug delivery leading to the development of sophisticated systems that allow drug targeting and the sustained or controlled release of parenteral medicines. <img style="border:1px solid #C3E6D8;float:right;" alt="" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/31parentralscontrolrelease-141010201252-conversion-gate01-thumbnail.jpg?width=120&height=120&fit=bounds" /> ABSTRACT The parenteral administration route is the most effective and common form of delivery for active drug substances with poor bioavailability and the drugs with a narrow therapeutic index. Drug delivery technology that can reduce the total number of injection throughout the drug therapy period will be truly advantageous not only in terms of compliance, but also to improve the quality of the therapy and also may reduce the dosage frequency. Such reduction in frequency of drug dosing is achieved by the use of specific formulation technologies that guarantee the release of the active drug substance in a slow and predictable manner. The development of new injectable drug delivery system has received considerable attention over the past few years. A number of technological advances have been made in the area of parenteral drug delivery leading to the development of sophisticated systems that allow drug targeting and the sustained or controlled release of parenteral medicines.

parentral controlled drug delivery system from swapna porandla

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0 https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/profile-photo-swapnasree190-48x48.jpg?cb=1523536939 clinical data management and pharmacovigillance swapna.porandla@gmail.com https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/ondansetronmatrixpatch-141031215313-conversion-gate02-thumbnail.jpg?width=320&height=320&fit=bounds slideshow/ondansetron-matrix-patch/40984317 Ondansetron matrix patch https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/osmoticdrugdeliverysystem-141022195450-conversion-gate02-thumbnail.jpg?width=320&height=320&fit=bounds slideshow/osmotic-drug-delivery-system-40617237/40617237 Osmotic drug delivery ... https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/10473t0029-141022193905-conversion-gate01-thumbnail.jpg?width=320&height=320&fit=bounds slideshow/10473-t0029/40616955 flexural behaviour of ...