The document discusses different types of Automatic Track Circuit (AFTC) technologies including ABB (TI-21), Siemens (FTGS), and Alstom. It provides technical specifications, components, block diagrams, and advantages of these AFTC systems. The key information covered includes operating frequencies and modulation methods, maximum effective track circuit lengths, indoor and outdoor equipment used, and track connections/separation joints.
A relay is an electrically operated switch that uses a small current to control a larger current. It was invented in 1835 and works by using an electromagnet to attract or repel a lever, opening or closing the switch contacts. Relays have two positions - normally open or normally closed - depending on the position of the contacts when the coil is not energized. They are commonly used to switch higher voltages or currents than simple solid-state switches can handle and can control multiple circuits at once.
The document discusses generator protection systems. It introduces the basic electrical quantities used for protection like current, voltage, phase angle and frequency. Protective relays use one or more of these quantities to detect faults. The document then discusses different types of relays and circuit breakers used for protection. It describes various protection zones like generator, transformer, bus, line and utilization equipment zones. The rest of the document elaborates on different protection schemes for generators including stator protection, rotor protection, loss of excitation protection and reverse power protection.
The document discusses excitation in generators and loss of excitation (LOE). It begins by explaining what excitation is, why it is required, and how it is provided in generators of different sizes. It then discusses what will happen if excitation is lost, including potential overspeeding, abnormal heating, and loss of synchronization. Several protection schemes for LOE are presented, including impedance-based R-X schemes which monitor changes in generator terminal impedance during LOE. Settings for typical LOE relays are also calculated and described.
This document discusses generator protection techniques. It begins by explaining why protective systems are needed to protect expensive power system elements like generators. It then describes different types of generator faults and various protection schemes. These include stator protection using differential protection and its modifications. Rotor faults and their protections like rotor earth fault protection are also explained. The document provides details on other protections like overcurrent, overvoltage, vibration and overheating protections. It concludes by stating that protective devices help detect faults, notify maintenance, and disconnect faulty elements to ensure continuous and safe operation of power systems.
ACCL | (Automatic source change over with current limiter |sceptersangram
Ìý
The ACCL is an automatic source changeover unit with current limiting capabilities. It monitors the mains and generator power sources for a building and automatically switches between them, limiting generator current to prevent overloads. When the generator load exceeds the preset limit, power is cut off for 9 seconds before attempting to reset. It features microprocessor control for precision, LED status indicators, and capacities ranging from 300-3000 watts for single and 3-phase models.
Prok Devices manufactures switch mode power supply battery chargers under the brand name "Prok DVs". The chargers are available in different voltage and current ratings and incorporate safety and EMI standards. They use a flyback topology with high switching frequency to reduce component size and increase efficiency. The chargers provide constant voltage and constant current charging and have protections such as short circuit, overload, input overvoltage and overtemperature protection. Technical specifications and models with various input voltages and output voltages and currents are provided.
Prok Devices manufactures switch mode power supply battery chargers under the brand name "Prok DVs". The chargers are available in different voltage and current ratings and incorporate safety and EMI standards. They use a flyback topology with high switching frequency to reduce component size and increase efficiency. The chargers provide constant voltage and constant current charging and have protections such as short circuit, overload, input overvoltage and overtemperature protection. Technical specifications and models with various input voltages and output voltages and currents are provided.