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Hello!
I am Nirmal Kumar Swain
Dr. Nirmal Kumar Swain
Professor & Head
Dept of Lib & Inf. Science
Maharshi Dayanand University , Rohtak – 124001 (Haryana)
Ph: 01262-393017 (O) / M: 9416516771 / E-Mail: drnkswain@gmail.com
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(Feb_01_2021)
Lecture Delivered
At Orientation Course
HRDC, Deen Dayal Upadhya Gorakhpur University,
Gorakhur, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Lecture Outcomes_1
 Types of writings
 Academic and non-academic
 Accepted norms of academic writings
 Higher education is a debate
 Endless truth
 Supporting arguments
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Lecture Outcomes_2
 What is citation
 What role citation plays
 Accepted norms of citing
 Uniform and common practice
 Citation rules are called style
 Examples: APA, MLA, Chicago Manual, Harvard Style,
ACS (American Chemical Society) etc
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Academic Writings
 Types: Books, Journal articles, Research papers, Review
papers, Book review
 What doe we do: Claiming the truth of different
variations
 Generalized writings only stating the facts
 Newer and newer truths more supportive arguments
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The world of citations
 A quotation from or reference to a book, paper, or author,
especially in a scholarly work
 A "citation" is the way you tell your readers that certain
material in your work came from another source. It also
gives your readers the information necessary to find that
source again, including:
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Required information
 Information about the author(s) and editor(s)
 The title (name of the book) of the work
 The name and location of the company (publisher) that
published your copy of the source
 The date (year of publication) your copy was published
 The page numbers (p. 21) of the material you are
borrowing
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Why should I cite sources?
 Giving credit to the original author by citing sources is the
only way to use other people's work without copying or
plagiarizing.
 Citations are extremely helpful to anyone who wants to
find out more about your ideas and where they came from
 Citing sources strengthens and supports your work by
lending outside support to your ideas
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When do I need to cite?_1
 Avoid in knowledge claim in public domain and do cite
in knowledge in private domain (lesser known or only
known to you)
 Whenever you borrow words or ideas, you need to
acknowledge their source.
 Whenever you use quotes: Quotes could be a ‘word’ ,
‘two words’, ‘multiple words’, a ‘paragraph’ if needed
 Whenever you paraphrase (only when bad paraphrase)
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When do I need to cite?_2
 Whenever you use an idea that someone else has already
expressed
 Whenever you make specific reference to the work of
another
 whenever someone else's work has been critical in
developing your own ideas.
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How much cited materials
 Golden liner is much of authors’ own idea and language
and less citation (there is no limit of less or more in
counting measure)
 Author is supposed to contribute because he/she is an
author
 Style manuals are silent over this, however some
publishing platform use the limit number of words
(Example : Journals
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How to cite or mechanism
 There are rules or norms for uniformity
 An author can make his own style or as the university,
research guide or the journals suggest
 Two fundamental rules by all the style manuals
 Citing the cited materials in the ‘text’ called ‘in-text
citation’ and corresponding you need to provide the
source from which you have borrowed at the end in the
form of ‘references’, ‘works cited’, or ‘notes’.
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How to cite or mechanism_2
 In ‘in-text’ citation minimum information as hint to be
mentioned (Behera, 1972, p.23). Surname of the author is
given to trace the corresponding reference list.
 The above style (Behera, 1972, p.23), in the form
parenthesis or bracket is called ‘parenthetical’.
 The other called superscription style or supra numeral.
Ex:All the people of Gorakhpur are very sensitive 2.
 Hence two types: Parenthetical & Superscription style
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What have we learnt
 Start writing of your own then only you as author will
realize
 Think, where are you contributing something new
 Be aware that you have read almost rationale literature
 Reading only can give knowledge of good book which
others do have same impressin
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Thanks!
See you somday somewhere
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2021 hrdc gorakhapur university

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2021 hrdc gorakhapur university