Shafts are often subjected to fluctuating loads in practice rather than constant loads. To design shafts like line shafts and counter shafts that experience fluctuating torque and bending moments, combined shock and fatigue factors must be accounted for in calculating the twisting moment and bending moment. These equivalent moments are calculated using combined shock and fatigue factors for bending (Km) and torsion (Kt), with recommended values for Km and Kt provided in a table.