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Anesthesia and Euthanasia | Biostatistics and Research Methodology | M. Pharm.pptx

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Swapnil Therkar

Anesthesia: Anesthesia is a state of controlled or temporary loss of sensation that is induced for medical or veterinary purposes during surgery. Pre- Anesthesia Considerations: Local Anesthesia: Local anesthesia is a process in which topical application or local injection of respective drugs cause reversible loss of sensation in a restricted area where it is applied or injected. General Anesthesia : General anesthesia is a process in which reversible loss of all sensation and consciousness occurs. The features of general anaesthesia are: Loss of all sensation (specially pain), Unconsciousness, amnesia, Immobility and muscle relaxation. EUTHANASIA FOR ANIMALS: Euthanasia is an event where an animal is required to be sacrificed after end of an experiment or otherwise for ethical reasons. Methods of Euthanasia: Inhalation, Non-inhaled Agents, Physical Methods

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ANESTHESIA AND EUTHANASIA Swapnil Therkar M. Pharm (Pharmacognosy) Government College of Pharmacy, Amravati
ANESTHESIA ? Anesthesia (American) or Anaesthesia (British) is a state of controlled or temporary loss of sensation that is induced for medical or veterinary purposes during surgery . ? Anesthetics are the agents which produces anesthesia. ? It includes loss of sensation, sedation, analgesia, muscle relaxation, short time amnesia and unconsciousness. ? Local or General anaesthesia may be used depending on the type of surgical procedure and duration.
Uses of Anesthesia ? As a Sedative and Hypnosis: A sedative drug decreases activity of CNS and calms the recipient, whereas a hypnotic drug produces drowsiness and facilitates a state of sleep that resembles natural sleep. ? Muscle relaxation: The muscle relaxants are the agents that affects skeletal muscle function and decreases the muscle tone. It also relieves symptoms of muscle spasms and pain. ? During Surgical Procedures: The most frequent use of anesthesia is during surgeries, where it helps to manage pain and anxiety also cause reversible loss of partial or all senses. ? Diagnostic Procedures: In some cases, anesthesia is used for diagnostic tests like during endoscopies ? Pain Management: It produces short time analgesia.
Pre- Anesthesia Considerations ? Pre-anesthesia refers to the preparatory phase before administering anesthesia to a patient. During this stage, medical professionals assess the patient's health, review their medical history, and take necessary measures to ensure that anesthesia can be administered safely and effectively. ? These medications are used to avoid undesirable and sudden reflexes, also minimizes risk of complication and support anesthetics during Surgery. ? While before and during anesthesia, continuous monitoring of body vital such as heart rate, body temperature and breathing rate is crucial during anesthesia also included in Preanesthetic considerations. ? Epinephrine is commonly used along with local anesthetic drugs. ? Atropine, ranitidine, diazepam, and morphine can be used before producing general anesthetics.
Stages of Anesthesia 1. Induction- The anesthesia is generally induced with an IV agents like- Propofol, which produces loss of sensation in 30 to 40 seconds. Additionally inhalational or IV drugs may be used to produce the deep anaesthesia. 2. Maintenance- Maintenance means to make a steady performance which has been induced after administrating the anesthetic. Body vitals and response to stimuli are monitored continuously to balance the amount of drug inhaled or infused with the depth of anaesthesia. Maintenance is commonly provided with inhalation anaesthesia. 3. Recovery- Postoperatively, the anesthetic admixture is withdrawn, and the patient is monitored for return of consciousness.
Local Anesthesia ? Local anesthesia is a process in which topical application or local injection of respective drugs cause reversible loss of sensation in a restricted area where it is applied or injected. ? In this, drugs blocks generation and conduction of nerve impulse at applied part of with which they come in contact without causing any structural damage. ? Depending on the situation, this may be used when individual is fully conscious. E.g.- Lignocaine, Procaine, Bupivacaine, etc.
General Anesthesia ? General anesthesia is a process in which reversible loss of all sensation and consciousness occurs. The features of general anaesthesia are: ? Loss of all sensation (specially pain) ? Unconsciousness and amnesia ? Immobility and muscle relaxation ? In General anesthesia, the suppression of central nervous system is produced and further the unconsciousness. ? This can be achieved by different methods. E.g.- Halothane, Ketamine, Thiopentone sodium, Diazepam etc.
Methods of Administration 1. Inhalation Anesthesia ? Gaseous Anesthetics: These are delivered via a vaporizer connected to a breathing circuit, allowing for precise control of the anesthetic concentration. E.g.- Common agents include isoflurane, sevoflurane, and halothane. ? Induction Anesthetics: Animals are placed in a sealed chamber where anesthetic gas is delivered until they reach the desired level of sedation before being intubated or moved to a breathing circuit. E.g.- Common agents include isoflurane, sevoflurane, and halothane.
Continue¡­.. 2. Injectable Anesthesia ? Intravenous (IV) Injection: Rapid onset and allows for fine control of the anesthetic depth. E.g.- Propofol, ketamine, and thiopental. ? Intramuscular (IM) Injection: Useful for animals that are difficult to handle. Agents like ketamine or a combination of ketamine and xylazine are commonly used. E.g.- Ketamine or a combination of ketamine and xylazine. ? Subcutaneous (SC) Injection: Less common but can be used for administration of Local anesthetics. 3. Combination Technique ? Combination of methods is used to enhance analgesia and sedation. For example, an initial injectable anesthetic followed by inhalation anesthesia for maintenance during surgery.
EUTHANASIA FOR ANIMALS ? Euthanasia is derived from the Greek word ¡®eu¡¯ and ¡®thanatos¡¯. ? It is the practice of intentionally ending life to eliminate pain and suffering. An easy or painless death of someone who is suffering from an incurable or painful disease at their request, called as euthanasia. or ? Euthanasia is an event where an animal is required to be sacrificed after end of an experiment or otherwise for ethical reasons.. ? Before Euthanasia it is ethical that animal to be unconscious or Tranquilizers to be used.
Methods of Euthanasia 1. Inhalation a. Anesthetics b. Carbon Dioxide (CO ) ? c. Nitrogen or Argon d. Carbon Monoxide (CO) 2. Non-inhaled Agents a. Parenteral Injection ? Intravenous injections ? Intracardiac Injection ? Intracranial Injection b. Topical Application c. Immersion 3. Physical Methods a. Blunt force trauma to the head b. Gunshot c. Cervical dislocation d. Decapitation e. Electrocution
Methods of Euthanasia 1. Inhalation Methods Animals are placed in a chamber and gradually filled with euthanizing agent. The gradual increase in concentration prevents the sensation of breathlessness and induces unconsciousness and farther death. ? Anesthetics: Overdoses of anesthetics like ethers, halothane, isoflurane or sevoflurane can be used to euthanize species. ? Carbon Dioxide (CO ) ? ? Nitrogen or Argon ? Carbon Monoxide (CO)
Continue¡­.. 2. Non-inhaled Agents a) Parenteral Injection (Overdose of lidocaine, bupivacaine or pentobarbital) Potassium chloride can be injected to stop the heart by causing cardiac arrest, only under anaesthesia. b) Topical Application (Some amphibians can be euthanized with benzocaine gel). c) Immersion Euthanasia (Fish and some aquatic amphibians and invertebrates can be euthanized by using poisons such as rotenone, antimycin)
Continue¡­.. 3. Physical Methods Physical methods of euthanasia for laboratory animals can be used when rapid and humane death is needed. These methods are strictly regulated and guided by ethical frameworks. The chosen method depends on the type, size, and health condition of the animal. Here are some common physical method; a) Blunt force trauma to the head: A quick and forceful blow to the head is given which can immediate unconsciousness and death. Requirement: It must be performed precisely and swiftly by experienced personnel to ensure the animal does not suffer. b) Gunshot: A direct gunshot at the brain or heart can result in immediate death. Requirements: Accurate aim and appropriate weapon handling is essential for the person who is in charge.
Continue¡­.. c) Decapitation/ beheading: The head is swiftly severed from the body, leading to an instant loss of brain function. Requirements: The procedure must be performed by a skilled individual using appropriate tools to ensure it is quick and painless. d) Electrocution: An electrical current is passed through an animal¡¯s body to cause immediate unconsciousness followed by death. Requirements: Proper equipment and training are essential to ensure it is performed correctly and humanely. It must induce immediate loss of consciousness to prevent pain. e) Cervical dislocation: This involves quickly breaking the neck to disconnect the spinal cord from the brain. Requirements: The person performing the procedure must be trained. It is used when chemical methods may not be feasible.
References 1. Anesthesia (2024, October 22). In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anesthesia#:~:text=Anesthesia%20(American %20English)%20or%20anaesthesia,for%20medical%20or%20veterinary %20purposes. 2. Tripathi, K. D. (2020). Essentials of pharmacology for dentistry. Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers. 3. Underwood, W., & Anthony, R. (2020). AVMA guidelines for the euthanasia of animals: 2020 edition. March, 2013(30), 2020-1.
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Anesthesia and Euthanasia | Biostatistics and Research Methodology | M. Pharm.pptx

  • 1. ANESTHESIA AND EUTHANASIA Swapnil Therkar M. Pharm (Pharmacognosy) Government College of Pharmacy, Amravati
  • 2. ANESTHESIA ? Anesthesia (American) or Anaesthesia (British) is a state of controlled or temporary loss of sensation that is induced for medical or veterinary purposes during surgery . ? Anesthetics are the agents which produces anesthesia. ? It includes loss of sensation, sedation, analgesia, muscle relaxation, short time amnesia and unconsciousness. ? Local or General anaesthesia may be used depending on the type of surgical procedure and duration.
  • 3. Uses of Anesthesia ? As a Sedative and Hypnosis: A sedative drug decreases activity of CNS and calms the recipient, whereas a hypnotic drug produces drowsiness and facilitates a state of sleep that resembles natural sleep. ? Muscle relaxation: The muscle relaxants are the agents that affects skeletal muscle function and decreases the muscle tone. It also relieves symptoms of muscle spasms and pain. ? During Surgical Procedures: The most frequent use of anesthesia is during surgeries, where it helps to manage pain and anxiety also cause reversible loss of partial or all senses. ? Diagnostic Procedures: In some cases, anesthesia is used for diagnostic tests like during endoscopies ? Pain Management: It produces short time analgesia.
  • 4. Pre- Anesthesia Considerations ? Pre-anesthesia refers to the preparatory phase before administering anesthesia to a patient. During this stage, medical professionals assess the patient's health, review their medical history, and take necessary measures to ensure that anesthesia can be administered safely and effectively. ? These medications are used to avoid undesirable and sudden reflexes, also minimizes risk of complication and support anesthetics during Surgery. ? While before and during anesthesia, continuous monitoring of body vital such as heart rate, body temperature and breathing rate is crucial during anesthesia also included in Preanesthetic considerations. ? Epinephrine is commonly used along with local anesthetic drugs. ? Atropine, ranitidine, diazepam, and morphine can be used before producing general anesthetics.
  • 5. Stages of Anesthesia 1. Induction- The anesthesia is generally induced with an IV agents like- Propofol, which produces loss of sensation in 30 to 40 seconds. Additionally inhalational or IV drugs may be used to produce the deep anaesthesia. 2. Maintenance- Maintenance means to make a steady performance which has been induced after administrating the anesthetic. Body vitals and response to stimuli are monitored continuously to balance the amount of drug inhaled or infused with the depth of anaesthesia. Maintenance is commonly provided with inhalation anaesthesia. 3. Recovery- Postoperatively, the anesthetic admixture is withdrawn, and the patient is monitored for return of consciousness.
  • 6. Local Anesthesia ? Local anesthesia is a process in which topical application or local injection of respective drugs cause reversible loss of sensation in a restricted area where it is applied or injected. ? In this, drugs blocks generation and conduction of nerve impulse at applied part of with which they come in contact without causing any structural damage. ? Depending on the situation, this may be used when individual is fully conscious. E.g.- Lignocaine, Procaine, Bupivacaine, etc.
  • 7. General Anesthesia ? General anesthesia is a process in which reversible loss of all sensation and consciousness occurs. The features of general anaesthesia are: ? Loss of all sensation (specially pain) ? Unconsciousness and amnesia ? Immobility and muscle relaxation ? In General anesthesia, the suppression of central nervous system is produced and further the unconsciousness. ? This can be achieved by different methods. E.g.- Halothane, Ketamine, Thiopentone sodium, Diazepam etc.
  • 8. Methods of Administration 1. Inhalation Anesthesia ? Gaseous Anesthetics: These are delivered via a vaporizer connected to a breathing circuit, allowing for precise control of the anesthetic concentration. E.g.- Common agents include isoflurane, sevoflurane, and halothane. ? Induction Anesthetics: Animals are placed in a sealed chamber where anesthetic gas is delivered until they reach the desired level of sedation before being intubated or moved to a breathing circuit. E.g.- Common agents include isoflurane, sevoflurane, and halothane.
  • 9. Continue¡­.. 2. Injectable Anesthesia ? Intravenous (IV) Injection: Rapid onset and allows for fine control of the anesthetic depth. E.g.- Propofol, ketamine, and thiopental. ? Intramuscular (IM) Injection: Useful for animals that are difficult to handle. Agents like ketamine or a combination of ketamine and xylazine are commonly used. E.g.- Ketamine or a combination of ketamine and xylazine. ? Subcutaneous (SC) Injection: Less common but can be used for administration of Local anesthetics. 3. Combination Technique ? Combination of methods is used to enhance analgesia and sedation. For example, an initial injectable anesthetic followed by inhalation anesthesia for maintenance during surgery.
  • 10. EUTHANASIA FOR ANIMALS ? Euthanasia is derived from the Greek word ¡®eu¡¯ and ¡®thanatos¡¯. ? It is the practice of intentionally ending life to eliminate pain and suffering. An easy or painless death of someone who is suffering from an incurable or painful disease at their request, called as euthanasia. or ? Euthanasia is an event where an animal is required to be sacrificed after end of an experiment or otherwise for ethical reasons.. ? Before Euthanasia it is ethical that animal to be unconscious or Tranquilizers to be used.
  • 11. Methods of Euthanasia 1. Inhalation a. Anesthetics b. Carbon Dioxide (CO ) ? c. Nitrogen or Argon d. Carbon Monoxide (CO) 2. Non-inhaled Agents a. Parenteral Injection ? Intravenous injections ? Intracardiac Injection ? Intracranial Injection b. Topical Application c. Immersion 3. Physical Methods a. Blunt force trauma to the head b. Gunshot c. Cervical dislocation d. Decapitation e. Electrocution
  • 12. Methods of Euthanasia 1. Inhalation Methods Animals are placed in a chamber and gradually filled with euthanizing agent. The gradual increase in concentration prevents the sensation of breathlessness and induces unconsciousness and farther death. ? Anesthetics: Overdoses of anesthetics like ethers, halothane, isoflurane or sevoflurane can be used to euthanize species. ? Carbon Dioxide (CO ) ? ? Nitrogen or Argon ? Carbon Monoxide (CO)
  • 13. Continue¡­.. 2. Non-inhaled Agents a) Parenteral Injection (Overdose of lidocaine, bupivacaine or pentobarbital) Potassium chloride can be injected to stop the heart by causing cardiac arrest, only under anaesthesia. b) Topical Application (Some amphibians can be euthanized with benzocaine gel). c) Immersion Euthanasia (Fish and some aquatic amphibians and invertebrates can be euthanized by using poisons such as rotenone, antimycin)
  • 14. Continue¡­.. 3. Physical Methods Physical methods of euthanasia for laboratory animals can be used when rapid and humane death is needed. These methods are strictly regulated and guided by ethical frameworks. The chosen method depends on the type, size, and health condition of the animal. Here are some common physical method; a) Blunt force trauma to the head: A quick and forceful blow to the head is given which can immediate unconsciousness and death. Requirement: It must be performed precisely and swiftly by experienced personnel to ensure the animal does not suffer. b) Gunshot: A direct gunshot at the brain or heart can result in immediate death. Requirements: Accurate aim and appropriate weapon handling is essential for the person who is in charge.
  • 15. Continue¡­.. c) Decapitation/ beheading: The head is swiftly severed from the body, leading to an instant loss of brain function. Requirements: The procedure must be performed by a skilled individual using appropriate tools to ensure it is quick and painless. d) Electrocution: An electrical current is passed through an animal¡¯s body to cause immediate unconsciousness followed by death. Requirements: Proper equipment and training are essential to ensure it is performed correctly and humanely. It must induce immediate loss of consciousness to prevent pain. e) Cervical dislocation: This involves quickly breaking the neck to disconnect the spinal cord from the brain. Requirements: The person performing the procedure must be trained. It is used when chemical methods may not be feasible.
  • 16. References 1. Anesthesia (2024, October 22). In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anesthesia#:~:text=Anesthesia%20(American %20English)%20or%20anaesthesia,for%20medical%20or%20veterinary %20purposes. 2. Tripathi, K. D. (2020). Essentials of pharmacology for dentistry. Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers. 3. Underwood, W., & Anthony, R. (2020). AVMA guidelines for the euthanasia of animals: 2020 edition. March, 2013(30), 2020-1.