Animal cell by ijaz ul-haq
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Animal cells contain organelles that carry out specialized functions. The nucleus contains DNA which controls cell activities. The cell membrane surrounds the cell and is selectively permeable. Ribosomes synthesize proteins using mRNA. Mitochondria produce ATP through cellular respiration to power cell processes. The endoplasmic reticulum packages proteins and lipids. The Golgi apparatus receives proteins from the ER and packages them into vesicles for transport. The cytoskeleton gives cells shape and structure.
Animal cell by ijaz ul-haq
- 1. Fig: Golgi apparatus structural view Animal Cell Animal Cell definition Animal cell are the basic unit of life in organism of kingdom animalia. They have true nucleus and specialized structures called organelles that carries out different functions. They dont have cell wall. Animal Cell overview Eukaryotic cell are distinguished by the presence of nucleolus and other membrane-bound organelles. Animal cells are considered heterotrophic. They have mitochondria that are used to create ATP from various sources. Different organelles performs different functions. Animal Cell Structure Nucleus The nucleus contains a cells DNA. DNA contains instructions for making proteins which controls all the body activities. Nucleus regulates which genes are expressed in the cell, which controls cells activity and functioning depending upon the type of cell. Cell usually have one nucleus each. Cell membrane Cell membrane surrounds the entire cell. The cell membrane is a double layer made up of phospholipids. It is selectively permeable, meaning it only allows certain molecules through. This maintains homeostasis within the cell. Ribosomes Ribosomes are where proteins are synthesized. The mRNA chain travels to the ribosomes via transfer RNA (tRNA) and its sequences is used to determine the correct placement of amino acids in a chain that makes up the protein. They are found freely in cells cytoplasm, or attached to the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Mitochondria The process of cellular respiration occurs in the mitochondria. Energy is released in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). ATP powers all cellular processes, and mitochondria produce a cells ATP, so mitochondria are commonly known as the powerhouse of the cell. Fig: Nucleus structural view Cytosol and all the organelles within it, except for the nucleus, are collectively referred to as a cells cytoplasm. The pH is generally neutral, around 7. Endoplasmic reticulum The ER is a network of membranous sacs celled cisternae. There are two kinds of ER, smooth and rough. Rough ER has ribosomes attached, smooth ER dos not have ribosomes attached an has functions in making lipids and steroids hormones and the removing toxic substances. Golgi apparatus The Golgi apparatus, also called the Golgi complex or Golgi body, is also made up of cisternae, but the cisternae are not interconnected like those of the ER. The Golgi apparatus receives proteins from the ER and folds, sorts, and packages these proteins into vesicles. Vesicles They are used for transporting molecules throughout the cell from one organelle to another and are also involved in metabolism. Specialized vesicles called lysosomes contain enzymes that digest large molecules like carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins into smaller ones. Cytoskeleton The cytoskeleton is a network of filaments and tubules found throughout the cytoplasm of the cell. It has many functions: it gives the cell shape, provides strength, and stabilizes tissues. There are three types of cytoskeletal filaments: microfilaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments. Fig: Animal Cell structural view Fig: Mitochondria structural view Fig: Endoplasmic reticulum structural view Prepared By: Engr. Ijaz-Ul-Haq Email: ijazrana96@gmail.com Cell: 0092-303-6803796