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8. 8 The outer annular fibers are eroded and eventually replaced by bone → bony syndesmophytes, which then grows by continued enchondral ossification, ultimately bridging the adjacent vertebral bodies = “bamboo spine”.

48. DIAGNOSIS •X-RAY • Narrowing of joint space, • subchondral sclerosis, • articular cysts, • osteophytes

50. Knees Hips Neck & back Big toes Hands Elbow Shoulder