Annelids.pptx
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Earthworms are segmented invertebrates that reproduce both asexually through regeneration and fragmentation, and sexually. They are hermaphroditic, containing both male and female organs, and fertilize their eggs internally before depositing them in cocoons. The cocoons hatch after 2-3 weeks to release 4 worms on average. Earthworms have a nervous system segmented along their body, with ganglia at each segment controlling that region, and various sensory receptors along their skin. They are scavengers that feed on dead organic matter in soil and pass nutrients through their digestive systems.
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q1c1l1animalandplantorgansystemsandtheirfunctions2-230216080806-387403c1.pptx
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Plants are a large and varied group of organisms. There are close to 300,000 species of catalogued plants. [1] Of these, about
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際際滷 1: Title 際際滷
Title: "Understanding Cells: The Building Blocks of Life"
Subtitle: An Introduction to Cellular Biology
Your Name
Date
際際滷 2: Introduction to Cells
Define a cell as the basic structural and functional unit of all living organisms.
Emphasize the role of cells as the smallest entities that can perform all necessary life functions.
際際滷 3: Types of Cells
Introduce the concept of different cell types (e.g., prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells).
Explain the distinction between plant, animal, and bacterial cells.
際際滷 4: Common Cell Structures
Present a simplified diagram of a generic eukaryotic cell.
Highlight key components: cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, and organelles.
際際滷 5: Cell Membrane
Describe the cell membrane's structure as a phospholipid bilayer.
Explain its role as a semi-permeable barrier that controls the passage of substances in and out of the cell.
際際滷 6: The Nucleus
Discuss the nucleus as the control center of the cell.
Mention the role of DNA in the nucleus as the genetic blueprint for the cell.
際際滷 7: Cytoplasm and Cytoskeleton
Define cytoplasm as the gel-like substance filling the cell.
Introduce the cytoskeleton and its function in maintaining cell shape and facilitating movement.
際際滷 8: Organelles: The Cell's Organs
Briefly introduce key organelles found in eukaryotic cells:
Mitochondria (energy production)
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
Golgi apparatus (protein processing)
Lysosomes (waste disposal)
Ribosomes (protein synthesis)
際際滷 9: Mitochondria and Energy Production
Focus on mitochondria as the cell's powerhouses.
Explain how they generate energy (ATP) through cellular respiration.
際際滷 10: Endoplasmic Reticulum and Protein Synthesis
Describe the ER's role in protein synthesis and lipid metabolism.
Distinguish between rough ER and smooth ER.
際際滷 11: Golgi Apparatus and Protein Processing
Explain the Golgi apparatus's function in modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins.
際際滷 12: Lysosomes and Cellular Cleanup
Discuss lysosomes as cellular cleanup crews, breaking down waste materials and cellular debris.
際際滷 13: Ribosomes and Protein Production
Describe ribosomes as the sites of protein synthesis.
Mention their presence in the cytoplasm and on the rough ER.
際際滷 14: Cellular Functions
Summarize how these organelles collaborate to maintain cell functions and homeostasis.
Mention cell division as a fundamental process.
際際滷 15: Conclusion
Recap the significance of cells as the building blocks of life.
Encourage further exploration of cell biology and its importance in understanding living organisms.
This presentation provides a broad overview of cells, their structure, and the functions of key organelles within them. Depending on your audience and the level of detail required, you can expand on specific topics or explore specialized cell types (e.g., plant cells, nerve cells) in more depth.
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Arthropods are the most diverse and abundant group of animals. They make up over 80% of all known animal species. Arthropods are found in nearly all habitats on Earth and have been highly successful in adapting to life on land, in water, and air. They have a segmented body, jointed appendages, a hard exoskeleton that is periodically molted, and bilateral symmetry. Insects are the largest class of arthropods, making up over 50% of all known animal life. Insects go through complete or incomplete metamorphosis from egg to adult. Their body segments are specialized for different functions and they have an exoskeleton, jointed legs, and often wings.6 Annelida.pptx
6 Annelida.pptxDr. Manoj Garg
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The document summarizes the phylum Annelida, or segmented worms. Key points include:
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- There are three classes: Oligochaeta include earthworms; Polychaeta mostly live in marine environments; Hirudinea are leeches that can be freshwater or parasitic.
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4 Sponges.pptxDr. Manoj Garg
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Sponges are the simplest multicellular animals and lack tissues and organs. They have a basic body plan and five main cell types. While they lack complexity, sponges exhibit some characteristics of more complex animals like metazoans including cellular differentiation, complex sexual reproduction, and the ability to distinguish self from non-self. Placozoans may represent the simplest animal phylum and have only four cell types but cellular junctions that are similar to more complex animals. Debate remains around whether sponges and placozoans are the earliest branching animals or were secondarily simplified from more complex ancestors.Chnidaria.pptx
Chnidaria.pptxDr. Manoj Garg
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Cnidaria is a phylum of mostly marine animals that includes jellyfish, sea anemones, and corals. They have a simple anatomy with radial symmetry, a sac-like body, and tentacles surrounding a central mouth. Cnidarians can exist as solitary polyps or colonial medusae. They possess stinging cells called cnidocytes that help capture prey. Many species exhibit a complex life cycle with both asexual polyp and sexual medusa stages. Major classes include Hydrozoa, Scyphozoa, and Anthozoa. Coral reefs come in different types - fringing reefs near shore, barrier reefs separated from land, and atolls surrounding a central lagoon4 Porifera.pptx
4 Porifera.pptxDr. Manoj Garg
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Preparation of solutions.pptxDr. Manoj Garg
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This document provides instructions for preparing solutions of different concentrations and safely handling chemical solutions in the laboratory. It discusses key topics such as defining different types of solutions, measuring chemicals accurately, preparing stock and diluted solutions using various methods, common units for expressing concentration like molarity and percentage, and guidelines for proper labeling, storage, and disposal of chemical solutions. Safety precautions for working with chemicals and maintaining a clean work area are also outlined.Recently uploaded (20)
Climate change, environmental pollution and green initiatives in Poland.pdf
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The presentation describes the effects of climate change on Poland together with some of the most serious environmental pollution issues in Poland and shows some of the green initiatives and green startups from Poland. 
H2Ohio: Navigating the Waters of Opportunity and Challenge
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Breakout session on Tuesday, February 11, at 2:45 p.m.
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USDA-NRCS Technical Service Provider (TSP) Program: An Overview of Processes ...National Association of Conservation Districts
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Breakout session on Monday, February 10, at 2:30 p.m.
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Navigating NRCS Policy for Certified Conservation PlannersNational Association of Conservation Districts
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Breakout session on Monday, February 10, at 3:45 p.m.
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Speaker: Breanna BarlowIndiana County Growing for Good Health Initiative - Using Partnerships to Rea...
Indiana County Growing for Good Health Initiative - Using Partnerships to Rea...National Association of Conservation Districts
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Breakout session on Wednesday, February 12, at 9:00 a.m.
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Speakers: Blake Mauthe, Indiana County Conservation District, District Educator and Douglas Beri Jr., Indiana County Conservation District
nuclear detonation procedures environmental impacts and consequences
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Ectoparasite infestation of Oreochromis niloticus and Clarias gariepinus in B...Open Access Research Paper
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Inland fisheries are the main source of protein and vital nutrients for many communities. However, these fisheries have several challenges, such as ectoparasites, and their detrimental effect on the food security and financial stability of those who depend on them. Ectoparasite infestations significantly negatively affect the profitability and standard of living of fish farmers since they can lower fish yields and quality overall. In the Bontanaga and Golinga reservoirs in northern Ghana, ectoparasite infestations of O. niloticus (Nile tilapia) and C. gariepinus (African catfish) were investigated for prevalence and variation. The study emphasizes how ectoparasites affect fish health, influencing regional economy and food security. The study discovered that the infestation rates of the different species and reservoirs varied. In general, the infestation rates of C. gariepinus were greater in Bontanga and Golinga, at 76% and 48.9%, respectively, than in O. niloticus, at 61.5% and 38.4%. The temperature and dissolved oxygen levels in Bontanga reservoir (28.50C and 6.8 mg/l) and Golinga reservoir (26.30C and 5.4 mg/l) were found to be statistically different at p < 0.05. In both reservoirs, there was a significant association (p < 0.05) between the ectoparasite prevalence and the water quality indicators. Seasons and water quality characteristics differed in the incidence of ectoparasites, highlighting the necessity for efficient management techniques to lessen these parasitic risks.
Climate change, environmental pollution and green initiatives in Slovakia.pdf
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Laboratory and Course Presentation by group
Sustainable Plastic Waste Management 
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Buatkan Rangkuman Yang Bab 2 tentang Environmental Issues
H2Ohio: Navigating the Waters of Opportunity and Challenge
H2Ohio: Navigating the Waters of Opportunity and ChallengeNational Association of Conservation Districts
油
USDA-NRCS Technical Service Provider (TSP) Program: An Overview of Processes ...
USDA-NRCS Technical Service Provider (TSP) Program: An Overview of Processes ...National Association of Conservation Districts
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Navigating NRCS Policy for Certified Conservation Planners
Navigating NRCS Policy for Certified Conservation PlannersNational Association of Conservation Districts
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Indiana County Growing for Good Health Initiative - Using Partnerships to Rea...
Indiana County Growing for Good Health Initiative - Using Partnerships to Rea...National Association of Conservation Districts
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Ectoparasite infestation of Oreochromis niloticus and Clarias gariepinus in B...
Ectoparasite infestation of Oreochromis niloticus and Clarias gariepinus in B...Open Access Research Paper
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Annelids.pptx
- 1. Ex. Earthworms Segmented Invertebrates
- 2. Asexual: regeneration/fragmentation Fragmentation is a self-produced, mechanical breaking of the organism into two or more pieces, followed by regenerative growth of missing parts in each fragment.
- 3. Hermaphroditic: contain both female and male organs, produces both sperm & eggs exchange of sperm occurs between two worms Mature sperm and egg cells are deposited in cocoons produced by the clitellum ova (eggs) are fertilized by the sperm cells within the cocoon The cocoon slips off the worm and is deposited in or on the soil. The eggs hatch after about 3 weeks. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/IN047
- 4. Eggs hatch within 2-3 weeks if conditions are favorable An average of 4 worms are produced from each cocoon Worms can reproduce after 12 months
- 5. The nervous system of the earthworm is "segmented" just like the rest of the body. No true "brain" , but cerebral ganglia (dense bundles of nerves) are located at the anterior (head) end If these cerebral ganglia are removed, the earthworm will move continuously. Each segment has a ganglion which controls only that segment Earthworms have touch, light, vibration and chemical receptors all along the entire body surface.
- 6. Most earthworms are scavengers that feed on dead organic matter. nourishment is extracted from soil or leaves as they pass through the gut (digestive sys) Note: does not require highly developed sense organs (such as eyes, which would be of little use underground) or food-catching structures http://www.austmus.gov.au/factSheets/earthworms.htm
- 7. urea (a nitrogenous waste product) is excreted through long tubules called nephridia Part of these wastes are picked up from body tissues and the blood The urea is expelled through the pores of the nephridia Earthworms leave a trail of this expelled urea called casings which are full of nutrients
- 8. Circulation occurs through a series of closed vessels. The two main vessels, pumping structures, are the dorsal and ventral blood vessels. Although some say that they have 5 hearts, they are not true hearts. Capillary beds branch off the main vessels to pick up or release nutrients and, oxygen
- 9. 1st Food particles taken in by heterotrophs are broken down by digestive enzymes into smaller building blocks usually by hydrolysis reactions (breaking apart by H2O). Carbohydrates glucose Proteins amino acids Fats fatty acids, glycerol Nucleic acids nucleotides (n-base, sugar, phosphate)
- 10. 2nd These building blocks are then synthesized into the large molecules needed by the cell usually through dehydration reactions (linking together by the removal of H2O). Glucose + glucose carbohydrates Amino acid + amino acid proteins Fatty acids + glycerol fats, lipids Nucleotide + nucleotide nucleic acids
- 11. Moist skin is the respiratory organ of the earthworm Oxygen and carbon dioxide simply diffuse through the skin.