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Antibiotic resistant microbes

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This document discusses the isolation and characterization of antibiotic resistant microbes from various environmental sources. Samples were taken from wastewater, water, soil, and other sites. A variety of bacteria were isolated, with gram-negative bacteria being more prevalent than gram-positive. Many isolates showed resistance to common antibiotics like amoxicillin and ampicillin. The presence of these resistant microbes poses a public health risk and underscores the need for prudent antibiotic use and other measures to limit further development and spread of resistance.

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Antibiotic resistant microbes isolated from water, wastewater and soil and their pathogenicity. By Muhammad Ali Raja
Contents • Introduction • Significance and example • Antibiotic resistant microbes from wastewater • Antibiotic resistant microbes from water • Antibiotic resistant microbes from soil • Pathogenicity • Results and discussion • Conclusion and recommendation
Introduction • Antibiotic resistant bacteria are bacteria which can not be controlled or killed by antibiotics. • They are able to survive and even multiply in the presence of an antibiotic. Most infection-causing bacteria can become resistant to at least some antibiotics.
Introduction • The bacteria which become resistant to antibiotics can’t be killed and have the ability to cause serious diseases and illnesses. A research was conducted in which it was estimated that more than 28 million types of antibiotic resistant bacteria occur in U.S and due to them more than 35000 deaths have been caused.
Significance and examples • Isolation of antibiotic resistant microbes from water and soil is of immense importance, as presence of such bacteria can be extremely hazardous for the particular environment in which they are persistent
Continued presence of such bacteria in water can lead to outbreak of certain life threatening diseases such as pneumonia and Gonorrhea
Continued • Antibiotic resistant microbes are causing diseases to over 2 million Americans each year, and reason behind is the misuse and overuse of drugs. Over 23,000 people are losing their lives each year due to this serious problem.
Antibiotic resistant microbes
Isolation of antibiotic resistant microbes from wastewater • The method used in study was cross-sectional. Samples of hospital waste water was taken from multiple sites, similarly samples were also taken from different university sites as non-hospital waste effluents. Total number of samples was 60 out of which 113 bacterial isolates were recovered. Out of 113, 57 isolated were from hospital effluent. Whereas 48 were extracted from non- hospital waste. Most common bacterial isolates were Klebseiella spp. (26.6%) and pseudomonas spp. (16.8).
Antibiotic resistant microbes isolated from soil • After the collection of soil samples from mining sites, pastures and agricultural sites, different strains of bacteria were isolated using nutrient agar in which Pseudomonas isolation agar was used for the isolation of Pseudomonas spp. and Jensen medium agar was used for the isolation of Azotobacter spp. respectively. Those cultural media were then incubated at 35˚C for 24 to 72 hours. Similarly, various colonies of bacteria were isolated.
Antibiotic resistant microbes isolated from drinking water • Drinking water samples were collected from the four major wells of Guinea-Bissau, West Africa. Using sterile cellulose nitrate membranes having pore size of 0.45mm, samples of fecal coliforms and enterococci were filtered out and placed on Difco and Oxoid agar plates, which were then incubated at 44.5˚C for 24 hours for fecal coliforms and 48 hours for fecal enterococci.
Pathogenicity of antibiotic isolated microbes • The effect of antibiotic resistance on the pathogenicity is difficult to understand. • antibiotic resistance increases virulence potential as the organism which are susceptible get eliminated by the antibiotics. S. pneumoniae meningitis • advantage and disadvantage for bacteria depend upon the conditions, but mainly the virulence is decreased when resistance increases, as the bacteria’s aim is just to divide and increase in numbers rather than invasion.
Results and discussion 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Waste water driking water Soil from agricultural garden, vegetable soils treated by animal manure Soil from mining wastes Percentage comparison of Gram negative bacteria with Gram positive bacteria Gram negative bateria Gram positive bacteria
Discussion • The results studies on wastewater, drinking water and soils except for mining soils all indicated upon isolation that gram negative bacteria were abundant in them as compared to gram positive, mostly strains of Pseudomonas and Klebsiella were found. • These bacteria were found to be more resistant against amoxicillin and ampicillin than other antibiotics or drugs.
Continued • The presence of such antibiotic resistant bacteria in hospital effluents was mainly due the addition antibiotics from drugs in excessive concentration, which were mostly used in hospitals for treatment purpose.
Conclusions • Increase in antibiotic resistant microbes is a global issue and it must be dealt with. (Daula et al. 2013). • Such bacteria is very hard to kill and have the ability to transmit diseases in the environment. • This problem is underestimated, whereas it is a very serious issue. • Presence of such bacteria and their concentration is consistent with the use of antibiotic medicines. • Public health implications have increased in the recent times due to these factors.
Recommendations • Do not overuse or misuse antibiotics, do not demand for an antibiotic until there is an extreme issue. • Take such measures which minimize the chances of infections by adopting practices such as washing your hands by antibacterial soaps, using antiseptics on wounds etc. • Stay vaccinated against harmful diseases such as pneumonia. Vaccines have the ability to boost our body’s immune system. By increasing the amount of vaccines, pathogens with antibiotic resistant strains will decrease. • Educate yourself regarding antibiotics and their uses and how they can play a role in the development of antibiotic resistant microbes. • Ancient treatments are quite effective against antibiotic resistant microbes they must be rediscovered.
References https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/antibiotic- resistant-bacteria Moges, F., Endris, M., Belyhun, Y., & Worku, W. (2014). Isolation and characterization of multiple drug resistance bacterial pathogens from waste water in hospital and non-hospital environments, Northwest Ethiopia. BMC research notes, 7(1), 215. Ud-Daula, A & Rakib, A & Rahman, Dr. Md. Hafizur & Hossain, Md & Hossain, M & Hossain, Md & Khalil, Dr. (2013). Isolation and characterization of antibiotic resistance bacteria in hospital effluents. Journal of Pharmaceutical Education and Research. 4. 10-18. https://cmr.asm.org/content/15/4/647 Mishra RP, Oviedo-Orta E, Prachi P, Rappuoli R, Bagnoli F (October 2012). "Vaccines and antibiotic resistance". Current Opinion in Microbiology. 15 (5): 596–602.

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Antibiotic resistant microbes

  • 1. Antibiotic resistant microbes isolated from water, wastewater and soil and their pathogenicity. By Muhammad Ali Raja
  • 2. Contents • Introduction • Significance and example • Antibiotic resistant microbes from wastewater • Antibiotic resistant microbes from water • Antibiotic resistant microbes from soil • Pathogenicity • Results and discussion • Conclusion and recommendation
  • 3. Introduction • Antibiotic resistant bacteria are bacteria which can not be controlled or killed by antibiotics. • They are able to survive and even multiply in the presence of an antibiotic. Most infection-causing bacteria can become resistant to at least some antibiotics.
  • 4. Introduction • The bacteria which become resistant to antibiotics can’t be killed and have the ability to cause serious diseases and illnesses. A research was conducted in which it was estimated that more than 28 million types of antibiotic resistant bacteria occur in U.S and due to them more than 35000 deaths have been caused.
  • 5. Significance and examples • Isolation of antibiotic resistant microbes from water and soil is of immense importance, as presence of such bacteria can be extremely hazardous for the particular environment in which they are persistent
  • 6. Continued presence of such bacteria in water can lead to outbreak of certain life threatening diseases such as pneumonia and Gonorrhea
  • 7. Continued • Antibiotic resistant microbes are causing diseases to over 2 million Americans each year, and reason behind is the misuse and overuse of drugs. Over 23,000 people are losing their lives each year due to this serious problem.
  • 9. Isolation of antibiotic resistant microbes from wastewater • The method used in study was cross-sectional. Samples of hospital waste water was taken from multiple sites, similarly samples were also taken from different university sites as non-hospital waste effluents. Total number of samples was 60 out of which 113 bacterial isolates were recovered. Out of 113, 57 isolated were from hospital effluent. Whereas 48 were extracted from non- hospital waste. Most common bacterial isolates were Klebseiella spp. (26.6%) and pseudomonas spp. (16.8).
  • 10. Antibiotic resistant microbes isolated from soil • After the collection of soil samples from mining sites, pastures and agricultural sites, different strains of bacteria were isolated using nutrient agar in which Pseudomonas isolation agar was used for the isolation of Pseudomonas spp. and Jensen medium agar was used for the isolation of Azotobacter spp. respectively. Those cultural media were then incubated at 35ËšC for 24 to 72 hours. Similarly, various colonies of bacteria were isolated.
  • 11. Antibiotic resistant microbes isolated from drinking water • Drinking water samples were collected from the four major wells of Guinea-Bissau, West Africa. Using sterile cellulose nitrate membranes having pore size of 0.45mm, samples of fecal coliforms and enterococci were filtered out and placed on Difco and Oxoid agar plates, which were then incubated at 44.5ËšC for 24 hours for fecal coliforms and 48 hours for fecal enterococci.
  • 12. Pathogenicity of antibiotic isolated microbes • The effect of antibiotic resistance on the pathogenicity is difficult to understand. • antibiotic resistance increases virulence potential as the organism which are susceptible get eliminated by the antibiotics. S. pneumoniae meningitis • advantage and disadvantage for bacteria depend upon the conditions, but mainly the virulence is decreased when resistance increases, as the bacteria’s aim is just to divide and increase in numbers rather than invasion.
  • 13. Results and discussion 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Waste water driking water Soil from agricultural garden, vegetable soils treated by animal manure Soil from mining wastes Percentage comparison of Gram negative bacteria with Gram positive bacteria Gram negative bateria Gram positive bacteria
  • 14. Discussion • The results studies on wastewater, drinking water and soils except for mining soils all indicated upon isolation that gram negative bacteria were abundant in them as compared to gram positive, mostly strains of Pseudomonas and Klebsiella were found. • These bacteria were found to be more resistant against amoxicillin and ampicillin than other antibiotics or drugs.
  • 15. Continued • The presence of such antibiotic resistant bacteria in hospital effluents was mainly due the addition antibiotics from drugs in excessive concentration, which were mostly used in hospitals for treatment purpose.
  • 16. Conclusions • Increase in antibiotic resistant microbes is a global issue and it must be dealt with. (Daula et al. 2013). • Such bacteria is very hard to kill and have the ability to transmit diseases in the environment. • This problem is underestimated, whereas it is a very serious issue. • Presence of such bacteria and their concentration is consistent with the use of antibiotic medicines. • Public health implications have increased in the recent times due to these factors.
  • 17. Recommendations • Do not overuse or misuse antibiotics, do not demand for an antibiotic until there is an extreme issue. • Take such measures which minimize the chances of infections by adopting practices such as washing your hands by antibacterial soaps, using antiseptics on wounds etc. • Stay vaccinated against harmful diseases such as pneumonia. Vaccines have the ability to boost our body’s immune system. By increasing the amount of vaccines, pathogens with antibiotic resistant strains will decrease. • Educate yourself regarding antibiotics and their uses and how they can play a role in the development of antibiotic resistant microbes. • Ancient treatments are quite effective against antibiotic resistant microbes they must be rediscovered.
  • 18. References https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/antibiotic- resistant-bacteria Moges, F., Endris, M., Belyhun, Y., & Worku, W. (2014). Isolation and characterization of multiple drug resistance bacterial pathogens from waste water in hospital and non-hospital environments, Northwest Ethiopia. BMC research notes, 7(1), 215. Ud-Daula, A & Rakib, A & Rahman, Dr. Md. Hafizur & Hossain, Md & Hossain, M & Hossain, Md & Khalil, Dr. (2013). Isolation and characterization of antibiotic resistance bacteria in hospital effluents. Journal of Pharmaceutical Education and Research. 4. 10-18. https://cmr.asm.org/content/15/4/647 Mishra RP, Oviedo-Orta E, Prachi P, Rappuoli R, Bagnoli F (October 2012). "Vaccines and antibiotic resistance". Current Opinion in Microbiology. 15 (5): 596–602.