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Antipsychotic drugs

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ashok kumar sharma

This document discusses antipsychotic drugs, including their classification, mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and the nurse's role in monitoring patients taking these medications. It outlines that antipsychotics can reduce psychotic symptoms in conditions like schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. They work by blocking dopamine receptors in the brain. Common side effects include anticholinergic effects, hormonal effects, extrapyramidal symptoms, and tardive dyskinesia with long term use. Nurses must closely monitor patients for any side effects or complications and ensure they receive their medications accurately.

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Mr. Ashok Kumar Msc nursing 1st year (Pal college of nursing and medical science)
ANTI PSYCHOTIC AGENTS Anti psychotic agents are the one type of psychotropic drugs Anti psychotic agents are also known as neuroleptics,major tranquillizer, or phenothaiazines This group of drugs has a major clinical use in the treatment of psychosis Psychosis is a state in which a person ability to recognize reality ,to communicate and to relate to other is severely impaired
INTRODUCTION Antipsychotic drugs are able to reduce psychotic symptoms in a wide variety of conditions, including schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, psychotic depression and drug induced psychosis. They have also been termed narcoleptics, because they suppress motor activity and emotionality. ** These drugs are not a cure ** Psychotic diseases are life long and it is preferable to prevent the psychotic episodes than to treat them.
Classification of antipsychotic drugs Typical antipsychotics Phenothiazines Chlorpromazine: 40-800 mg Perphenazine: 12-64 mg Fluphenazine: 1-40 mg Thioridazine: 150-800 mg Thioxanthenes Thiothixene: 6-30 mg Butyrophenones Haloperidol: 1-100 mg Dibenzothiazepine Quetiapine: 150-750 mg Atypical antipsychotics Clozapine: 300-900 mg Risperidone: 4-16 mg Olanzapine: 5-20 mg
INDICATION AND USE Antipsychotic agents are commonly used in following condition ; schizophrenia disorder paranoid disorder mania organic dementia acute brain syndrome Symptoms for which antipsychotic or neuroleptic drugs are used include impaired communication, inability to relate to other, delusion ,hallucination and inability to identify reality, disordered thinking and emotional withdrawal
MECHANISM OF ACTION The exact mechanism is not known. Blocking postsynaptic dopamine receptors in the basal ganglia, hypothalamus, limbic system, brainstem, and medulla. Newer medications may exert antipsychotic properties by blocking action on receptors specific to dopamine, serotonin, and other neurotransmitters. Inhibition of Dopamine mediated transmission of neural impulses
CONTRAINDICATION Antipsychotic are contraindicated in children under three years of age, comatose patient, patient with drugs hypersensitivity, severe depression and bone marrow depression Antipsychotic agents should be used cautiously in patient with a history of epilepsy,pregnancy,parkinsons disease, peptic ulcer
SIDE EFFECT Ant cholinergic effects Dry mouth Blurred vision Constipation Urinary retention Nausea Skin rash Sedation Orthostatic hypotension Photosensitivity
SIDE EFFECT Hormonal effects Decreased libido, retrograde ejaculation, gynecomastia, Amenorrhea, weight gain. ECG changes: prolongation of the QT interval, are possible with most of the antipsychotics. Caution: patient with arrhythmias Reduction of seizure threshold. Agranulocytosis Clozapine: weekly/biweekly blood investigation. Hyper salivation (Clozapine)
EXTRA PYRAMIDAL SYMPTOMS (EPS) Pseudo parkinsonism Tremor, shuffling gait, drooling, rigidity. 1-5 days after initiation of antipsychotics Akinesia-muscular weakness Akathisia-continuous restlessness and fidgeting (50- 60 days after initiation of therapy) Dystonia-involuntary muscular movement of face,arms,legs and neck Men; <25
EXTRA PYRAMIDAL SYMPTOMS (EPS) Hyperglycemia and diabetes more common with atypical antipsychotic drugs Oculogyric crisis- uncontrolled rolling back of the eyes Treated as emergency Physician should be contacted immediately IV benztropine mesyulate
EXTRA PYRAMIDAL SYMPTOMS (EPS) Tardive dyskinesia -This occurs due to abrupt termination or reduction of the antipsychotic drugs after long term high dose therapy .stereotyped movements, protrusion of the tongue, puffing of cheeks and involuntary movement of extremities and trunk Neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) Symptoms include- Severe parkinsonian muscle ridigidity Hyperpyrexia Up to 1070C, tachycardia, tachypnea Fluctuations in blood pressure, diaphoresis, and rapid deterioration of mental status to stupor and coma.
NURSES ROLE Nurses is very significant in the therapeutic effect of the drugs, early observation and prevention of complications Close observation Extra pyramidal reaction Observe drowsiness Record blood pressure Accurate route of medication
NURSES ROLE Dry mouth may be reduced Blurred and impaired vision causes anxiety encouraged to inform these symptoms immediately Weight record Intake and output chart Protect his skin Menstrual change Reassurance to relatives
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Antipsychotic drugs

  • 1. Mr. Ashok Kumar Msc nursing 1st year (Pal college of nursing and medical science)
  • 2. ANTI PSYCHOTIC AGENTS Anti psychotic agents are the one type of psychotropic drugs Anti psychotic agents are also known as neuroleptics,major tranquillizer, or phenothaiazines This group of drugs has a major clinical use in the treatment of psychosis Psychosis is a state in which a person ability to recognize reality ,to communicate and to relate to other is severely impaired
  • 3. INTRODUCTION Antipsychotic drugs are able to reduce psychotic symptoms in a wide variety of conditions, including schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, psychotic depression and drug induced psychosis. They have also been termed narcoleptics, because they suppress motor activity and emotionality. ** These drugs are not a cure ** Psychotic diseases are life long and it is preferable to prevent the psychotic episodes than to treat them.
  • 4. Classification of antipsychotic drugs Typical antipsychotics Phenothiazines Chlorpromazine: 40-800 mg Perphenazine: 12-64 mg Fluphenazine: 1-40 mg Thioridazine: 150-800 mg Thioxanthenes Thiothixene: 6-30 mg Butyrophenones Haloperidol: 1-100 mg Dibenzothiazepine Quetiapine: 150-750 mg Atypical antipsychotics Clozapine: 300-900 mg Risperidone: 4-16 mg Olanzapine: 5-20 mg
  • 5. INDICATION AND USE Antipsychotic agents are commonly used in following condition ; schizophrenia disorder paranoid disorder mania organic dementia acute brain syndrome Symptoms for which antipsychotic or neuroleptic drugs are used include impaired communication, inability to relate to other, delusion ,hallucination and inability to identify reality, disordered thinking and emotional withdrawal
  • 6. MECHANISM OF ACTION The exact mechanism is not known. Blocking postsynaptic dopamine receptors in the basal ganglia, hypothalamus, limbic system, brainstem, and medulla. Newer medications may exert antipsychotic properties by blocking action on receptors specific to dopamine, serotonin, and other neurotransmitters. Inhibition of Dopamine mediated transmission of neural impulses
  • 7. CONTRAINDICATION Antipsychotic are contraindicated in children under three years of age, comatose patient, patient with drugs hypersensitivity, severe depression and bone marrow depression Antipsychotic agents should be used cautiously in patient with a history of epilepsy,pregnancy,parkinsons disease, peptic ulcer
  • 8. SIDE EFFECT Ant cholinergic effects Dry mouth Blurred vision Constipation Urinary retention Nausea Skin rash Sedation Orthostatic hypotension Photosensitivity
  • 9. SIDE EFFECT Hormonal effects Decreased libido, retrograde ejaculation, gynecomastia, Amenorrhea, weight gain. ECG changes: prolongation of the QT interval, are possible with most of the antipsychotics. Caution: patient with arrhythmias Reduction of seizure threshold. Agranulocytosis Clozapine: weekly/biweekly blood investigation. Hyper salivation (Clozapine)
  • 10. EXTRA PYRAMIDAL SYMPTOMS (EPS) Pseudo parkinsonism Tremor, shuffling gait, drooling, rigidity. 1-5 days after initiation of antipsychotics Akinesia-muscular weakness Akathisia-continuous restlessness and fidgeting (50- 60 days after initiation of therapy) Dystonia-involuntary muscular movement of face,arms,legs and neck Men; <25
  • 11. EXTRA PYRAMIDAL SYMPTOMS (EPS) Hyperglycemia and diabetes more common with atypical antipsychotic drugs Oculogyric crisis- uncontrolled rolling back of the eyes Treated as emergency Physician should be contacted immediately IV benztropine mesyulate
  • 12. EXTRA PYRAMIDAL SYMPTOMS (EPS) Tardive dyskinesia -This occurs due to abrupt termination or reduction of the antipsychotic drugs after long term high dose therapy .stereotyped movements, protrusion of the tongue, puffing of cheeks and involuntary movement of extremities and trunk Neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) Symptoms include- Severe parkinsonian muscle ridigidity Hyperpyrexia Up to 1070C, tachycardia, tachypnea Fluctuations in blood pressure, diaphoresis, and rapid deterioration of mental status to stupor and coma.
  • 13. NURSES ROLE Nurses is very significant in the therapeutic effect of the drugs, early observation and prevention of complications Close observation Extra pyramidal reaction Observe drowsiness Record blood pressure Accurate route of medication
  • 14. NURSES ROLE Dry mouth may be reduced Blurred and impaired vision causes anxiety encouraged to inform these symptoms immediately Weight record Intake and output chart Protect his skin Menstrual change Reassurance to relatives