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TECHNOLGICAL DESIGN
Architectural
Design
Process

TECHNOLGICAL DESIGN – Architectural Design Process
As with all forms of technological
design…
The outcome or result of
architectural design is a large-scale
environment, or building.
…Architectural Design is
concerned with satisfying human
needs.

The activity of architectural design…
…consists of certain kinds of tasks
done in a specific order, the…
Architectural Design Process.

The Architectural Design Process
begins when a client identifies a
need to accommodate new or
expanded activities…
…with a new building, or the
enlargement of an existing building.

The client will interview a number of
architectural firms in order to
determine which one will have the
combination of experience, skill and
resources that will make them the
best choice to design the building.
The ‘successful’ or chosen architect
will be hired – or commissioned – to
carry out the design project.

The architect works closely with the
client in order to clearly understand
their user needs.
The architect then produces a
Design Program.
This is a written document that spells
out the characteristics that the new
building must have in order to satisfy
the identified needs.

The Design Program is a design
brief for the building.
It begins with a Problem Statement -
design objectives - describing the
general characteristics of the
proposed building.
• its style or overall appearance
• how it relates to its surroundings
• energy and environmental impacts

The Program also includes
Design Requirements.
These are detailed and specific
properties that the building must have
in order to be successful.
These are also referred to as design
criteria.

The Design Requirements include:
Space List - the functional areas
that are to be provided.
Sizes and Dimensions - the floor
area and critical lengths and heights
of the spaces.
Proximity Relationships - how close
the spaces must be to each other and
the type of access between them.

The Design Requirements include:
Fixtures and Fittings - detailed
built-in features and equipment
required to support the functions of
the spaces.
Special Features - anything unusual
that must be provided in order for the
spaces to function properly.

Working with the client, the architect
will also…
…identify the budget (maximum cost)
for the project, divided into individual
cost elements, such as site services,
parking and roadways, landscaping,
foundations, structure, building
envelope, etc)

Working with the client, the architect
will also…
…determine the project schedule,
including critical dates and lengths of
time required for various parts of the
design and construction work.

Frequently, the client will hire an
independent consultant, usually
another architect, to complete the
building Program; someone who is a
specialist in this type of building.
The selected design architect must
review, evaluate and comment on the
Program, in a separate report…
…and be in agreement with the client
before proceeding.

With the Program complete, and there
to guide the design activities, the
architect will next generate ideas.
This part of the architectural design
process is called Schematic Design.

Schematic Design is a search for an
essential organizing principle…
…an idea that will suggest the overall
arrangement and form for individual
and groups of spaces that make up
the building.
There are a series of steps to the
Schematic Design phase:

1. the creation of 'Bubble Diagrams‘
illustrating the approximate size and
relative position of spaces, both the
horizontally and vertically;
Schematic Design

2. 'fleshing out' the Bubble Diagrams
into two-dimensional rough Schematic
Plan layouts and three-dimensional
Massing Models, by incorporating
specified floor areas and critical
dimensions (lengths and heights) of
Spaces;
Schematic Design

3. studying the Massing Models on the
site considering:
Schematic Design
• the location of the building relative to
property lines (setbacks), topography
and other physical features
• the orientation of the building to sun,
winds, other buildings and surroundings
• access to/from the building and site

4. making adjustments to the
Schematic Plans and Massing Models
to closely integrate the building and
site
Schematic Design
…the building is shaped to fit the site
and/or the site is altered to
accommodate the building.

During Schematic Design, a
number
of alternative design ideas are
generated, and brought to the same
level of resolution.
This process involves switching back-
and-forth between two-dimensional
Schematic Plans and three-
dimensional Massing Models checking
that the requirements of the design
Program are generally being satisfied.

The alternative Schematic Designs
are presented to the client...
…who comments on, selects and
approves the 'best' design alternative
for further elaboration in the Design
Development stage of the process.

During Design Development, the
architect revises the approved
design in response to the client’s
comments and needs…
…and the Schematic Design is
developed to a greater level of detail.

architect coordinates the work of
other design professionals who are
responsible for different aspects of
the building.
Engineers who design the structural,
mechanical and electrical services
inside the building.

architect coordinates the work of
other design professionals who are
responsible for different aspects of
the building.
Civil engineers and landscape
architects who design the grading,
drainage, planting and site features
outside the building.

During Design Development decisions
are made about the materials and
methods of construction to be used…
…especially with respect to the
building envelope…
…in order to ‘realize’ the design concept
that was established by the Schematic
Design.

During Design Development the
space plan is worked out in detail to
ensure that the layout of the interior
and circulation spaces, will allow the
building to function the way it is
intended to…
…and building service systems are
designed that will support the function
of individual spaces.

During Design Development a
cost estimate is prepared to ensure that
the design is within the established
budget.
Also, the project schedule is reviewed
to make sure that it can still be
achieved.

The developed design is presented to
the client for review and approval.
At this point, the overall design, and
the budget, are ‘frozen’.
Design work now proceeds to the
next stage: Contract Documents.

The Contract Documents stage is
when working drawings and
specifications are produced.
These documents use a combination
of graphics (drawings) and written
information (notes, schedules and
specifications) describe the building
thoroughly and precisely enough that
it will be possible to construct it.

In order to describe the building
thoroughly and precisely enough
that it will be possible to construct
it, the architect and consultants
must carry out a enormous amount
Of Detail Design.

Detail Design is the design of the
many construction details of the
building, such as…
…the way that the materials and
components of the building envelope
are joined together to create a
continuous air and vapor barrier.

…the arrangement, size and shape
of stairs, ramps, elevators and other
parts of the building’s circulation
system.

…the fabrication of doors and
screens and the assembly of the
partitions that create the interior
space plan of the building.

Detail Design also includes the design
of the many fixtures and fittings – built-in
components of the building - such as
cabinets and counters…
…and the selection of interior finishes,
such as floor coverings, ceilings, paint
and coatings.
For this work the architect may engage
the services of another design
professional - an interior designer.

The Contract Documents will be used
by potential constructors to prepare
quotations - to tender competing bids
- setting out the price they would
charge to construct the building.
Once a constructor has been
selected, the documents will form part
of a legal agreement – a contract –
between the constructor and the
client/owner.

Portions of the documents will be used
by each of the many sub-trades that
carry out specific parts of the work
(concrete forming and pouring,
structural steel erection, carpentry,
plumbing, electrical work, etc).

The constructor will use the contract
documents to coordinate and
schedule the work of the sub-trades
so that everything is done safely and
on-time.

At this time, the architect will use the
Contract Documents to verify that
the work has been done correctly.
During the Construction stage of the
project, the architect will make
periodic site visits to review and
report on the progress of the work,
and to help resolve any problems that
come up.

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Architectural design-process

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