Astigmatism
3 likes185 views
Astigmatism Definition - It is a type of refractive error where in the refraction varies in the different meridian. The rays of light entering the eye can not converge to a point focus but form a focal lne. Types of astigmatism - 1. Regular astigmatism 2. Irregular astigmatism Etiology of regular astigmatism - 1. corneal astigmatism 2. lenticular astigmatism 3. retinal astigmatism Types of regular astigmatism - 1. depending upon axis and angle b/w two principal meridian- -with the rule astigmatism - against the rule astigmatism - oblique astigmatism - bi oblique astigmatism 2. depending upon their position of two focal lines- - simple astigmatism - compound astigmatism - mixed astigmatism Optics of regular astigmatism Treatment of regular astigmatism Irregular astigmatism Etiological types Symptoms of astigmatism Treatment
1 of 20
Download to read offline
Recommended
SIMPLE & TORIC TRANSPOSITION.pptx
SIMPLE & TORIC TRANSPOSITION.pptxAl-Shifa College of Paramedical Science,Perinthalmanna
油
FOR OPTOMETRIC OPTICSSchematic eye 
Schematic eye SHREE BHARTIMIYA COLLAGE OF OPTOMETRY , SURAT , GUJRAT
油
- A schematic eye is a mathematical model that represents the basic optical features of the real eye by using spherical surfaces and constant refractive indices.
- The first schematic eyes were developed in the 17th-19th centuries by scientists like Huygens, Smith, Le Grand, and Listing. Gullstrand further improved the model with four lens surfaces and refractive index gradients.
- Modern schematic eyes like Gullstrand's simplified model with three surfaces are commonly used for calculations involving refraction, image size and location, and the effects of refractive errors. While approximations, schematic eyes provide a framework for understanding ocular optics.Assesssment of strabismus
Assesssment of strabismusanwesha manna
油
The document defines and describes various types of strabismus including tropia, phoria, comitant and incomitant deviations. It outlines the assessment of strabismus including taking a patient history, testing visual acuity, and performing an examination of motor and sensory status. The examination involves evaluating ocular alignment using tests such as cover testing, evaluating eye movements and fusion, and identifying suppression or abnormal retinal correspondence.Causes of low vision in adult
Causes of low vision in adultLaxmi Eye Institute
油
The document discusses the major causes of low vision in adults, including age-related macular degeneration, cataracts, diabetic retinopathy, multiple sclerosis, myopic degeneration, retinal detachment, and glaucoma. For each condition, it describes how visual acuity and visual fields are typically affected and recommends approaches to low vision management such as magnification, filters, prisms, lighting aids, and mobility training. Overall, the document provides an overview of the leading causes and treatment considerations for low vision in the adult population.Crystalline lens and accommodation
Crystalline lens and accommodationKanwal Perveen
油
This lecture includes Anatomy and physiology of lens and accommodation. Kindly like it and share it with your colleagues. Thank You.17 Optometrists role in school eye health programme.pptx
17 Optometrists role in school eye health programme.pptxAl-Shifa College of Paramedical Science,Perinthalmanna
油
FOR PUBLIC HEALTH OPTOMETRYAccommodative esotropia
Accommodative esotropiaDr Samarth Mishra
油
This document discusses different types of esotropia (inward eye turning), including accommodative esotropia caused by uncorrected refractive errors, convergence excess esotropia caused by a high AC/A ratio, and early onset esotropia appearing before age 6 months. Accommodative esotropia is treated initially with corrective lenses, while convergence excess may require bifocals or surgery. Early onset esotropia often requires surgery by age 1-2 years to align the eyes, with risks of undercorrection, amblyopia, or development of dissociated vertical deviation. The document provides details on diagnostic criteria and management approaches for various forms of esotropia.Optometry (What is optometry & who are Optometrist) and Eye care system 
Optometry (What is optometry & who are Optometrist) and Eye care system Mero Eye
油
this will provide the basic information about the Optometry profession for a beginner.
if there is any question please visit mero eye website Restrictive Strabismus by Ankit Varshney
Restrictive Strabismus by Ankit VarshneyShree Bharatimaiya College of Optometry & Physiotherapy
油
Restrictive strabismus is form of squint which is rare in origin. Here various form of restrictive squint have been explained, its diagnosis and its management is briefly explained.Progressive addition lenses
Progressive addition lensesOPTOM FASLU MUHAMMED
油
Progressive addition lenses are lenses that gradually change in optical power from the top to the bottom to provide clear vision at all distances without visible lines. They were invented in 1907 and the Varilux 1 was introduced in 1959. Unlike bifocals or trifocals, progressives ensure smooth vision at all distances. The power increase is achieved by gradually decreasing the lens curvature vertically and horizontally. Progressives have advantages over other lenses like continuous vision and no visible lines. Optical design factors like add power, corridor length, and zone widths affect progressives. Proper fitting involves adjusting the frame position and measuring pupil distance and fitting height.Slit lamp (methods of illumination)
Slit lamp (methods of illumination)maclester manahan
油
This document describes various methods of illumination used with a slit lamp to examine different parts of the eye. Diffuse illumination allows for a general survey of the eye while optic section, parallelepiped, and retroillumination techniques are used to view specific structures like the cornea, lens, and vitreous in more detail. Different angles of illumination like tangential, conical beam, and oscillatory help observe surface textures, cells in the aqueous humor, and lens opacities. Precise illumination techniques are crucial for comprehensive eye exams.Optics of contact lens and nomenclature copy [repaired] (1)![Optics of contact lens and nomenclature copy [repaired] (1)](https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/opticsofcontactlensandnomenclature-copyrepaired1-170218054900-thumbnail.jpg?width=560&fit=bounds)
Optics of contact lens and nomenclature copy [repaired] (1)Manjusha Lakshmi
油
A contact lens is an artificial device placed on the cornea or sclera for optical or therapeutic purposes. Contact lenses are classified based on their anatomical location, nature of material, and wearing schedule. Key parameters of contact lenses include the base curve, diameter, power, edge clearance, and central thickness. Contact lenses provide vision correction and can also be used for therapeutic reasons like drug delivery or treating corneal diseases.LOW VISION AIDS
LOW VISION AIDSNIKHIL GOTMARE
油
This document discusses low vision, including definitions, common causes, and management strategies. It provides definitions of low vision from the WHO and Indian standards. The most common causes of low vision in children are retinopathy of prematurity and hereditary conditions, while the most common in adults are age-related macular degeneration and glaucoma. Low vision assessment examines visual acuity and fields, while rehabilitation focuses on assistive devices and training alternative viewing strategies. Assistive devices include optical devices like magnifiers, non-optical devices, electronic devices like CCTVs, and emerging technologies like e-readers and smartphone apps.Low vision aids magnification
Low vision aids magnificationRAHUL K.V
油
Magnification is a method of increasing the size of the image
so that enough of the retina is stimulated to send an impulse
through the optic nerve allowing an object to be perceived .
Pediatric Ophthalmic dispensing in different visual problems
Pediatric Ophthalmic dispensing in different visual problemsRaju Kaiti
油
Pediatric dispensing, introduction, different from adult dispensing, frame selection, lens selection, special case fitting, Do's and Dont's, Measurements, Down's syndrome, albinism, aphakia, strabismus, syndromesAstigmatism correction
Astigmatism correctionFarhana Islam
油
Astigmatism occurs when parallel rays of light focus at multiple points due to the cornea having unequal curvature in different meridians. It can be classified based on the focus of the principal meridians as simple, compound, or mixed. Regular astigmatism occurs when the principal meridians are perpendicular, and can be with-the-rule, against-the-rule, or oblique. Irregular astigmatism results from corneal scarring or conditions like keratoconus. Astigmatism is typically corrected using cylindrical lenses in glasses or toric contact lenses. The decision to correct depends on the amount and whether it is causing symptoms.Abberations in lenses
Abberations in lenseskaarthik suresh
油
This document discusses different types of optical aberrations, including chromatic aberration and monochromatic aberrations. Chromatic aberration occurs due to the refractive index varying with wavelength, while monochromatic aberrations consider a single wavelength. The five types of monochromatic aberrations described are spherical aberration, coma, oblique astigmatism, Petzval field curvature, and distortion. Causes and methods to minimize each aberration type are provided.Contact Lens Options In Keratoconus Patients 
Contact Lens Options In Keratoconus Patients Simran Pahuja
油
Keratoconus in detail
Management of keratoconus
All types of contact lenses used in keratoconus
Practical Tips
Summary Introduction to cl fitting
Introduction to cl fittingOPTOM FASLU MUHAMMED
油
This document outlines the process for contact lens fitting, which includes patient screening, preliminary examinations and measurements, trial lens fitting, lens dispensing, and aftercare. The preliminary examinations involve assessing the anterior segment, measuring keratometry, corneal and pupil size, lid characteristics, and tear production. Trial lens fitting involves selecting lenses of varying parameters until an optimal fit is achieved based on criteria like centration and movement. After fitting is complete, patients are instructed on lens care and insertion/removal and scheduled for follow-up visits to monitor fit and address any issues.Accessories of trial set
Accessories of trial setAzizul Islam
油
#About Trial set
#A to Z about trial frame & trial lenses
#Accessories of trial set
#Basic idea about uses of accessories
Eye colour coding
Eye colour codingRASHAD MUHAMMED
油
This document provides color coding guidelines for documenting corneal conditions. Black is used to outline structures and indicate scars, thinning, and nerves. Red denotes blood vessels, growths, lacerations, and congestion. Brown is used for pigmentation, rings, and old conditions. Yellow indicates pigmentation, deposits, infiltrates, and cataracts. Green represents defects, filaments and edema. Blue shows overall edema, folds, and blisters. Precise documentation using these color codes allows for standardization, easy follow-up and teaching regarding various corneal pathologies.Anomalies of accommodation
Anomalies of accommodationDrAzmat Ali
油
This document discusses anomalies of accommodation, including diminished or deficient accommodation (presbyopia, cycloplegia, insufficiency), and increased accommodation (excessive accommodation, spasm). Presbyopia is an age-related decrease in accommodation due to hardening of the lens or weakening of the ciliary muscles. Treatment includes optical corrections like glasses or surgery. Insufficiency of accommodation can be due to premature lens sclerosis or ciliary muscle weakness from various systemic or local causes. Treatment addresses the underlying cause and includes near vision corrections. Excessive accommodation can occur in young hyperopes or myopes doing excessive near work, while spasm of accommodation is an abnormal excessive accommodation outside voluntary control.Spherical lens
Spherical lensOPTOM FASLU MUHAMMED
油
The document defines and describes different types of lenses, including spherical and cylindrical lenses. It explains that a spherical lens can be either convex or concave, and discusses their optical properties such as focal length and power. Measurement techniques for lenses are also outlined, including trial lens neutralization, movement tests, and instruments like the focimeter and lensometer.Presbyopia/ Methods of Presbyopic Addition Determination (healthkura.com)
Presbyopia/ Methods of Presbyopic Addition Determination (healthkura.com)Bikash Sapkota
油
DIRECT DOWNLOAD LINK もhttps://healthkura.com/presbyopia-near-addition/も
Dear viewers Check Out my other piece of works at もも https://healthkura.com もも
Presbyopia and techniques of measurement
A fantastic presentation in the topic "Presbyopia and techniques of measurement"
A detailed information about presbyopia, techniques of presbyopic add determination and different correction methods.
Informative slide presentation on presbyopia for ophthalmology residents, ophthalmologists, optometrists, ophthalmic assistants, ophthalmic technicians, ophthalmic nurses, medical students, medical professors, teaching guides.
Presentation Contents:
--Introduction to presbyopia
-Types of presbyopia
-Risk factors
-Symptoms and signs
-Refractive error and presbyopia
-Methods of determining near add.
-Management of presbyopia
In a nutshell..
- The evaluation and management of presbyopia are important because significant functional deficits can occur when the condition is left untreated
- Undercorrected or uncorrected presbyopia can cause significant visual disability and have a negative impact on the pt.'s quality of life
- Finally, every tentative addition should be adjusted according to the particular needs of the patient
For Further Reading:
-Clinical Procedures in Optometry by J.D. Bartlett, J.B. Eskridge, J.F. Amos
-Primary Care Optometry by Theodere Grosvenor
-Borishs Clinical Refraction by W.J. Benjamin
-Clinical Procedures for Ocular examination by Carlson et al
-American Academy of Ophthalmology
-Optometric Clinical Practice Guideline by American Optometric Association
-Internet
Follow me to get in touch with optometric and ophthalmic updates.
The Lens
The LensArun Geetha Viswanathan
油
Lens is a transparent, biconvex, crystalline structure placed between iris and the vitreous in a saucer-shaped depression, the patellar fossa. The lens is a crystalline structure that is avascular and is devoid of nerves and connective tissue
It consists of three distinct part:
Lens capsule
Anterior lens epithelium, and
Lens substance or lens fibres
Optical aberrations
Optical aberrationsJagdish Dukre
油
The document discusses various types of optical aberrations that can occur in the eye. It describes monochromatic aberrations, which are caused by the geometry of the lens, and chromatic aberrations, which are caused by dispersion and the variation of the lens refractive index with wavelength. It also discusses how wavefront aberrometry can be used to measure aberrations by analyzing the distortion of reflected light to generate a map of the optical system of the eye. Common higher-order aberrations measured include coma, spherical aberration, and trefoil.FUNDUS FLUORESCEIN ANGIOGRAPHY
FUNDUS FLUORESCEIN ANGIOGRAPHYAnuraag Singh
油
This document provides information about fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA). It begins with basic principles of FFA and the dyes used, including sodium fluorescein and indocyanine green. The purpose, indications, contraindications, technique, phases, and interpretation of FFA are described. Abnormal fluorescence patterns like hyperfluorescence and hypofluorescence are discussed. Recent advances in wide-field imaging and indocyanine green angiography are also summarized.Visual acuity charts
Visual acuity chartsShrutiDagar1
油
This document summarizes visual acuity testing and measurement. It discusses various tests used to measure visual acuity including Snellen charts, Landolt rings, Tumbling E charts, and picture charts. It explains how visual acuity is recorded and interpreted using Snellen fractions, decimals, and logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution. The document also discusses objective tests of visual acuity for infants and children such as preferential looking tests, optokinetic nystagmus tests, and grating acuity tests.POSTERIOR SEGMENTS EXAMINATION BY OPHTHALMOSCOPE.pptx
POSTERIOR SEGMENTS EXAMINATION BY OPHTHALMOSCOPE.pptxMeghna Verma
油
Ophthalmoscopy is a procedure which is done by ophthalmoscope.
It is a clinical examination of the internal structure of the eye.
Detection of fundus (optic disc/optic cup, macular region, posterior retina) and the opacities of ocular media.
Invented by Babbage in 1848 and re-invented by Von Helmholtz in 1850.
INTRA OCULAR PRESSURE BY TONOMETER .pptx
INTRA OCULAR PRESSURE BY TONOMETER .pptxMeghna Verma
油
The intraocular pressure (IOP) is measured with the help of an instrument called TONOMETER.
More Related Content
What's hot (20)
Restrictive Strabismus by Ankit Varshney
Restrictive Strabismus by Ankit VarshneyShree Bharatimaiya College of Optometry & Physiotherapy
油
Restrictive strabismus is form of squint which is rare in origin. Here various form of restrictive squint have been explained, its diagnosis and its management is briefly explained.Progressive addition lenses
Progressive addition lensesOPTOM FASLU MUHAMMED
油
Progressive addition lenses are lenses that gradually change in optical power from the top to the bottom to provide clear vision at all distances without visible lines. They were invented in 1907 and the Varilux 1 was introduced in 1959. Unlike bifocals or trifocals, progressives ensure smooth vision at all distances. The power increase is achieved by gradually decreasing the lens curvature vertically and horizontally. Progressives have advantages over other lenses like continuous vision and no visible lines. Optical design factors like add power, corridor length, and zone widths affect progressives. Proper fitting involves adjusting the frame position and measuring pupil distance and fitting height.Slit lamp (methods of illumination)
Slit lamp (methods of illumination)maclester manahan
油
This document describes various methods of illumination used with a slit lamp to examine different parts of the eye. Diffuse illumination allows for a general survey of the eye while optic section, parallelepiped, and retroillumination techniques are used to view specific structures like the cornea, lens, and vitreous in more detail. Different angles of illumination like tangential, conical beam, and oscillatory help observe surface textures, cells in the aqueous humor, and lens opacities. Precise illumination techniques are crucial for comprehensive eye exams.Optics of contact lens and nomenclature copy [repaired] (1)
Optics of contact lens and nomenclature copy [repaired] (1)Manjusha Lakshmi
油
A contact lens is an artificial device placed on the cornea or sclera for optical or therapeutic purposes. Contact lenses are classified based on their anatomical location, nature of material, and wearing schedule. Key parameters of contact lenses include the base curve, diameter, power, edge clearance, and central thickness. Contact lenses provide vision correction and can also be used for therapeutic reasons like drug delivery or treating corneal diseases.LOW VISION AIDS
LOW VISION AIDSNIKHIL GOTMARE
油
This document discusses low vision, including definitions, common causes, and management strategies. It provides definitions of low vision from the WHO and Indian standards. The most common causes of low vision in children are retinopathy of prematurity and hereditary conditions, while the most common in adults are age-related macular degeneration and glaucoma. Low vision assessment examines visual acuity and fields, while rehabilitation focuses on assistive devices and training alternative viewing strategies. Assistive devices include optical devices like magnifiers, non-optical devices, electronic devices like CCTVs, and emerging technologies like e-readers and smartphone apps.Low vision aids magnification
Low vision aids magnificationRAHUL K.V
油
Magnification is a method of increasing the size of the image
so that enough of the retina is stimulated to send an impulse
through the optic nerve allowing an object to be perceived .
Pediatric Ophthalmic dispensing in different visual problems
Pediatric Ophthalmic dispensing in different visual problemsRaju Kaiti
油
Pediatric dispensing, introduction, different from adult dispensing, frame selection, lens selection, special case fitting, Do's and Dont's, Measurements, Down's syndrome, albinism, aphakia, strabismus, syndromesAstigmatism correction
Astigmatism correctionFarhana Islam
油
Astigmatism occurs when parallel rays of light focus at multiple points due to the cornea having unequal curvature in different meridians. It can be classified based on the focus of the principal meridians as simple, compound, or mixed. Regular astigmatism occurs when the principal meridians are perpendicular, and can be with-the-rule, against-the-rule, or oblique. Irregular astigmatism results from corneal scarring or conditions like keratoconus. Astigmatism is typically corrected using cylindrical lenses in glasses or toric contact lenses. The decision to correct depends on the amount and whether it is causing symptoms.Abberations in lenses
Abberations in lenseskaarthik suresh
油
This document discusses different types of optical aberrations, including chromatic aberration and monochromatic aberrations. Chromatic aberration occurs due to the refractive index varying with wavelength, while monochromatic aberrations consider a single wavelength. The five types of monochromatic aberrations described are spherical aberration, coma, oblique astigmatism, Petzval field curvature, and distortion. Causes and methods to minimize each aberration type are provided.Contact Lens Options In Keratoconus Patients
Contact Lens Options In Keratoconus Patients Simran Pahuja
油
Keratoconus in detail
Management of keratoconus
All types of contact lenses used in keratoconus
Practical Tips
Summary Introduction to cl fitting
Introduction to cl fittingOPTOM FASLU MUHAMMED
油
This document outlines the process for contact lens fitting, which includes patient screening, preliminary examinations and measurements, trial lens fitting, lens dispensing, and aftercare. The preliminary examinations involve assessing the anterior segment, measuring keratometry, corneal and pupil size, lid characteristics, and tear production. Trial lens fitting involves selecting lenses of varying parameters until an optimal fit is achieved based on criteria like centration and movement. After fitting is complete, patients are instructed on lens care and insertion/removal and scheduled for follow-up visits to monitor fit and address any issues.Accessories of trial set
Accessories of trial setAzizul Islam
油
#About Trial set
#A to Z about trial frame & trial lenses
#Accessories of trial set
#Basic idea about uses of accessories
Eye colour coding
Eye colour codingRASHAD MUHAMMED
油
This document provides color coding guidelines for documenting corneal conditions. Black is used to outline structures and indicate scars, thinning, and nerves. Red denotes blood vessels, growths, lacerations, and congestion. Brown is used for pigmentation, rings, and old conditions. Yellow indicates pigmentation, deposits, infiltrates, and cataracts. Green represents defects, filaments and edema. Blue shows overall edema, folds, and blisters. Precise documentation using these color codes allows for standardization, easy follow-up and teaching regarding various corneal pathologies.Anomalies of accommodation
Anomalies of accommodationDrAzmat Ali
油
This document discusses anomalies of accommodation, including diminished or deficient accommodation (presbyopia, cycloplegia, insufficiency), and increased accommodation (excessive accommodation, spasm). Presbyopia is an age-related decrease in accommodation due to hardening of the lens or weakening of the ciliary muscles. Treatment includes optical corrections like glasses or surgery. Insufficiency of accommodation can be due to premature lens sclerosis or ciliary muscle weakness from various systemic or local causes. Treatment addresses the underlying cause and includes near vision corrections. Excessive accommodation can occur in young hyperopes or myopes doing excessive near work, while spasm of accommodation is an abnormal excessive accommodation outside voluntary control.Spherical lens
Spherical lensOPTOM FASLU MUHAMMED
油
The document defines and describes different types of lenses, including spherical and cylindrical lenses. It explains that a spherical lens can be either convex or concave, and discusses their optical properties such as focal length and power. Measurement techniques for lenses are also outlined, including trial lens neutralization, movement tests, and instruments like the focimeter and lensometer.Presbyopia/ Methods of Presbyopic Addition Determination (healthkura.com)
Presbyopia/ Methods of Presbyopic Addition Determination (healthkura.com)Bikash Sapkota
油
DIRECT DOWNLOAD LINK もhttps://healthkura.com/presbyopia-near-addition/も
Dear viewers Check Out my other piece of works at もも https://healthkura.com もも
Presbyopia and techniques of measurement
A fantastic presentation in the topic "Presbyopia and techniques of measurement"
A detailed information about presbyopia, techniques of presbyopic add determination and different correction methods.
Informative slide presentation on presbyopia for ophthalmology residents, ophthalmologists, optometrists, ophthalmic assistants, ophthalmic technicians, ophthalmic nurses, medical students, medical professors, teaching guides.
Presentation Contents:
--Introduction to presbyopia
-Types of presbyopia
-Risk factors
-Symptoms and signs
-Refractive error and presbyopia
-Methods of determining near add.
-Management of presbyopia
In a nutshell..
- The evaluation and management of presbyopia are important because significant functional deficits can occur when the condition is left untreated
- Undercorrected or uncorrected presbyopia can cause significant visual disability and have a negative impact on the pt.'s quality of life
- Finally, every tentative addition should be adjusted according to the particular needs of the patient
For Further Reading:
-Clinical Procedures in Optometry by J.D. Bartlett, J.B. Eskridge, J.F. Amos
-Primary Care Optometry by Theodere Grosvenor
-Borishs Clinical Refraction by W.J. Benjamin
-Clinical Procedures for Ocular examination by Carlson et al
-American Academy of Ophthalmology
-Optometric Clinical Practice Guideline by American Optometric Association
-Internet
Follow me to get in touch with optometric and ophthalmic updates.
The Lens
The LensArun Geetha Viswanathan
油
Lens is a transparent, biconvex, crystalline structure placed between iris and the vitreous in a saucer-shaped depression, the patellar fossa. The lens is a crystalline structure that is avascular and is devoid of nerves and connective tissue
It consists of three distinct part:
Lens capsule
Anterior lens epithelium, and
Lens substance or lens fibres
Optical aberrations
Optical aberrationsJagdish Dukre
油
The document discusses various types of optical aberrations that can occur in the eye. It describes monochromatic aberrations, which are caused by the geometry of the lens, and chromatic aberrations, which are caused by dispersion and the variation of the lens refractive index with wavelength. It also discusses how wavefront aberrometry can be used to measure aberrations by analyzing the distortion of reflected light to generate a map of the optical system of the eye. Common higher-order aberrations measured include coma, spherical aberration, and trefoil.FUNDUS FLUORESCEIN ANGIOGRAPHY
FUNDUS FLUORESCEIN ANGIOGRAPHYAnuraag Singh
油
This document provides information about fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA). It begins with basic principles of FFA and the dyes used, including sodium fluorescein and indocyanine green. The purpose, indications, contraindications, technique, phases, and interpretation of FFA are described. Abnormal fluorescence patterns like hyperfluorescence and hypofluorescence are discussed. Recent advances in wide-field imaging and indocyanine green angiography are also summarized.Visual acuity charts
Visual acuity chartsShrutiDagar1
油
This document summarizes visual acuity testing and measurement. It discusses various tests used to measure visual acuity including Snellen charts, Landolt rings, Tumbling E charts, and picture charts. It explains how visual acuity is recorded and interpreted using Snellen fractions, decimals, and logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution. The document also discusses objective tests of visual acuity for infants and children such as preferential looking tests, optokinetic nystagmus tests, and grating acuity tests.More from Meghna Verma (20)
POSTERIOR SEGMENTS EXAMINATION BY OPHTHALMOSCOPE.pptx
POSTERIOR SEGMENTS EXAMINATION BY OPHTHALMOSCOPE.pptxMeghna Verma
油
Ophthalmoscopy is a procedure which is done by ophthalmoscope.
It is a clinical examination of the internal structure of the eye.
Detection of fundus (optic disc/optic cup, macular region, posterior retina) and the opacities of ocular media.
Invented by Babbage in 1848 and re-invented by Von Helmholtz in 1850.
INTRA OCULAR PRESSURE BY TONOMETER .pptx
INTRA OCULAR PRESSURE BY TONOMETER .pptxMeghna Verma
油
The intraocular pressure (IOP) is measured with the help of an instrument called TONOMETER.
DIAGNOSTIC SLIT LAMP BIO-MICROSCOPE.pptx
DIAGNOSTIC SLIT LAMP BIO-MICROSCOPE.pptxMeghna Verma
油
Slit lamp is the most important equipment in the present day.
Modern slit lamp with its additional device provides qualitative and quantitative measurements and photographic records.DISEASE OF CRYSTALLINE LENS, CATARACTpptx
DISEASE OF CRYSTALLINE LENS, CATARACTpptxMeghna Verma
油
These occur due to some disturbance in the normal growth of the lens.
When the disturbance occurs before birth, the child is born with a congenital cataract.
Developmental cataract may occur from infant to adult.
Congenital and developmental opacities are very common (same appearance).
These are detected with the beam of slit lamp under full mydriasis.
GLAUCOMA.pdf
GLAUCOMA.pdfMeghna Verma
油
Glaucoma is not a single disease process but a group of disorders characterized by a progressive optic neuropathy resulting in a irreversible visual field defects that are associated frequently raised intraocular pressure (IOP).
IOP is the most common risk factor but not the only risk factor for development of glaucoma.
DISEASES OF IRIS.pptx
DISEASES OF IRIS.pptxMeghna Verma
油
Uveal tissue is the middle vascular coat of the eyeball.
From anterior to posterior, it can be divided into 3 parts
IRIS, CILIARY BODY CHOROID.
Iris is the anterior most part of the uveal tract.
The iris consists of four layers,
Anterior limiting layer
Iris stroma
Anterior epithelial layer
Posterior epithelial layer
The colour of iris depends on Anterior limiting layer.
Diseases of eyelid.pptx
Diseases of eyelid.pptxMeghna Verma
油
The eyelids are mobile tissue curtains placed in front of the eyeballs. These act as shutters protecting the eyes from injuries and excessive light. These also perform an important function of spreading the tear film over the cornea and conjunctiva and also help in drainage of tears by lacrimal pump system. THE ORBIT.pptx
THE ORBIT.pptxMeghna Verma
油
The orbit is a pyramid-shaped cavity in the skull that houses the eyeball and surrounding structures. It is formed by 7 bones and has 4 walls - medial, lateral, roof and floor. The orbit contains the eyeball, extraocular muscles, nerves, vessels, fat and fascia. At the back of the orbit are the optic canal and superior orbital fissure, which transmit nerves and vessels to and from the orbit. The base of the orbit has openings that allow communication between the orbital and eyelid spaces.Pathological conditions.pdf
Pathological conditions.pdfMeghna Verma
油
This pdf describes the details of some pathological conditions with their treatment.
some conditions
Albinism,
Aniridia
Coloboma
Corneal dystrophies
Cataract
Dislocated lens
Diabetic retinopathy
Keratoconus
Macular hole
Glaucoma
Myopic degeneration
Nystagmus
Optic trophy
Retnial detachment
Retinopathy of prematurity
Retinitis pigmentosa
Stargardt's diseaseDISEASES OF CONJUNCTIVA.pptx
DISEASES OF CONJUNCTIVA.pptxMeghna Verma
油
The document discusses various diseases of the conjunctiva. It begins by describing inflammatory conditions of the conjunctiva including infective conjunctivitis caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi. It then discusses specific types of bacterial conjunctivitis like acute mucopurulent conjunctivitis. It also covers viral conjunctivitis, allergic conjunctivitis, trachoma caused by Chlamydia trachomatis, and other conditions like giant papillary conjunctivitis. Treatment options focus on antibiotics, antivirals, and eliminating allergens depending on the underlying cause.Physiologic changes with aging
Physiologic changes with agingMeghna Verma
油
Some physiological changes with aging.
such as,
1. optical aberration
2. visual acuity
3. refractive error
4. accommodation
5. visual performanceAmsler grid
Amsler gridMeghna Verma
油
Amsler grid, to check central visual field about with in 20 degree.
It is diagnostic tool, to use detection of macular diseases, optic nerve and visual pathway.
Management of visual problems with aging
Management of visual problems with agingMeghna Verma
油
This document discusses the management of visual problems in aging. It notes that aging brings changes to the visual system like reduced accommodation and transmittance through the eyes. Common age-related conditions include cataracts, glaucoma, macular problems and retinal issues. A routine eye exam for older adults includes measuring distance and near vision, eye health history, and assessing any physical changes. Exams for older patients require more care due to impacts of lighting and refractive errors often shifting to against-the-rule astigmatism. Management of vision issues includes optical corrections like progressive lenses, bifocals, or contact lenses. Frame requirements for older adults prioritize comfort, durability, and features that help with limited vision.Telescopes 3
Telescopes 3Meghna Verma
油
Telescope have a small device but an important place in low vision.
Telescope eyelenses magnify the apparent size of distant objects.
Binoculars placed into eyeglass frame is called telescopic spectacle or spectacle mounted telescope.
TYPES
1. handheld monocular telescope
2. clip on spectacle mounted telescope
3. bioptic telescope
Telescope are of two types of designs-
1. galilean telescope
2. keplerian telescopeStructural changes with ageing
Structural changes with ageingMeghna Verma
油
These are various structures in an eye , which are changing with age.
# ocular adnexa/ eyelids
# eyelashes / eyelid margin
# tear film
# cornea
# conjunctiva
# anterior chamber
# ciliary body
# pupil /iris
# crystalline lens
# vitreous
# choroid
# retinaDiagnostic procedures
Diagnostic proceduresMeghna Verma
油
Low vision patient have serious visual problems that have caused serious visual loss.
1. Contrast sensitivity testing and visual field testing
2. subjective testing of patients with media loss
# potential acuity meter
# interferometry
# photostress recovery test
# glare test
# color vision test
# dark adaptometry
3. objective testing of retinal loss
# USG
ERG/EOG Non Surgical Treatment of Strabismus
Non Surgical Treatment of StrabismusMeghna Verma
油
Non - surgical treatment of squint i.e. all types of squint have some modalities of treatment [ optical treatment, orthoptic treatment, Prismo-therapy, and pharmacological treatment] except surgical treatment.
1. OPTICAL TREATMENT -
in optical treatment, it should be include correction of refractive error and prismotherapy.
SPECTACLES should be prescribed in every cases.
It may correct to squint partially or completely.
IN PRISMOTHERAPY, for correction of squint, This is light weight, and easy to apply on the back surface of glass.
It is useful in heterophoria, nystagmus, convergence insufficiency, managing diplopia and maintain binocular single vision.
IN PHARMACOLOGICAL TREATMENT, miotics, atropine and botulinum toxin are prescribed in some types of cases of strabismus.
IN ORTHOPTIC TREATMENT, means straight eyes.
It is used as a diagnostic purpose and therapeutic purposes.
- to increase fusion amplitude.
- anti suppression exercises.
- treatment of amblyopia.
- treatment of abnormal retinal correspondance.
- to control deviations.
ORDER OF ORHOPTIC TREATMENT -
. amblyopia is treated firstly.
. anti- suppression therapy.
- diplopia training.
- amplitude improvement.
Presbyopia
PresbyopiaMeghna Verma
油
It is not a refractive error but a physiological insufficiency of accommodation.
It leads to progressive fall in near vision.
Decrease in the accommodative power of crystalline lens due to increasing age related conditions , leads to presbyopia.
1. decrease in the elasticity and plasticity of crystalline lens.
2. decease in the power of ciliary muscles.
Some conditions to generate premature presbyopia -
1 uncorrected hypermetropia
2. premature sclerosis of crystalline lens
3. weakness of ciliary muscles.
4. chronic simple glaucoma
SOME SYMPTOMS -
fever, blurring, asthenopic symptoms, fatigue, illness, diplopia
TREATMENT -
bifocal lens, trifocal lens and progressive addition lens
convex lens should be prescribed to correct presbyopia.Magnifiers
MagnifiersMeghna Verma
油
Magnifiers is a type of magnifying glass or lens.
It consists of high convex lens.
It is mounted on a frame with handle or without handle.
Magnifiers mostly used in low vision patients.
Magnifiers are of 5 types available;
1. Hand magnifiers
2. Spectacle magnifier
3. Stand magnifier
4. Telescopic magnifier
5. CCTV
These types of magnifiers details in this pdf.
THANK YOU..
Spherical soft contact lens fitting
Spherical soft contact lens fittingMeghna Verma
油
SOFT CONTACT LENS FITTING
1. Alternative names of soft contact lens.
2. Need to know fitting requirement and performance requirements.
3. Centration and decentration of soft contact lens. -- There are cartesian system and binasal system.
4. what governs fitting of lens.
5. There are need to know about physical properties of soft contact lens.
6. Now, what is sag and sagital depth.
7. Finally, SAME SAG AND SAME DIAMETER but DIFFERENT DESIGN AND DIFFERENT BEHAVIOUR.
8. Parameters of soft contact lens -
total diameter
back optic zone radius
centre thickness
front optic zone radius
water content
9. There are two types of prescribing methods -
empirical prescribing
trial fit prescribing
10. Effect of a blink with soft contact lens - too flat and too steep.
11. Requirements of lens movement.
12. Lens lag position - primary gaze, up gaze and lateral gaze position.
13. Compulsory of lower lid push up test.
14. Ranges of fitting of soft contact lens - either too fit or too loose or ideal fitting.
15. All step of soft contact lens fitting is done.
Recently uploaded (20)
Comprehensive Guide to Antibiotics & Beta-Lactam Antibiotics.pptx
Comprehensive Guide to Antibiotics & Beta-Lactam Antibiotics.pptxSamruddhi Khonde
油
Comprehensive Guide to Antibiotics & Beta-Lactam Antibiotics
Antibiotics have revolutionized medicine, playing a crucial role in combating bacterial infections. Among them, Beta-Lactam antibiotics remain the most widely used class due to their effectiveness against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. This guide provides a detailed overview of their history, classification, chemical structures, mode of action, resistance mechanisms, SAR, and clinical applications.
What Youll Learn in This Presentation
History & Evolution of Antibiotics
Cell Wall Structure of Gram-Positive & Gram-Negative Bacteria
Beta-Lactam Antibiotics: Classification & Subtypes
Penicillins, Cephalosporins, Carbapenems & Monobactams
Mode of Action (MOA) & Structure-Activity Relationship (SAR)
Beta-Lactamase Inhibitors & Resistance Mechanisms
Clinical Applications & Challenges.
Why You Should Check This Out?
Essential for pharmacy, medical & life sciences students.
Provides insights into antibiotic resistance & pharmaceutical trends.
Useful for healthcare professionals & researchers in drug discovery.
Swipe through & explore the world of antibiotics today!
Like, Share & Follow for more in-depth pharma insights!
BISNIS BERKAH BERANGKAT KE MEKKAH ISTIKMAL SYARIAH
BISNIS BERKAH BERANGKAT KE MEKKAH ISTIKMAL SYARIAHcoacharyasetiyaki
油
BISNIS BERKAH BERANGKAT KE MEKKAH ISTIKMAL SYARIAHHannah Borhan and Pietro Gagliardi OECD present 'From classroom to community ...
Hannah Borhan and Pietro Gagliardi OECD present 'From classroom to community ...EduSkills OECD
油
Hannah Borhan, Research Assistant, OECD Education and Skills Directorate and Pietro Gagliardi, Policy Analyst, OECD Public Governance Directorate present at the OECD webinar 'From classroom to community engagement: Promoting active citizenship among young people" on 25 February 2025. You can find the recording of the webinar on the website https://oecdedutoday.com/webinars/
Blind spots in AI and Formulation Science, IFPAC 2025.pdf
Blind spots in AI and Formulation Science, IFPAC 2025.pdfAjaz Hussain
油
The intersection of AI and pharmaceutical formulation science highlights significant blind spotssystemic gaps in pharmaceutical development, regulatory oversight, quality assurance, and the ethical use of AIthat could jeopardize patient safety and undermine public trust. To move forward effectively, we must address these normalized blind spots, which may arise from outdated assumptions, errors, gaps in previous knowledge, and biases in language or regulatory inertia. This is essential to ensure that AI and formulation science are developed as tools for patient-centered and ethical healthcare.Odoo 18 Accounting Access Rights - Odoo 18 際際滷s
Odoo 18 Accounting Access Rights - Odoo 18 際際滷sCeline George
油
In this slide, well discuss on accounting access rights in odoo 18. To ensure data security and maintain confidentiality, Odoo provides a robust access rights system that allows administrators to control who can access and modify accounting data. NUTRITIONAL ASSESSMENT AND EDUCATION - 5TH SEM.pdf
NUTRITIONAL ASSESSMENT AND EDUCATION - 5TH SEM.pdfDolisha Warbi
油
NUTRITIONAL ASSESSMENT AND EDUCATION, Introduction, definition, types - macronutrient and micronutrient, food pyramid, meal planning, nutritional assessment of individual, family and community by using appropriate method, nutrition education, nutritional rehabilitation, nutritional deficiency disorder, law/policies regarding nutrition in India, food hygiene, food fortification, food handling and storage, food preservation, food preparation, food purchase, food consumption, food borne diseases, food poisoningEffective Product Variant Management in Odoo 18
Effective Product Variant Management in Odoo 18Celine George
油
In this slide well discuss on the effective product variant management in Odoo 18. Odoo concentrates on managing product variations and offers a distinct area for doing so. Product variants provide unique characteristics like size and color to single products, which can be managed at the product template level for all attributes and variants or at the variant level for individual variants.Dot NET Core Interview Questions PDF By ScholarHat
Dot NET Core Interview Questions PDF By ScholarHatScholarhat
油
Dot NET Core Interview Questions PDF By ScholarHatHow to Configure Deliver Content by Email in Odoo 18 Sales
How to Configure Deliver Content by Email in Odoo 18 SalesCeline George
油
In this slide, well discuss on how to configure proforma invoice in Odoo 18 Sales module. A proforma invoice is a preliminary invoice that serves as a commercial document issued by a seller to a buyer.
Azure Administrator Interview Questions By ScholarHat
Azure Administrator Interview Questions By ScholarHatScholarhat
油
Azure Administrator Interview Questions By ScholarHatRRB ALP CBT 2 RAC Question Paper MCQ (Railway Assistant Loco Pilot)
RRB ALP CBT 2 RAC Question Paper MCQ (Railway Assistant Loco Pilot)SONU HEETSON
油
RRB ALP CBT 2 RAC Question Paper MCQ PDF Free Download. Railway Assistant Loco Pilot Mechanic Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Important Questions.One Click RFQ Cancellation in Odoo 18 - Odoo 際際滷s
One Click RFQ Cancellation in Odoo 18 - Odoo 際際滷sCeline George
油
In this slide, well discuss the one click RFQ Cancellation in odoo 18. One-Click RFQ Cancellation in Odoo 18 is a feature that allows users to quickly and easily cancel Request for Quotations (RFQs) with a single click.How to create security group category in Odoo 17
How to create security group category in Odoo 17Celine George
油
This slide will represent the creation of security group category in odoo 17. Security groups are essential for managing user access and permissions across different modules. Creating a security group category helps to organize related user groups and streamline permission settings within a specific module or functionality.Full-Stack .NET Developer Interview Questions PDF By ScholarHat
Full-Stack .NET Developer Interview Questions PDF By ScholarHatScholarhat
油
Full-Stack .NET Developer Interview Questions PDF By ScholarHat
Meeting the needs of modern students?, Selina McCoy
Meeting the needs of modern students?, Selina McCoyEconomic and Social Research Institute
油
NAPD Annual Symposium
Equity in our Schools: Does the system deliver for all young people?ASP.NET Web API Interview Questions By Scholarhat
ASP.NET Web API Interview Questions By ScholarhatScholarhat
油
ASP.NET Web API Interview Questions By Scholarhat