Behaviorism
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Behaviorism is a natural approach to psychology that focuses on observable behavior and environmental influences rather than mental processes. John B. Watson founded behaviorism and believed that human emotion was produced through classical conditioning. He conducted an experiment called "Little Albert" to show that emotional reactions can be conditioned. B.F. Skinner expanded on behaviorism through his concepts of operant conditioning using positive and negative reinforcement and punishment in a controlled chamber called a Skinner box. He believed that behavior is shaped through reinforcement of successive approximations.
Behaviorism
- 1. Behaviorism
- 3. Behaviorism is a natural approach to Psychology that traditionally focuses on the study of environmental influences on observable behavior
- 4. Behaviorism is the view that behavior should be explained by observable behavior, not by mental processes. defined by Psychologists as the thoughts, feelings, and motives that each of us experiences but that cannot be observed by others.
- 5. Behaviorists
- 6. John B. Watson 1878 - 1958
- 7. John B. Watson founder of Behaviorism Married Rosalie Rayner, with whom he did the famous study with the infant named Albert.
- 8. John B. Watson He is a radical environmental determinist He believed that all we come equipped with at birth are a few reflexes and a few basic emotions, and through classical conditioning these reflexes become paired with a variety of
- 9. John B. Watson Human emotion was a product of both heredity and experience o We inherit three emotions fear, rage and love.
- 10. John B. Watson noted that consciousness could be studied only through the process of INTROSPECTION, a notoriously unreliable research tool. o because consciousness could not be reliably studied, he said, it should not be studied at all.
- 11. John B. Watson To be scientific, psychology needed behavior as a subject matter that was stable enough to be reliably measured. Watson felt that the main concern for the psychologist should be behavior and how it varies with experience.
- 12. John B. Watson The focal point of epistemological inquiry for thousands of years was looked on by the behaviorist as only a hindrance in the study of human behavior.
- 13. John B. Watson X Instrospection X Talk of instinctive behavior X No more attempts to study the human consciousness or unconscious mind Behavior is what we can see, and therefore behavior is what we study
- 14. John B. Watson He saw behaviorism as a means of stripping ignorance and superstition from human existence, thereby paving the way for more rational, meaningful living.
- 15. John B. Watson Clearly, Watson was a rebel. He took the various objective approaches to the study of Psychology that were appearing here and there, and through his forceful writing and speaking, organized them into a new school of psychology
- 16. John B. Watson He had two lasting effects on Psychology. 1. he change Psychologys goal from attempting to understand consciousness to the prediction and control of behavior.
- 17. John B. Watson He had two lasting effects on Psychology. 2. He made made behavior psychologys subject matter
- 19. Give me a dozen healthy infants, well- informed, and my own specified world to bring them up in and Ill guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant, chief, and yes, even beggarman and thief, regardless of his talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations, and race of his ancestors.
- 21. In this experiment Unconditione d stimuli (US) Unconditione d response (UR)Conditioned stimuli (CS) Conditioned response Loud noise Fear produced by the noise rat Fear of the rat
- 22. Watson showed that our emotional reactions can be rearranged through classical conditioning.
- 23. Alberts fear was generalized to a variety of objects that were not feared at the onset of the experiment: a rat, a rabbit, a dog, a fur coat, cotton and a Santa Claus mask
- 24. For Watson, learning occurred simply because events followed each other closely in time. Classical conditioning occurs, not because the US reinforces the CS, but because the the CS and US follow each other in close succession
- 25. Modeling a method used in certain techniques of psychotherapy whereby the client learns by imitation alone, without any specific verbal direction by the therapist
- 27. B. F. Skinner Was born in Susquehanna, Pennsylvania He received his masters degree in 1930 and his Ph.D. in 1931 from Harvard University
- 28. B. F. Skinner His B.A. degree was obtained from Hamilton College in New York, where he majored in English He was a highly prolific writer. One of his main concerns was to relate his laboratory findings to
- 30. Radical Behaviorism The scientific orientation rejects scientific language and interpretations that refer to mentalistic events.
- 31. Radical Behaviorism observable and measurable aspects of the environment of an organisms behavior, and of the consequences of that behavior are the critical material for scientific scrutiny
- 32. Respondent & Operant Behavior 2 Kinds of Behavior 1. Respondent behavior elicited by a known stimuli Ex. Unconditioned responses reflexes, such as jerking ones hand when jabbed with a pin or the constriction of the eye when exposed to bright light
- 33. Respondent & Operant Behavior 2 Kinds of Behavior 2. Operant behavior not elicited by a known stimulus but is simply emitted by the organism Ex. Most of our everyday activities are operant behaviors. Beginning to whistle, standing up and walking about
- 34. Type S and Type R Conditioning 2 Kinds of Conditioning 1. Type S or Respondent conditioning identical to classical conditioning. Emphasize the importance of the stimulus in eliciting the desired response. The strength of conditioning is shown by magnitude of the CR. Similar to Pavlovs Classical Condi - tioning
- 35. Type S and Type R Conditioning 2 Kinds of Behavior 2. Type R or Operant Conditioning involves operant behavior. The strength of conditioning is shown by response rate. Similar to Thorndikes Instrumental Conditioning
- 36. Skinner on Reinforcement 2 General Principles are associated with Type R Conditioning 1. Any response that is followed by a reinforcing stimulus tends to be repeated 2. A reinforcing stimulus is anything that increases the rate with which an operant response occurs
- 37. Skinner on Reinforcement Contingent Reinforcement the organism must respond in such a way as to produce the reinforcing stimulus Skinner defined culture as a set of reinforcement contingencies
- 38. The Skinner Box Small test chamber Usually has a grid floor, light, lever and food cup. It is arranged so that when the animal depresses the lever, the feeder mechanism is activated, and a small pellet of food is released into the food
- 39. Cummulative Recording Keep track on an animals behavior in the Skinner box Quite different from other ways of graphing data in learning experiments. Time x-axis total no. of responses - > y-axis
- 40. Conditioning the Lever-Pressing Response Typically, conditioning the lever-pressing response involves the following steps: 1. Deprivation - is simply a set of procedures that is related to how an organism performs on a certain task; nothing more needs to be said.
- 41. Conditioning the Lever-Pressing Response Typically, conditioning the lever-pressing response involves the following steps: 2. Magazine Training - the experimenter uses an external hand switch and periodically triggers the feeder mechanism (magazine).
- 42. Conditioning the Lever-Pressing Response Typically, conditioning the lever-pressing response involves the following steps: 3. Lever Pressing - the animal can be left in the Skinner box on its own.
- 43. Shaping Placing the deprived animal in the Skinner box and simply leave it there. The animal either learns or dies. 2 components: 1. differential reinforcement - some responses are reinforced and others are not 2. successive approximation - only those responses that become increasingly similar to the one the experimenter wants are reinforced
- 44. Secondary Reinforcement Any neutral stimulus paired with a primary reinforcer (eg food or water) takes on reinforcing properties of its own
- 45. Generalized Reinforcers A secondary reinforcer that has been paired with more than one primary reinforcer. ex. money is a generalized reinforcer because it is ultimately associated with any number of primary reinforcers.
- 46. Chaining One response can bring the organism into contact with stimuli that act as a Secondary Stimulus for another response, which in turn causes it to experience stimuli that cause a third
- 47. Primary Positive Reinforcement This is something that is naturally reinforcing to the organism such as food, water, and is related to survival Any neutral stimulus associated with primary positive reinforcement takes on positive secondary
- 48. Primary Positive Reinforcement A positive reinforcer, either primary and secondary, is something that, when added to the situation by a certain response, increases the probability of that responses recurrence.
- 49. Primary Negative Reinforcement is something naturally harmful to the organism such as an aversive loud tone or an electric shock. Any neutral stimulus associated with a primary negative reinforcer takes on secondary negative reinforcing characteristics.
- 50. Primary Negative Reinforcement A negative reinforcer, either primary or secondary, is something that, when removed from the situation by a certain response, increases the probability of that responses recurrence
- 51. Punishment Occurs when a response removes something positive from the situation or adds something negative. In everyday language we can say that punishment is either taking away something an organism wants, or giving it something it does not want. In either case, the outcome of the response temporarily decreases the probability of recurrence of that response it does not decrease the probability of a response. Although punishment suppresses a response as long as it is applied, it does not weaken the habit. Skinner (1971) said.