Bones or not ?
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This document discusses methods for determining whether fragmented bone material is human or non-human. It outlines gross morphological differences visible to the naked eye, such as fused epiphyses in juvenile human long bones versus curved long bones in small mammals. Microscopic examination can reveal larger Haversian systems in human bone. Serological tests like precipitin reactions and collagen fingerprinting extract protein signatures to identify the species. DNA analysis of conserved mitochondrial RNA regions can also determine if a bone sample is human.
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Major hominin fossil discoveries are important and only happen occasionally.油 But how do scholars even know that what they have found is a hominin at all?油 In Module 4 we saw that after discovery, determining the age of a fossil is important because it places it in temporal context.油 Paleoanthropologists and archaeologists excavate fossil discoveries very carefully in order to avoid contaminating samples that must be pristine for dating to be accurate.油 As you learned,
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, meaning that the surrounding matrix (strata) or an associated object might be what is dated in order to derive the date of the fossil.油 It is normal for many samples to be repeatedly dated in order to verify that a result is accurate.油 It is also normal to use as many techniques as possible to verify a fossil's date. Thus, when
Orrorin tugenensis
(image above left) was discovered and excavated by Martin Pickford and Brigitte Senut油 in Kenya in 2000, it was chronometrically dated using K-Ar (
Potassium-Argon
) dating of the trachyte volcanic layer it was found below, but additional techniques like
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,
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triangulation
and it is critical in scientific research because it helps strengthen and support claims. Situating a new discovery in the existing fossil record requires knowing its age and scientists use every means possible to confirm their claims.
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.油 As you know, the single defining derived trait shared by hominins is upright walking or
bipedalism
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obligate bipedalism
.
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Some differences between the skeletons of a gorilla and a human.
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foramen magnum
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油
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Ann decussatio pyramid and optical chiasm as an interesting example of evolut...M. Luisetto Pharm.D.Spec. Pharmacology
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Bones or not ?
- 1. Dr.Archana Mahakalkar Assistant Professor, Department of Forensic Biology Govt.Institute of Forensic Science,Nagpur
- 2. Module 2 Bones or not?
- 3. Introduction We can recognize bones as part of a complete skeleton. Most of us can recognize individual intact bones also. The recognition task becomes more difficult if we are faced with fragmented bones. Many common materials, such as plastic or pieces of tree root, have been confused with bone. A fragment of cranial vault bone can be confused with turtle shell.
- 4. Methods:
- 5. 1. Gross Examination Human bone Non human bone Juvenile human long bone have separate epiphysis or may not posses all. A small adult non human animal will display fused epiphysis. Long bone is straight in human Long bone shaft of small mammals be noticeably curved. Human juvenile pelvis size is still in multiple pieces. Small pelvis is fused in one unit in non- human pelvis. a. Human child pelvis b. Pelvis of raccoon Book: Forensic Recovery of Human Remains
- 6. Continue.. Fibula does not normally fuse to the tibia unless there is pathology such as ossification of ligaments. In small animals including mammals the fibula is reduced in size and is fused to shaft of the tibia . Radius- ulna have straight diaphysis remain unfused thought life. Some larger mammals species eg. Pig, sheep, deer have a curved and fused radius-ulna. Human bone Non human bone Link.springer.com en.wikipedia.org
- 7. Continue.. (A) Bear foot (B) human foot. The human foot is a right foot; the bear foot is a left foot. Both are viewed from above.
- 8. Continue.. Bones on left are a bears paw. The hand on right is of human Source:The Use of Forensic Anthropology, Second Edition
- 9. Cross section of Human and Non- Human bone(Humerus) Cortex-Hard Compact bone Cancellous- spongy bone centre Large mammal (1/3) Human (1/4) Bird (1/8)
- 10. 2. Microscopic examination Microscopic examination revels true Haversian systems and presence of osteons in human larger in diameter than animal. Microscopic sections of A. cow and B. human cortical bone. The arrows indicate Haversian systems in the human bone.
- 11. 3. Serological Examination Precipitin test can be done by extracting species specific protein from bone tested against specific antisera of human. For this the techniques like gel diffusion and electrophoresis can be used. The technique, known as collagen fingerprinting, allows scientists to visualize distinct chemical signatures in collagen, the main structural protein in bone, that are often species-specific.
- 12. Human antisera Other species sera Bone extract Precipitate line Gel diffusion Fig: Precipitin test
- 13. Finally it is possible to determine if a piece of bone is human or not through an analysis of DNA . Studies have achieved success at species identification through test of highly conserved regions of mitochondrial 12S and 16S ribosomal RNA .(yang et.al.2014)
- 14. Thank you