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Bones,joints ppt

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Sachin Goyal
Sachin Goyal

There are 206 bones in the human body that serve several functions including support, protection, mineral storage, movement, and blood cell formation. Bones are made of connective tissue and composed of protoplasm, collagen, blood vessels, and marrow. There are several shapes of bones including long, flat, irregular, and short. Joints are where parts of the skeleton meet and allow varying amounts of mobility. Joints are classified based on their structure and function and can be diarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, or synarthrosis depending on freedom of movement. Synovial joints contain articular cartilage, synovial fluid, articular capsules, ligaments, nerves and blood vessels.

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BonesBones• 206 in human body • Type of Connective tissue • Composition: protoplasm, collagen, blood vessels, marrow • Function: o support (eg) pelvic bowl, legs o protect (eg) skull, vertebrae o mineral storage (eg) calcium, phosphate, inorganic component o movement (eg) walk, grasp objects o blood-cell formation (eg) red bone marrow • Shapes of Bones o Long, Flat, Irregular, Short 2
Structure of BoneStructure of Bone 3
Joints (articulations)Joints (articulations) • Where parts of skeleton meet • Allows varying amounts of mobility • Classified by structure or function • Arthrology: study of joints 4
Joints and their ClassificationJoints and their Classification • Arthrology = study of the joints • Kinesiology = study of musculoskeletal movement • Classified by freedom of movement o diarthrosis (freely movable) o amphiarthrosis (slightly movable) o synarthrosis (little or no movement) • Classified how adjacent bones are joined o fibrous, cartilaginous, bony or synovial 5
Types of jointsTypes of joints Structure Type Example Cartilagenous Synchondrosis Symphysis Epiphyseal plates Intervertebral discs Fibrous Sutures Syndesmoses Gomphosis Skull Distal Tibia/fibula Teeth in sockets Synovial Uniaxial Biaxial Ball and socket Glenohumeral joint Knee joint TMJ 6
Components of Synovial JointsComponents of Synovial Joints • Articular cartilage: hyaline; covers ends of both bones articulating • Synovial (joint) cavity: space holding synovial fluid • Articular capsule: Made of 2 layers o Fibrous: external, dense CT for strength o Synovial membrane: internal, produces synovial fluid • Synovial fluid: viscous; lubricates and nourishes; contained in capsule and articular cartilages • Reinforcing ligaments: extra-capsular/intra-capsular • Nerves + vessels: Highly innervated, Highly vascular • Meniscus (some): fibrocartilage; improves the fit of 2 bones to increase stability 7
Synovial Joint structureSynovial Joint structure 8
Types of Synovial JointsTypes of Synovial Joints 9
MusclesMuscles • a soft tissue found in most animals. • Types: 1) Smooth muscle - controlled by the autonomic nervous system; may either be generally inactive and then respond to neural stimulation or hormones or may be rhythmic 2) Cardiac muscle - found in the heart, acts like rhythmic smooth muscle, modulated by neural activity and hormones 3) Skeletal muscle - move us around and responsible for most of our behavior; most attached to bones at each end via tendons • Function: 1) movement 2) maintain posture 3) joint stability 10
Special Features of MuscleSpecial Features of Muscle • Contractibility = cells generate pulling force • Excitibility = nervous impulses travel through muscle plasma membrane to stimulate contraction • Extensibility = after contraction muscle can be stretched back to original length by opposing muscle action • Elasticity = after being stretched, muscle passively recoils to resume its resting length 11
Muscle Basics toMuscle Basics to RememberRemember • 3 Types: Skeletal, Cardiac, Smooth • Origin vs. Insertion • Direct vs. Indirect Attachments o direct = right onto bone o indirect = via tendon/aponeurosis • more common • leave bony markings = tubercle, crest, ridge, etc. • Sometimes attach to skin 12
Arrangements of Muscle FasciclesArrangements of Muscle Fascicles 13
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Bones,joints ppt

  • 1. 1
  • 2. BonesBones• 206 in human body • Type of Connective tissue • Composition: protoplasm, collagen, blood vessels, marrow • Function: o support (eg) pelvic bowl, legs o protect (eg) skull, vertebrae o mineral storage (eg) calcium, phosphate, inorganic component o movement (eg) walk, grasp objects o blood-cell formation (eg) red bone marrow • Shapes of Bones o Long, Flat, Irregular, Short 2
  • 4. Joints (articulations)Joints (articulations) • Where parts of skeleton meet • Allows varying amounts of mobility • Classified by structure or function • Arthrology: study of joints 4
  • 5. Joints and their ClassificationJoints and their Classification • Arthrology = study of the joints • Kinesiology = study of musculoskeletal movement • Classified by freedom of movement o diarthrosis (freely movable) o amphiarthrosis (slightly movable) o synarthrosis (little or no movement) • Classified how adjacent bones are joined o fibrous, cartilaginous, bony or synovial 5
  • 6. Types of jointsTypes of joints Structure Type Example Cartilagenous Synchondrosis Symphysis Epiphyseal plates Intervertebral discs Fibrous Sutures Syndesmoses Gomphosis Skull Distal Tibia/fibula Teeth in sockets Synovial Uniaxial Biaxial Ball and socket Glenohumeral joint Knee joint TMJ 6
  • 7. Components of Synovial JointsComponents of Synovial Joints • Articular cartilage: hyaline; covers ends of both bones articulating • Synovial (joint) cavity: space holding synovial fluid • Articular capsule: Made of 2 layers o Fibrous: external, dense CT for strength o Synovial membrane: internal, produces synovial fluid • Synovial fluid: viscous; lubricates and nourishes; contained in capsule and articular cartilages • Reinforcing ligaments: extra-capsular/intra-capsular • Nerves + vessels: Highly innervated, Highly vascular • Meniscus (some): fibrocartilage; improves the fit of 2 bones to increase stability 7
  • 9. Types of Synovial JointsTypes of Synovial Joints 9
  • 10. MusclesMuscles • a soft tissue found in most animals. • Types: 1) Smooth muscle - controlled by the autonomic nervous system; may either be generally inactive and then respond to neural stimulation or hormones or may be rhythmic 2) Cardiac muscle - found in the heart, acts like rhythmic smooth muscle, modulated by neural activity and hormones 3) Skeletal muscle - move us around and responsible for most of our behavior; most attached to bones at each end via tendons • Function: 1) movement 2) maintain posture 3) joint stability 10
  • 11. Special Features of MuscleSpecial Features of Muscle • Contractibility = cells generate pulling force • Excitibility = nervous impulses travel through muscle plasma membrane to stimulate contraction • Extensibility = after contraction muscle can be stretched back to original length by opposing muscle action • Elasticity = after being stretched, muscle passively recoils to resume its resting length 11
  • 12. Muscle Basics toMuscle Basics to RememberRemember • 3 Types: Skeletal, Cardiac, Smooth • Origin vs. Insertion • Direct vs. Indirect Attachments o direct = right onto bone o indirect = via tendon/aponeurosis • more common • leave bony markings = tubercle, crest, ridge, etc. • Sometimes attach to skin 12
  • 13. Arrangements of Muscle FasciclesArrangements of Muscle Fascicles 13
  • 14. 14