Centrifuge infographic-2017-final
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The document traces the evolution of the laboratory centrifuge from its origins in the 1860s to recent advances. Some key developments include Friedrich Miescher using a crude centrifuge in 1869 to discover nucleic acids, Theodor Svedberg inventing the first ultracentrifuge in the 1920s to determine protein structure, and Eppendorf developing the first microcentrifuge for lab use in 1962. Advances have included higher speeds, automated controls, and smaller personal centrifuges ideal for quick samples. Centrifuges continue to be improved through new materials, ergonomics, and safety features.
Centrifuge infographic-2017-final
- 1. Evolution of the Laboratory Centrifuge 18 60 19 00 20 00 F=mω2 r= v=rω ω=2xn mv2 r r Sponsored by: Sponsored by: 2000 Eppendorfintroducesthe innovativecooled5415D centrifuge. 1869 FriedrichMiescherwas thefirsttoadoptacrude centrifugeforlaboratory application,usingittoisolate acelloragelle.Thisprocess ledtothediscoveryofan importantclassofbiological constituents,latertobe knownasnucleicacids. 1864 AntoninPrandtldevelopedand commercializedthefirstdairy centrifugeforseparatingcream frommilk. 1879 GustafdeLaval,aSwedish engineerandinventor, demonstratesthefirst continuouscentrifugalseparator, leadingtothewidespread commercializationofthe technologyforthefirsttime. FriedrichMiescher GustafdeLaval TheodorSvedberg ArnoldOrvilleBeckman ChristiaanHuygens 1659 ChristiaanHuygenscoinsthe term“centrifugalforce”inhis 1659DeViCentrifuga.Huygens alsodiscoveredSaturn’smoon Titan,inventedthependulum clock,andpioneeredworkon gamesofchance. 1730 MilitaryengineerBenjamin Robinsdevelopsawhirling apparatustodeterminedrag. 1930s EdwardPickelsandJohannes Bauertogetherbuildthefirst high-speedvacuumcentrifuge suitableforthestudyof filterableviruses.Later,Pickels wentontodevelopthemore convenient,electricallydriven ultracentrifuge. 1946 EdwardPickelscofoundedSpinco (SpecializedInstrumentsCorp.) inBelmont,California,and marketedanultracentrifuge basedonhisdesign.However, salesofthetechnologyremained lowandSpinconearlywent bankruptintheearlyyears. 1930s MartinBehrensdeveloped centrifugationtechniquesusing densitygradientsofnonaqueous solventsfortheseparation ofnuclei.Hisapproachto tissuefractionationaimedto isolateoneormoreidentifiable componentsfromdisruptedcells thatcouldbephysicallyand chemicallycharacterized. 1940s IvanSorvallstartedSorvallin the1940's,andinventedthe Superspeedcentrifuge,theSS-1, anopentripodtabletopunit. 1926 SvedbergreceivesaNobel Prizefortheinventionofthe ultracentrifugeandhiswork incolloidchemistry. TheodorSvedberg,aSwedish colloidchemist,developsthe firstultracentrifuge.Capable ofachieving900,000×g, Svedbergusedhiscentrifuge todeterminethemolecular weightandsubunitstructure ofhighlycomplexproteins suchashemoglobin. 1920 1930 1950 MyronK.Brakke,whileworking attheBrooklynBotanicGarden developeddensitygradient centrifugation,atoolthat allowedforthepurification ofvirusparticlesandushered inaneweraofvirologyand molecularbiologyresearch. 2010s Advancesinergonomicsand safetycontinueincludingeasy andsecurerotorattachment, instantrotoridentification,and self-openingdoors. 2000s Thisperiodseetheexpansionof personalcentrifugessuchasthe MiniSpinandMyFuge.Economical andconvenient,theydriveanew markettrendtowardcentrifuges idealforquickspindownsof microtubesandPCRtubes. 1962 Netheler&HinzMedizintechnik, acompanybasedinHamburg, Germany,andknowntodayas Eppendorf,developedthefirst microcentrifugeforlaboratoryuse. 1930 ÉmileHenriotdevelopeda centrifugeabletoachievehigh rotationalspeedsbymeans ofabearinglesstop,driven andsupportedbycompressed air.Thistransitionedthe ultracentrifugeoutofthe realmofapurelyanalytical instrumentandintosample preparation. 1954 BeckmanInstruments purchasesSpincoandbegins toimprovethedesignof centrifuges,manyofwhichare stillinusetoday. 1955 Sorvallintroducesfloorstanding unitwithrefrigeration. 1976 Theworld’sfirst microprocessorcontrolled centrifugewaslaunched atACHEMAbyHettich.This innovationwasconsidered aheadofitstime,andarrived manyyearsbeforethis technologybecamestandard. 1958 MatthewMeselsonandJ.F. StahlcentrifugedDNA,giving evidenceforWatson&Crick's proposedmechanismofDNA replication. Thefirstrobotic centrifugeisintroduced byHettich–this centrifugeofferedPC controlandadjustable rotorpositioning. 1900s 1900s Advancesinmaterialsscience seethewidespreadadoption ofcarbonfiberrotorswhich allowforaccelerationusing unmatchedg-forceswithout compromisingsamplecapacity orriskofmetalfatigue. AlbertClaudeandJames Potterpublishedalandmark paper,"IsolationofChromatin ThreadsfromtheResting NucleusofLeukemicCells". Thispaperoutlinedaseriesof centrifugationstepsinwhich eitherthesupernatantorthe sedimentwascollecteduntil chromatinthreadswereretrieved fromthefinalsediment. 1942 1949 Spincointroduces theModelL,thefirst preparativeultracentrifuge toreachaspeedof40,000rpm, andmarkingachangeinthe fortunesofSpinco.