4. 3.1 Microscopic and Macroscopic ModelsMicroscopic ？の蛍徨、匂郊の卞?犹プ喘を鵑箸垢襦ただし、恷瘁はyI尖。Macroscopic 恷兜から、峠譲楚盒函畜業、 バイオマスを鵑箸垢襦
5. Microscopic models (above) predict future distributions of particles by describing interactions or movement, while macroscopic models (below) consider average quantities such as density, and predict future density from actual density. When properly done, the macroscopic predictions can be retrieved by statistical averaging of the microscopic model predictionsSoetaert, K. and P.M.J. Herman. 2009. A practical guide to ecological modelling using R as a simulation platform. Springer.
6. 3.2 Representing Space in ModelsSpatial dimension gHのg腎gは3肝圷。垢健によって肝圷を和げることも辛。 e.g.,篁の弌さい圭鬚漏翌各來を試喘Discreet 腎gをx柊晒してQうContinuous 腎gをx柊晒せずにQう -> 麗尖隈tになじむ
7. Examples of spatial configurations in models. A. In this landscape model, space is divided in discrete cells that have distinct properties. B. Patch model with 3 discrete patches. C. In some models, so-called Delaunay triangulation is used to discretise space, for instance to model the territory of birds. D. transition rules in a cellular automaton model. (?) occupied cells (v)= transition allowed; (x)=not allowed.Soetaert, K. and P.M.J. Herman. 2009. A practical guide to ecological modelling using R as a simulation platform. Springer.
9. Schematic representation of 0-D models that include transport. A. a well-stirred tank. B. A lake, where a river brings in water on one side, and another carries the water out of the lake. C. A water mass in contact with the air.Soetaert, K. and P.M.J. Herman. 2009. A practical guide to ecological modelling using R as a simulation platform. Springer.
10. 3.3 Transport in a One-Dimensional ModelBA腎gを鵑箸靴1肝圷の僕を燕Fする圭殻塀を羨てる。肝のステップでh苧されている。フラックスk柊 卞送?柊 伏撹1肝圷晒の箭
13. Eq. 3.9Deriving one-directional transport in a small box. x, x+?x: position along the X-axis, A: surface, ?V: volume of the box, J: flux. See text for details.Soetaert, K. and P.M.J. Herman. 2009. A practical guide to ecological modelling using R as a simulation platform. Springer.
16. Two types of advection: flow in a river or estuary(above) and sinking of particles out of a water column (below). B Three types of dispersion: molecular diffusion induced by random motion of particles (top left), eddy diffusion caused by turbulent mixing of particles (top right) and mechanical dispersion, induced by variations in flow velocities. C. Effect of advection and diffusion on a dye spill in a river. Soetaert, K. and P.M.J. Herman. 2009. A practical guide to ecological modelling using R as a simulation platform. Springer.
18. m喘箭秘り臭、采寒、刷孑-> どの圭鬚篁が寄きいのかをOめるThe transport in rivers, estuaries and lakes can often be represented by the 1-D advection-diffusion equation. For rivers and estuaries, the 1-D axis is the length axis, while for lakes it is the depth axis.Soetaert, K. and P.M.J. Herman. 2009. A practical guide to ecological modelling using R as a simulation platform. Springer.
19. Schematic representation of ＾one-dimensional￣ spatial volumes as used in models. Grey lines denote isosurfaces. A. One-dimensional shape with constant surface area. B. Cylindrical shape, with non-zero cylinder length. C. cylindrical shape with zero length of the cylinder. D. Spherical shapeSoetaert, K. and P.M.J. Herman. 2009. A practical guide to ecological modelling using R as a simulation platform. Springer.
20. Schematic representation of sediments and overlying water with liquid and solid phase and bulk sediment. Porosity (Φ) is the volumetric proportion of liquid over bulk sediment. Sediment models are generally more complex than water column models, because the transport and reaction equations have to take into account the conversion between these phases. Soetaert, K. and P.M.J. Herman. 2009. A practical guide to ecological modelling using R as a simulation platform. Springer.
21. 3.5 Boundary Conditions in Spatially Explicit Models廠順訳周を嚥えないとgHに麻できない。ミクロモデルでもマクロモデルでも、x柊侏でもBA侏でも駅勣。坪何廠順訳周盒箸累BA來フラックスのBA來
22. Boundaries in one-dimensional models of various shapes. A. One-dimensional shape with constant surface area. B. Cylindrical shape, with non-zero cylinder length. C. Cylindrical shape with zero length of cylinder. D. Spherical shape. Soetaert, K. and P.M.J. Herman. 2009. A practical guide to ecological modelling using R as a simulation platform. Springer.
23. Two ways of representing boundary conditions in a discrete 2-D model. A. organisms moving outside the model domain are removed. B. Organisms reaching the end bounce back. C. Organisms are displaced at the other side. This is equivalent to folding the surface such that the edges are removed, and a donut-shape is obtained.Soetaert, K. and P.M.J. Herman. 2009. A practical guide to ecological modelling using R as a simulation platform. Springer.
24. 弖困海蹐屎しくない。縮親の圭が屎しい。Model description for 1-D sediment biogeochemical models, with typical boundary conditions. A. For a particulate substance such as organic matter, an upper flux boundary condition is often prescribed. B. For a dissolved substance, such as oxygen, the upper boundary is more often prescribed as a concentration. J denotes the flux, C the concentration. Boundary conditions are in bold, model equations are enclosed in a box. It is assumed that porosity is constant, thus it can be removed from the equation.Soetaert, K. and P.M.J. Herman. 2009. A practical guide to ecological modelling using R as a simulation platform. Springer.
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