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CNET 315
Microprocessor & Assembly
Language
Phiros Mansur Nalakath
Course Coordinator
College of Computer Science & Information Technology,
Jazan University, KSA
1

Chapter - 5
Arduino Microcontroller
Systems
2

What is Arduino?
3
 Arduino is an open-source prototyping platform in
electronics based on easy-to-use hardware and
software.
 Arduino is a microcontroller based prototyping board
which can be used in developing digital devices that
can read inputs like finger on a button, touch on a
screen, light on a sensor etc.
 Turning it in to output like switching on an LED,
rotating a motor, playing songs through a speaker etc.

Introduction to Arduino
Board
 The Arduino board can be programmed to do
anything by simply programming the
microcontroller on board using a set of instructions
 Arduino board consists of a USB plug to
communicate with the computer
 A bunch of connection sockets that can be wired to
external devices like motors, LEDs etc.
 Arduino aims to introduce the world of electronics
to people who have small to no experience in
electronics like hobbyists, designers, artists etc.
4

Introduction to Arduino
Board
 Arduino boards are generally based on
microcontrollers from Atmel Corporation like 8,
16 or 32 bit AVR architecture based
microcontrollers.
 The important feature of the Arduino boards is
the standard connectors.
 Using these connectors, we can connect the
Arduino board to other devices like LEDs or add-
on modules called Shields.
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Key components of an
Arduino board.
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Arduino board
 1. Microcontroller - this is the brain of an Arduino, and is
the component that we load programs into. Think of it as a
tiny computer, designed to execute only a specific number
of things.
 2. USB port - used to connect your Arduino board to a
computer.
 3. USB to Serial chip - the USB to Serial is an important
component, as it helps translating data that comes from e.g.
a computer to the on-board microcontroller. This is what
makes it possible to program the Arduino board from your
computer.
7

Arduino board
 4. Digital pins - pins that use digital logic (0,1 or
LOW/HIGH). Commonly used for switches and to turn
on/off an LED.
 5. Analog pins - pins that can read analog values in a 10
bit resolution (0-1023).
 6. 5V / 3.3V pins- these pins are used to power external
components.
 7. GND - also known as ground.
 8. VIN - stands for Voltage in, where you can connect
external power supplies.
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Depending on the Arduino board, you will find many more
components. The items listed above are generally found on any
Arduino board

Basic Operation
 Most Arduino boards are designed to have a single program
running on the microcontroller.
 The program can be designed to perform one single action,
such as blinking an LED.
 It can also be designed to execute hundreds of actions in a
cycle.
 The scope varies from one program to another.
 The program that is loaded to the microcontroller will start
execution as soon as it is powered.
9

Basic operation of an
Arduino
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Circuit Basics
 Circuits consist of at least one active electronic component, and
a conductive material, such as wires, so that current can pass
through.
 When working with an Arduino, you will in most cases build a
circuit for your project.
 A simple example of a circuit, is an LED circuit.
11

An LED circuit with an Arduino
 A wire is connected from a pin on the Arduino, to an LED via a
resistor (to protect the LED from high current), and finally to
the ground pin (GND).
 When the pin is set to a HIGH state, the microcontroller on
the Arduino board will allow an electric current to flow through
the circuit, which turns on the LED.
 When the pin is set to a LOW state, the LED will turn off, as
an electric current is not flowing through the circuit.
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Electronic Signals
 All communication between electronic
components are facilitated by electronic
signals.
 There are two main types of electronic
signals:
 Analog & Digital.
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Sensors & Actuators
 When working with Arduino, it is important to
understand sensors and actuators, and the difference
between them.
 What Is a Sensor?
 A sensor, in simple terms, is used to sense its environment,
meaning it records a physical parameter, for example
temperature, and converts it into an electronic signal.
 Sensors can also take the form of just a simple button:
when a state changes (we pressed a button), the electronic
signal is switched from low to high (0 to 1).
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What Is an Actuator?
An actuator, in simple terms, is used to actuate or change a
physical state. Some examples are:
 A light (such as an LED).
 A motor.
 A switch.
Actuators converts electric signals into e.g. radiant energy
(light) or mechanical energy (movement).
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Input & Output
 Sensors and actuators, are typically referred to
as inputs and outputs.
 In programs, it is common to construct conditionals
that checks the state of a sensor, and decides
whether it should actuate something.
 A basic example of this is a button and an LED.
 We can write a conditional that checks if a button is
pressed, turn on the LED, and turn it off if the button
is not pressed.
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Serial Communication
Protocols
 Serial communication protocols uses the digital signals to
send data.
 The most common are UART, SPI & I2C.
 UART(Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter) protocol
is used to send data between a computer and Arduino board.
 SPI : Serial Peripheral interface.
 I2C : Inter-Integrated Circuit
 The SPI and I2C protocols are used for communication
between both internal and external components.
 The communication is handled by something called a serial
bus, which is attached to a specific pin on the Arduino.
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Memory
 The "standard" Arduino typically has two memories:
SRAM and Flash memory.
 The SRAM (Static Random-Access Memory) is used to
store the value of a variable.
 When powered off, this memory resets.
 The Flash memory is primarily used to store the main
program, or the instructions for the microcontroller.
 This memory is not erased when powered off so that the
instructions for the microcontroller are executed as soon
as the board is powered
18

Embedded Sensors
 Many new Arduino boards come equipped
with embedded sensors.
 For example, the Nano 33 BLE Sense has 7 embedded
sensors, but is only 45x18mm (the size of a thumb).
 These are all connected via the I2C protocol as mentioned
above, and has a unique address.
 Using the I2C protocol, we can connect several sensors on the
same pin, and retrieve the data accurately.
 Each device has an address that we need to specify in the
program, which we use when making data requests.
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Arduino UNO
 Arduino UNO is a basic and inexpensive Arduino board
and is the most popular of all the Arduino boards
 Arduino UNO is considered to be the best prototyping
board for beginners in electronics and coding.
20

Arduino UNO
 Microcontroller used in UNO is ATmega328P, which
is an 8-bit microcontroller based on the AVR
architecture.
 UNO has 14 digital input – output (I/O) pins which
can be used as either input or output by connecting
them with different external devices and
components.
 Out of these 14 pins, 6 pins are capable of producing
PWM signal.
 All the digital pins operate at 5V and can output a
current of 20mA.
21

22
Pins and functions of Arduino

The Digital I/O pins functions
 Pins 0 and 1 are used for serial
communication. They are used to
receive and transmit serial data
 Pins 2 and 3 are used for external
interrupts.
 Six of the 14 digital I/O Pins i.e. 3, 5,
6, 9, 10, and 11 can provide 8-bit
PWM output.
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The Digital I/O pins functions
 Pins 10, 11, 12 and 13 (SS,
MOSI, MISO AND SCK
respectively) are used for SPI
communication.
 Pin 13 has a built-in LED
connected to it. When the pin is
HIGH, the LED is turned on and
when the pin is LOW, it is turned
off.
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References
 https://docs.arduino.cc/learn/starting-guide/getting-started-
arduino#overview
arduino#arduino-hardware-1
arduino#main-parts
 https://www.arduino.cc/reference/en/
arduino#a-typical-workflow
arduino#general
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