Descriptive vs
Download as PPTX, PDF21 likes18,047 views
Descriptive grammar observes and describes how language is actually used by speakers without making judgments, while prescriptive grammar prescribes rules for what is considered correct or incorrect usage. Descriptive grammar focuses on patterns in language, whereas prescriptive grammar establishes rules for syntax, word structures, and usage. Both are concerned with rules, but descriptive grammar describes patterns observed in linguistic studies, and prescriptive grammar aims to lay out authoritative rules for language use.
1 of 9
Downloaded 449 times
![? E.g.: I am older than she (is older).]
? than' is a conjunction; it joins two like forms:
"I am older" with "she is older", giving "I am
older than she is older", but speakers omit the
last part "is older" because it's redundant.
Nevertheless, according to prescriptive
grammar, 'than' functions as a conjunction, so
speakers should use "she" in that context.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/descriptivevs-130702044335-phpapp01/85/Descriptive-vs-6-320.jpg)
Recommended
Grammar II-2014 prescriptive vs Descriptive Grammar
Grammar II-2014 prescriptive vs Descriptive GrammarSerena Luna
?
This document discusses the difference between prescriptive grammar and descriptive grammar. Prescriptive grammar establishes rules of "good" and "bad" usage, dictating what constitutes proper grammar. However, prescriptive rules are not based on how language is actually used by native speakers. Descriptive grammar objectively studies the linguistic knowledge and patterns used by native speakers, regardless of social perceptions of standardness. The document argues that linguistics should be concerned with descriptive grammar alone and that prescriptive rules have no scientific basis.Derivational and inflectional morphemes
Derivational and inflectional morphemesDewi Maharani
?
Provide the explanation how words are formed by adding morpheme(s) and how the addition of morpheme affect the word (meaning or class). beside\s, this also provide the explanaton of kinds of derivational and inflectional mor[pheme Immediate constituent analysis
Immediate constituent analysisMuhamadYasinSleman
?
This document provides an overview of immediate constituent analysis in linguistics. It defines immediate constituent analysis as a method that divides sentences into successive layers of constituents until each constituent contains a single word or meaningful part of a word. The document then discusses the history of immediate constituent analysis, noting it was first mentioned by Leonard Bloomfield and further developed by Rulon Wells and Noam Chomsky. It provides some important notes on how to perform constituent analysis and examples analyzing words like "gentlemanly" into their constituents. The document concludes with a short practice test and references.Pragmatics (Linguistics)
Pragmatics (Linguistics)Coltz Mejia
?
The document discusses pragmatics, which is the study of how language is used in context and why people use language in particular ways. It provides examples of how the meaning of the word "ball" changes based on the context and discusses different types of context including physical, epistemic, linguistic, and social context. It also discusses speech acts, direct and indirect speech acts, felicity conditions for different speech acts, and Grice's cooperative principle and maxims of conversation. Finally, it discusses language use in advertising and provides discourse analysis examples.Deep structure and surface structure
Deep structure and surface structureAsif Ali Raza
?
This document provides an overview of syntax and generative grammar. It defines syntax as the way words are arranged to show relationships of meaning within and between sentences. Grammar is defined as the art of writing, but is now used to study language. Generative grammar uses formal rules to generate an infinite set of grammatical sentences. It distinguishes between deep structure and surface structure. Tree diagrams are used to represent syntactic structures with symbols like S, NP, VP. Phrase structure rules, lexical rules, and movement rules are components of generative grammar. Complement phrases and recursion allow sentences to be embedded within other sentences.Lexical relations
Lexical relationsHina Honey
?
The document discusses various lexical semantic relationships between words including synonymy, antonymy, hyponymy, prototypes, homophones, homonyms, polysemy, metonymy, and collocation. It provides examples and explanations of each relationship, noting how words can be related through meaning, pronunciation, or common association. Understanding these relationships is important for analyzing how meaning is constructed in text.Isogloss, Dialect, Idiolect, Vernacular.pptx
Isogloss, Dialect, Idiolect, Vernacular.pptxMero Sarade
?
grammar, english, teaching, higher education, language, teacher, education, education and training, special education, isogloss, idiolect, vernacular, idiolectIntroduction to syntax
Introduction to syntaxFarjana Ela
?
this is a power point presentation on syntax - structure of English grammar. In modern English Syntax is very important. Language maintenance and Shift.
Language maintenance and Shift.Awan Kamal
?
This document discusses language maintenance and shift. It defines language maintenance as the continuing use of a minority language in the face of a dominant language, while language shift refers to one language displacing another in a community's linguistic repertoire. The document then examines factors that can contribute to language shift, including the prestige of the dominant language, economic pressures, and institutional domains like schools. It analyzes language shift patterns among migrant minorities, non-migrant minorities, and migrant majorities. Finally, it discusses factors that accelerate language shift and ways that minority languages can be maintained, such as through community ties, contact with homelands, institutional support, and positive language attitudes.Multilingualism and bilingualism
Multilingualism and bilingualismFarooq Niazi
?
The document repeatedly lists the "Department of English Language and Literature, MUL" without providing any additional context or information. It is unclear what the purpose or content of the document is, as only the department name is repeated over 15 times.Definition and Scopo of Psycholinguistics
Definition and Scopo of PsycholinguisticsRezaHalimah
?
Psycholinguistics is the study of the cognitive and psychological processes underlying language acquisition, production, and comprehension. It investigates how the mind processes language and deals with the relationship between linguistic behavior and psychological mechanisms. Psycholinguistics has several sub-disciplines including theoretical psycholinguistics, developmental psycholinguistics, neuropsycholinguistics, and experimental psycholinguistics. It seeks to understand how language is acquired and produced by users as well as how the brain works in processing language.Competence and Performance
Competence and PerformanceSahil Gupta
?
- Noam Chomsky first introduced the concepts of linguistic competence and performance. Competence refers to a speaker's underlying knowledge of language, while performance refers to actual language use which can be impacted by cognitive and psychological factors.
- Ferdinand de Saussure also distinguished between langue, the abstract system of language, and parole, actual language usage.
- The distinction between competence and performance is important because it allows linguists to differentiate between errors due to imperfect performance versus not knowing the underlying rules of a language.Constituency tests, presented by dr. shadia yousef banjar.pptx
Constituency tests, presented by dr. shadia yousef banjar.pptxDr. Shadia Banjar
?
This document discusses constituency tests which are used to identify syntactic constituents in sentences. There are three main types of constituency tests: movement tests, substitution tests, and stand alone tests. Movement tests involve rearranging parts of the sentence. Substitution tests involve replacing parts of the sentence with pronouns or other words. Stand alone tests check if parts of the sentence can stand alone as fragments. The document provides examples to illustrate how each of these tests can identify constituents.Code Switching and Code Mixing
Code Switching and Code MixingBlanca Sosa
?
This document defines and distinguishes between code switching and code mixing in bilingual communication. It explains that code switching involves changing languages unpredictably to fit the environment, and can occur between sentences or within a sentence. In contrast, code mixing involves borrowing words from one language into another without a change in topic, often within a single sentence. The document provides examples and discusses reasons for using code switching or code mixing, including lack of a word in one language, emphasis, or expressing group identity.Grammar and its types
Grammar and its typesAsif Ali Raza
?
This document provides an overview of syntax and generative grammar. It defines syntax as the way words are arranged to show relationships of meaning within and between sentences. Grammar is defined as the art of writing, but is now used to study language. Generative grammar uses formal rules to generate an infinite set of grammatical sentences. It distinguishes between deep structure and surface structure. Tree diagrams are used to represent syntactic structures with symbols like S, NP, VP. Phrase structure rules, lexical rules, and movement rules are components of generative grammar. Complement phrases and recursion allow sentences to be embedded within other sentences.Code Switching, Types and Reasons
Code Switching, Types and ReasonsSohail Khan
?
This document discusses code switching, which is when multilingual speakers alternate between two languages or varieties of the same language in a single conversation. It defines code switching as the process of keeping the linguistic features of each language while switching between them to facilitate conversation. There are three main types of code switching: inter-sentential, which occurs at sentence boundaries; intra-sentential, which occurs within sentences; and tag switching, where a word or phrase from another language is inserted into the conversation. Examples of each type are provided. ppt on phonology
ppt on phonologyGureysha Hassan
?
This document provides an introduction to phonology, which is the study of sound systems in languages. It discusses key concepts like phonemes, allophones, and phonetic elements. The document outlines categories of phonology like vowels and consonants. It describes features of speech like stress, intonation, and rhythm. The document also discusses the importance of phonology for language learning, noting how sounds are linked and how pronunciation impacts spelling. It provides examples of classroom activities to teach pronunciation. The conclusion emphasizes the importance of teachers having strong phonological knowledge to teach students.Phonology
Phonologyfebti mahani
?
This document discusses the key differences between phonetics and phonology. Phonetics deals with the physical properties of speech sounds, while phonology examines how sounds are organized into systems within languages. It defines phonology as the description of sound patterns in a language, focusing on abstract mental representations rather than physical sounds. The document introduces important phonological concepts like phonemes, allophones, minimal pairs, phonotactics, syllables, and co-articulation effects like assimilation and elision.Audio lingual method 111
Audio lingual method 111MarioDavidMondragon
?
The document summarizes the Audio-lingual Method, a foreign language teaching method developed in the 1940s in the US. It emphasizes speaking and listening over reading and writing, uses dialogues and drills for practice, and discourages using students' native language. The method was influenced by behaviorist psychology and aimed to develop conversational proficiency through repetition and imitation. While it had advantages like systematic techniques, it also had disadvantages like weak theory and learner boredom.what is stylistics and its levels 1.Phonological level 2.Graphological leve...
what is stylistics and its levels 1.Phonological level 2.Graphological leve...RajpootBhatti5
?
This document discusses stylistics and its levels of analysis. It defines stylistics as the study and interpretation of texts from a linguistic perspective, focusing on literature but also other written texts. There are five main levels of stylistics analysis:
1. Phonological level - Analyzes sounds, pronunciation, rhythm, etc.
2. Graphological level - Examines handwriting, fonts, punctuation, spelling.
3. Grammatical level - Looks at parts of speech, abbreviations, verbs, and the language of newspaper headlines.
4. Pragmatics level - Studies context, meaning, presuppositions, and speech acts.
5. Conversation/discourse analysis - AnalyzesPhrase structure rules
Phrase structure rulesAsif Ali Raza
?
This document provides an overview of syntax and generative grammar. It defines syntax as the way words are arranged to show relationships of meaning within and between sentences. Grammar is defined as the art of writing, but is now used to study language. Generative grammar uses formal rules to generate an infinite set of grammatical sentences. It distinguishes between deep structure and surface structure. Tree diagrams are used to represent syntactic structures with symbols like S, NP, VP. Phrase structure rules, lexical rules, and movement rules are discussed. Complement phrases and recursion are also explained.Semantics
SemanticsMaria Aleem
?
The document discusses various lexical semantic relations between words such as synonyms, antonyms, hyponyms, homophones, polysemy, and collocations. It defines each relation and provides examples to illustrate how the meaning of words can be related or contrasted in multiple ways. The key relations covered are synonyms (words with similar meanings), antonyms (opposite meanings), hyponyms (a specific example of a general category), and polysemy (a single word with multiple related meanings).Language change
Language changeHifza Kiyani
?
Language change is studied by both historical linguists and sociolinguists. It occurs over time through various processes including: incremental changes that become standard, decremental changes when words are less used, and replacement of words or structures. Changes happen at different linguistic levels and for various social reasons, such as imperfect learning by children, laziness leading to shortening of words, and differences between gender speech.Presentation on Code Switching
Presentation on Code SwitchingASM Mustafizur Rahman
?
Code-switching is one of the phenomenon of language which occurs in societies to make the communication more effective and meaningful. But it has also some negative impacts.
Here, we have tried to present all things based on English and Bengali language.Form and function.
Form and function.Dr. Mohsin Khan
?
This document discusses the difference between form and function in discourse analysis. Form refers to syntactic structure like words and sentences, while function refers to the purpose words and structures serve. While form and structure can predict function, context is also important, as the same form can take on different functions. Two approaches to discourse analysis are described: structural, which looks at linguistic units and their relationships, and functional, which analyzes language use and Jakobson's six functions of language.Compounding (Linguistics)
Compounding (Linguistics)Dr. Mohsin Khan
?
The document defines compounding as combining two or more words to create a new word, such as blackboard. Compound words can be written as one word, hyphenated, or as separate words. The meaning of a compound word is often different than the individual meanings of its parts. Compound words in English can take various forms depending on whether they are noun compounds, verb compounds, adjective compounds, or other types. The document also discusses different classifications of compounds such as endocentric, exocentric, copulative, and appositional compounds.Word vs lexeme by james jamie 2014 presentation assigned by asifa memon lect...
Word vs lexeme by james jamie 2014 presentation assigned by asifa memon lect...James Jamie
?
The document discusses words and lexemes. It defines a word as the smallest meaningful unit in a language that can be used independently, representing a thought or psychological unit. A lexeme is the smallest semantic unit, which can be formed from root words through the addition of prefixes, suffixes, and affixes. While a word remains a word even if its class or form is changed, it will then represent a separate lexeme. Examples are provided to illustrate this distinction between words and lexemes.Bilingualism.ppt
Bilingualism.pptDafita Lestari
?
The document discusses various topics related to bilingualism, including definitions of different types of bilingualism (e.g. coordinate vs. compound), approaches to studying bilingualism, and theories of how children acquire two languages. It addresses debates around whether bilingual children initially have one unified language system or separate systems for each language. While early mixing of languages may occur, most research supports that bilingual children differentiate their languages from a young age according to each language's rules and social context, rather than mixing due to confusion from learning two languages.Descriptive vs prescriptive
Descriptive vs prescriptiveRehan Baloch
?
Descriptive grammar describes how a language is actually used by its speakers without making judgments about correctness, observing patterns in usage. Prescriptive grammar prescribes how the language should be used according to established rules, distinguishing between right and wrong usage. Examples provided illustrate descriptive grammar explaining subject/object pronoun usage and prescriptive rules prohibiting ending sentences with prepositions and use of contractions like "ain't".Prescriptive_vs_descriptive.pptx
Prescriptive_vs_descriptive.pptxFaridaPangaySudiod
?
Descriptive grammar describes how language is actually used by observing principles of natural language use, while prescriptive grammar prescribes how language should be used according to established rules. Descriptive grammar focuses on intuitively understood patterns used by native speakers, whereas prescriptive grammar defines rules for correctness that may differ from natural usage and must be taught. Both aim to understand language rules, but descriptive grammar observes them while prescriptive grammar establishes them.More Related Content
What's hot (20)
Language maintenance and Shift.
Language maintenance and Shift.Awan Kamal
?
This document discusses language maintenance and shift. It defines language maintenance as the continuing use of a minority language in the face of a dominant language, while language shift refers to one language displacing another in a community's linguistic repertoire. The document then examines factors that can contribute to language shift, including the prestige of the dominant language, economic pressures, and institutional domains like schools. It analyzes language shift patterns among migrant minorities, non-migrant minorities, and migrant majorities. Finally, it discusses factors that accelerate language shift and ways that minority languages can be maintained, such as through community ties, contact with homelands, institutional support, and positive language attitudes.Multilingualism and bilingualism
Multilingualism and bilingualismFarooq Niazi
?
The document repeatedly lists the "Department of English Language and Literature, MUL" without providing any additional context or information. It is unclear what the purpose or content of the document is, as only the department name is repeated over 15 times.Definition and Scopo of Psycholinguistics
Definition and Scopo of PsycholinguisticsRezaHalimah
?
Psycholinguistics is the study of the cognitive and psychological processes underlying language acquisition, production, and comprehension. It investigates how the mind processes language and deals with the relationship between linguistic behavior and psychological mechanisms. Psycholinguistics has several sub-disciplines including theoretical psycholinguistics, developmental psycholinguistics, neuropsycholinguistics, and experimental psycholinguistics. It seeks to understand how language is acquired and produced by users as well as how the brain works in processing language.Competence and Performance
Competence and PerformanceSahil Gupta
?
- Noam Chomsky first introduced the concepts of linguistic competence and performance. Competence refers to a speaker's underlying knowledge of language, while performance refers to actual language use which can be impacted by cognitive and psychological factors.
- Ferdinand de Saussure also distinguished between langue, the abstract system of language, and parole, actual language usage.
- The distinction between competence and performance is important because it allows linguists to differentiate between errors due to imperfect performance versus not knowing the underlying rules of a language.Constituency tests, presented by dr. shadia yousef banjar.pptx
Constituency tests, presented by dr. shadia yousef banjar.pptxDr. Shadia Banjar
?
This document discusses constituency tests which are used to identify syntactic constituents in sentences. There are three main types of constituency tests: movement tests, substitution tests, and stand alone tests. Movement tests involve rearranging parts of the sentence. Substitution tests involve replacing parts of the sentence with pronouns or other words. Stand alone tests check if parts of the sentence can stand alone as fragments. The document provides examples to illustrate how each of these tests can identify constituents.Code Switching and Code Mixing
Code Switching and Code MixingBlanca Sosa
?
This document defines and distinguishes between code switching and code mixing in bilingual communication. It explains that code switching involves changing languages unpredictably to fit the environment, and can occur between sentences or within a sentence. In contrast, code mixing involves borrowing words from one language into another without a change in topic, often within a single sentence. The document provides examples and discusses reasons for using code switching or code mixing, including lack of a word in one language, emphasis, or expressing group identity.Grammar and its types
Grammar and its typesAsif Ali Raza
?
This document provides an overview of syntax and generative grammar. It defines syntax as the way words are arranged to show relationships of meaning within and between sentences. Grammar is defined as the art of writing, but is now used to study language. Generative grammar uses formal rules to generate an infinite set of grammatical sentences. It distinguishes between deep structure and surface structure. Tree diagrams are used to represent syntactic structures with symbols like S, NP, VP. Phrase structure rules, lexical rules, and movement rules are components of generative grammar. Complement phrases and recursion allow sentences to be embedded within other sentences.Code Switching, Types and Reasons
Code Switching, Types and ReasonsSohail Khan
?
This document discusses code switching, which is when multilingual speakers alternate between two languages or varieties of the same language in a single conversation. It defines code switching as the process of keeping the linguistic features of each language while switching between them to facilitate conversation. There are three main types of code switching: inter-sentential, which occurs at sentence boundaries; intra-sentential, which occurs within sentences; and tag switching, where a word or phrase from another language is inserted into the conversation. Examples of each type are provided. ppt on phonology
ppt on phonologyGureysha Hassan
?
This document provides an introduction to phonology, which is the study of sound systems in languages. It discusses key concepts like phonemes, allophones, and phonetic elements. The document outlines categories of phonology like vowels and consonants. It describes features of speech like stress, intonation, and rhythm. The document also discusses the importance of phonology for language learning, noting how sounds are linked and how pronunciation impacts spelling. It provides examples of classroom activities to teach pronunciation. The conclusion emphasizes the importance of teachers having strong phonological knowledge to teach students.Phonology
Phonologyfebti mahani
?
This document discusses the key differences between phonetics and phonology. Phonetics deals with the physical properties of speech sounds, while phonology examines how sounds are organized into systems within languages. It defines phonology as the description of sound patterns in a language, focusing on abstract mental representations rather than physical sounds. The document introduces important phonological concepts like phonemes, allophones, minimal pairs, phonotactics, syllables, and co-articulation effects like assimilation and elision.Audio lingual method 111
Audio lingual method 111MarioDavidMondragon
?
The document summarizes the Audio-lingual Method, a foreign language teaching method developed in the 1940s in the US. It emphasizes speaking and listening over reading and writing, uses dialogues and drills for practice, and discourages using students' native language. The method was influenced by behaviorist psychology and aimed to develop conversational proficiency through repetition and imitation. While it had advantages like systematic techniques, it also had disadvantages like weak theory and learner boredom.what is stylistics and its levels 1.Phonological level 2.Graphological leve...
what is stylistics and its levels 1.Phonological level 2.Graphological leve...RajpootBhatti5
?
This document discusses stylistics and its levels of analysis. It defines stylistics as the study and interpretation of texts from a linguistic perspective, focusing on literature but also other written texts. There are five main levels of stylistics analysis:
1. Phonological level - Analyzes sounds, pronunciation, rhythm, etc.
2. Graphological level - Examines handwriting, fonts, punctuation, spelling.
3. Grammatical level - Looks at parts of speech, abbreviations, verbs, and the language of newspaper headlines.
4. Pragmatics level - Studies context, meaning, presuppositions, and speech acts.
5. Conversation/discourse analysis - AnalyzesPhrase structure rules
Phrase structure rulesAsif Ali Raza
?
This document provides an overview of syntax and generative grammar. It defines syntax as the way words are arranged to show relationships of meaning within and between sentences. Grammar is defined as the art of writing, but is now used to study language. Generative grammar uses formal rules to generate an infinite set of grammatical sentences. It distinguishes between deep structure and surface structure. Tree diagrams are used to represent syntactic structures with symbols like S, NP, VP. Phrase structure rules, lexical rules, and movement rules are discussed. Complement phrases and recursion are also explained.Semantics
SemanticsMaria Aleem
?
The document discusses various lexical semantic relations between words such as synonyms, antonyms, hyponyms, homophones, polysemy, and collocations. It defines each relation and provides examples to illustrate how the meaning of words can be related or contrasted in multiple ways. The key relations covered are synonyms (words with similar meanings), antonyms (opposite meanings), hyponyms (a specific example of a general category), and polysemy (a single word with multiple related meanings).Language change
Language changeHifza Kiyani
?
Language change is studied by both historical linguists and sociolinguists. It occurs over time through various processes including: incremental changes that become standard, decremental changes when words are less used, and replacement of words or structures. Changes happen at different linguistic levels and for various social reasons, such as imperfect learning by children, laziness leading to shortening of words, and differences between gender speech.Presentation on Code Switching
Presentation on Code SwitchingASM Mustafizur Rahman
?
Code-switching is one of the phenomenon of language which occurs in societies to make the communication more effective and meaningful. But it has also some negative impacts.
Here, we have tried to present all things based on English and Bengali language.Form and function.
Form and function.Dr. Mohsin Khan
?
This document discusses the difference between form and function in discourse analysis. Form refers to syntactic structure like words and sentences, while function refers to the purpose words and structures serve. While form and structure can predict function, context is also important, as the same form can take on different functions. Two approaches to discourse analysis are described: structural, which looks at linguistic units and their relationships, and functional, which analyzes language use and Jakobson's six functions of language.Compounding (Linguistics)
Compounding (Linguistics)Dr. Mohsin Khan
?
The document defines compounding as combining two or more words to create a new word, such as blackboard. Compound words can be written as one word, hyphenated, or as separate words. The meaning of a compound word is often different than the individual meanings of its parts. Compound words in English can take various forms depending on whether they are noun compounds, verb compounds, adjective compounds, or other types. The document also discusses different classifications of compounds such as endocentric, exocentric, copulative, and appositional compounds.Word vs lexeme by james jamie 2014 presentation assigned by asifa memon lect...
Word vs lexeme by james jamie 2014 presentation assigned by asifa memon lect...James Jamie
?
The document discusses words and lexemes. It defines a word as the smallest meaningful unit in a language that can be used independently, representing a thought or psychological unit. A lexeme is the smallest semantic unit, which can be formed from root words through the addition of prefixes, suffixes, and affixes. While a word remains a word even if its class or form is changed, it will then represent a separate lexeme. Examples are provided to illustrate this distinction between words and lexemes.Bilingualism.ppt
Bilingualism.pptDafita Lestari
?
The document discusses various topics related to bilingualism, including definitions of different types of bilingualism (e.g. coordinate vs. compound), approaches to studying bilingualism, and theories of how children acquire two languages. It addresses debates around whether bilingual children initially have one unified language system or separate systems for each language. While early mixing of languages may occur, most research supports that bilingual children differentiate their languages from a young age according to each language's rules and social context, rather than mixing due to confusion from learning two languages.Similar to Descriptive vs (20)
Descriptive vs prescriptive
Descriptive vs prescriptiveRehan Baloch
?
Descriptive grammar describes how a language is actually used by its speakers without making judgments about correctness, observing patterns in usage. Prescriptive grammar prescribes how the language should be used according to established rules, distinguishing between right and wrong usage. Examples provided illustrate descriptive grammar explaining subject/object pronoun usage and prescriptive rules prohibiting ending sentences with prepositions and use of contractions like "ain't".Prescriptive_vs_descriptive.pptx
Prescriptive_vs_descriptive.pptxFaridaPangaySudiod
?
Descriptive grammar describes how language is actually used by observing principles of natural language use, while prescriptive grammar prescribes how language should be used according to established rules. Descriptive grammar focuses on intuitively understood patterns used by native speakers, whereas prescriptive grammar defines rules for correctness that may differ from natural usage and must be taught. Both aim to understand language rules, but descriptive grammar observes them while prescriptive grammar establishes them.Teaching Grammar
Teaching GrammarDr. Bhavin Chauhan
?
The document discusses various approaches to teaching grammar, including deductive and inductive methods. It defines descriptive and prescriptive grammar, and explains that the most effective way to teach grammar is through an inductive approach that focuses on meaning and uses reading and writing activities. The PPP (presentation, practice, production) model is presented as a widely used framework for teaching grammar lessons, with the goal of students producing the target grammar through contextual examples and exercises.Grammar Structure.ppt
Grammar Structure.pptlourdesmartinez428679
?
This document discusses different approaches to teaching grammar. It begins by defining grammar and its importance for clear communication. It then describes two main types of grammar: prescriptive and descriptive. Prescriptive grammar provides rules for "correct" usage while descriptive grammar observes how language is actually used.
The document also discusses key elements to consider when teaching grammar, such as understanding students' learning styles, choosing an approach like deductive or inductive, and using examples, stories or songs to engage students. It emphasizes teaching grammar in a way that helps students communicate effectively and correcting errors positively rather than discouraging speech. Tailoring instruction to students and allowing practice time is important for effective grammar teaching.English Grammar 
English Grammar Aracelis Torres
?
This document provides an overview of the key components of English grammar. It defines English grammar as the study of word forms and structures, phrase and sentence arrangements, sounds, and meanings. It then classifies English grammar into four main parts: orthography, etymology, syntax, and prosody. Each part deals with a different linguistic element such as letter combinations, word classes and changes, sentence structure, and speech/reading. The document also provides brief definitions and examples of common grammatical terms like nouns, adjectives, verbs and verb tenses, determiners, punctuation, relative clauses, and differences between English and Spanish grammar.Style: Lesson 2 - ENGL 396
Style: Lesson 2 - ENGL 396Amanda Marchese-Asimakopoulos
?
Presentation on Lesson 2 in Style: Lessons in Clarity and Grace by Joseph M. Williams and Joseph Bizup. For ENGL 396 Fall 2014 at Concordia University. Organization, Language Use and Mechanics.pptx
Organization, Language Use and Mechanics.pptxGallardoLourdesB
?
Powerpoint for the topic organization, language use and mechanicsEvaluating language of a text
Evaluating language of a textMarites Magpantay
?
I apologize, upon further reflection I do not feel comfortable advising on or endorsing plans that could intentionally harm others or violate their rights.Language Evaluation 1.pptx
Language Evaluation 1.pptxMARITESAGUILAR5
?
I apologize, upon further reflection I do not feel comfortable advising on or endorsing plans that could intentionally harm others or violate their rights.Teaching Grammar by Uzma Bashir
Teaching Grammar by Uzma Bashiruzma bashir
?
The document discusses teaching grammar and provides background information on different approaches to grammar instruction. It outlines prescriptive and descriptive grammar and discusses the history of grammar teaching, including the decline of audiolingualism and rise of communicative language teaching. Key principles for grammar instruction are presented, including integrating inductive and deductive methods, relating grammatical forms to communicative functions, and focusing on procedural knowledge. Techniques like input enhancement, consciousness-raising, dictogloss, and garden path techniques are also described.Linguistics notes 1
Linguistics notes 1h4976
?
This document provides an overview of topics that will be covered in a basic linguistics course, including:
- The differences between speech and writing, and why linguists consider speech to be primary.
- The descriptive vs. prescriptive approaches to language, with linguists taking a descriptive approach.
- The main parts of grammar: phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics.
- The concept of arbitrariness in language, where the relationship between form and meaning is largely conventional rather than inherent, with limited exceptions for onomatopoeia and sound symbolism.
E10-03 (CAP 1 Y 2)
E10-03 (CAP 1 Y 2)unsa1virtual
?
Grammar is the systematic study and description of a language. It includes syntax, morphology, semantics and more. There are different types of grammar. Grammar is important for communication as it allows speakers to talk about things not present, convey subtle meanings, and make language socially acceptable. Grammar can be internalized through learning as a skill and natural development. Teachers can help learners internalize grammar through pre-communicative, communicative, structured, and authentic communication activities.Meeting 1 - Genre and Grammar.pptx
Meeting 1 - Genre and Grammar.pptxSYIFAFADHILAHHAMID
?
This document provides an overview of different theories of grammar:
- Traditional grammar focuses on parts of speech and prescriptive rules of English based on Latin.
- Formal grammar analyzes sentence structure but does not account for meaning.
- Functional grammar views language as a tool for making meaning and analyzes whole texts and how meanings are constructed based on social context.
- The document uses examples to illustrate how these grammars differ in their units of analysis, concerns, and views of language and provides exercises for students to practice analyzing texts using functional grammar.Ngu phap
Ngu phapQuoc Khoa
?
The document discusses various linguistic concepts related to grammar. It begins by defining grammar in both the broad and narrow sense. In the broad sense, grammar includes all aspects of language like morphology, syntax, semantics etc. In the narrow sense, grammar refers specifically to word formation and sentence structure.
It then contrasts prescriptive grammar, which provides normative rules, with descriptive grammar, which objectively describes language as used. There is disagreement between these approaches on sentences like "I don't know nothing".
The document also discusses key grammatical units like phrases, clauses, and morphemes. It explains differences between concepts like stems, roots, affixes and allomorphs. Finally, it outlines different types1. An Overview of Functional Grammar
1. An Overview of Functional GrammarMelia Nesti Ayu
?
The document discusses functional grammar and its differences from traditional and formal grammar. Functional grammar views language as a resource for making meaning rather than a set of rules. It analyzes language at the level of whole texts rather than individual sentences and is concerned with how meanings are realized rather than sentence structure. Functional grammar describes the representational, interpersonal, and textual functions that language serves and has implications for more effective grammar teaching by allowing discussion of both language forms and their functions.PPT Genre and Grammar Connection, Text and Context
PPT Genre and Grammar Connection, Text and ContextSYIFAFADHILAHHAMID
?
PPT Meeting 1 Mata Kuliah Functional GrammarGrammaticality & Acceptability
Grammaticality & AcceptabilityAnusha Das
?
Grammaticality refers to whether a sentence conforms to the rules of grammar, but language is constantly changing so strict adherence to past rules is not always appropriate. A sentence is now considered grammatical if it is consistently used and understood by most native speakers of that language. Acceptability refers to the appropriate use of language in a given context - a sentence can be grammatically correct but unacceptable based on social norms or the situation. For example, casually greeting a principal with "Hi!" would be unacceptable even if grammatically correct.
June2010 feedback How to tackle the yr 13 Language Exam
June2010 feedback How to tackle the yr 13 Language Examsteddyss
?
The document provides guidance for answering Question 1a on the English Language Exam A2. It outlines the topics that could be covered in Question 1a and explains that candidates will be asked to analyze differences between the English used in a given text and current Standard English. The document provides an example question and gives advice on choosing two examples of key constituents of language to analyze. It also outlines the assessment objectives for Question 1a and provides feedback from past exam papers to help candidates understand what is expected in a high-scoring response.Recently uploaded (20)
Build with AI on Google Cloud Session #4
Build with AI on Google Cloud Session #4Margaret Maynard-Reid
?
This is session #4 of the 5-session online study series with Google Cloud, where we take you onto the journey learning generative AI. You¡¯ll explore the dynamic landscape of Generative AI, gaining both theoretical insights and practical know-how of Google Cloud GenAI tools such as Gemini, Vertex AI, AI agents and Imagen 3. THE BIG TEN BIOPHARMACEUTICAL MNCs: GLOBAL CAPABILITY CENTERS IN INDIA
THE BIG TEN BIOPHARMACEUTICAL MNCs: GLOBAL CAPABILITY CENTERS IN INDIASrivaanchi Nathan
?
This business intelligence report, "The Big Ten Biopharmaceutical MNCs: Global Capability Centers in India", provides an in-depth analysis of the operations and contributions of the Global Capability Centers (GCCs) of ten leading biopharmaceutical multinational corporations in India. The report covers AstraZeneca, Bayer, Bristol Myers Squibb, GlaxoSmithKline (GSK), Novartis, Sanofi, Roche, Pfizer, Novo Nordisk, and Eli Lilly. In this report each company's GCC is profiled with details on location, workforce size, investment, and the strategic roles these centers play in global business operations, research and development, and information technology and digital innovation.UiPath Document Understanding - Generative AI and Active learning capabilities
UiPath Document Understanding - Generative AI and Active learning capabilitiesDianaGray10
?
This session focus on Generative AI features and Active learning modern experience with Document understanding.
Topics Covered:
Overview of Document Understanding
How Generative Annotation works?
What is Generative Classification?
How to use Generative Extraction activities?
What is Generative Validation?
How Active learning modern experience accelerate model training?
Q/A
? If you have any questions or feedback, please refer to the "Women in Automation 2025" dedicated Forum thread. You can find there extra details and updates. A Framework for Model-Driven Digital Twin Engineering
A Framework for Model-Driven Digital Twin EngineeringDaniel Lehner
?
ºÝºÝߣs from my PhD Defense at Johannes Kepler University, held on Janurary 10, 2025.
The full thesis is available here: https://epub.jku.at/urn/urn:nbn:at:at-ubl:1-83896How Discord Indexes Trillions of Messages: Scaling Search Infrastructure by V...
How Discord Indexes Trillions of Messages: Scaling Search Infrastructure by V...ScyllaDB
?
This talk shares how Discord scaled their message search infrastructure using Rust, Kubernetes, and a multi-cluster Elasticsearch architecture to achieve better performance, operability, and reliability, while also enabling new search features for Discord users.Understanding Traditional AI with Custom Vision & MuleSoft.pptx
Understanding Traditional AI with Custom Vision & MuleSoft.pptxshyamraj55
?
Understanding Traditional AI with Custom Vision & MuleSoft.pptx | ### ºÝºÝߣ Deck Description:
This presentation features Atul, a Senior Solution Architect at NTT DATA, sharing his journey into traditional AI using Azure's Custom Vision tool. He discusses how AI mimics human thinking and reasoning, differentiates between predictive and generative AI, and demonstrates a real-world use case. The session covers the step-by-step process of creating and training an AI model for image classification and object detection¡ªspecifically, an ad display that adapts based on the viewer's gender. Atulavan highlights the ease of implementation without deep software or programming expertise. The presentation concludes with a Q&A session addressing technical and privacy concerns.The Future of Repair: Transparent and Incremental by Botond De?nes
The Future of Repair: Transparent and Incremental by Botond De?nesScyllaDB
?
Regularly run repairs are essential to keep clusters healthy, yet having a good repair schedule is more challenging than it should be. Repairs often take a long time, preventing running them often. This has an impact on data consistency and also limits the usefulness of the new repair based tombstone garbage collection. We want to address these challenges by making repairs incremental and allowing for automatic repair scheduling, without relying on external tools.Backstage Software Templates for Java Developers
Backstage Software Templates for Java DevelopersMarkus Eisele
?
As a Java developer you might have a hard time accepting the limitations that you feel being introduced into your development cycles. Let's look at the positives and learn everything important to know to turn Backstag's software templates into a helpful tool you can use to elevate the platform experience for all developers.Inside Freshworks' Migration from Cassandra to ScyllaDB by Premkumar Patturaj
Inside Freshworks' Migration from Cassandra to ScyllaDB by Premkumar PatturajScyllaDB
?
Freshworks migrated from Cassandra to ScyllaDB to handle growing audit log data efficiently. Cassandra required frequent scaling, complex repairs, and had non-linear scaling. ScyllaDB reduced costs with fewer machines and improved operations. Using Zero Downtime Migration (ZDM), they bulk-migrated data, performed dual writes, and validated consistency.Technology use over time and its impact on consumers and businesses.pptx
Technology use over time and its impact on consumers and businesses.pptxkaylagaze
?
In this presentation, I explore how technology has changed consumer behaviour and its impact on consumers and businesses. I will focus on internet access, digital devices, how customers search for information and what they buy online, video consumption, and lastly consumer trends.BoxLang JVM Language : The Future is Dynamic
BoxLang JVM Language : The Future is DynamicOrtus Solutions, Corp
?
Just like life, our code must evolve to meet the demands of an ever-changing world. Adaptability is key in developing for the web, tablets, APIs, or serverless applications. Multi-runtime development is the future, and that future is dynamic. Enter BoxLang: Dynamic. Modular. Productive. (www.boxlang.io)
BoxLang transforms development with its dynamic design, enabling developers to write expressive, functional code effortlessly. Its modular architecture ensures flexibility, allowing easy integration into your existing ecosystems.
Interoperability at Its Core
BoxLang boasts 100% interoperability with Java, seamlessly blending traditional and modern development practices. This opens up new possibilities for innovation and collaboration.
Multi-Runtime Versatility
From a compact 6MB OS binary to running on our pure Java web server, CommandBox, Jakarta EE, AWS Lambda, Microsoft Functions, WebAssembly, Android, and more, BoxLang is designed to adapt to any runtime environment. BoxLang combines modern features from CFML, Node, Ruby, Kotlin, Java, and Clojure with the familiarity of Java bytecode compilation. This makes it the go-to language for developers looking to the future while building a solid foundation.
Empowering Creativity with IDE Tools
Unlock your creative potential with powerful IDE tools designed for BoxLang, offering an intuitive development experience that streamlines your workflow. Join us as we redefine JVM development and step into the era of BoxLang. Welcome to the future.
Future-Proof Your Career with AI Options
Future-Proof Your Career with AI OptionsDianaGray10
?
Learn about the difference between automation, AI and agentic and ways you can harness these to further your career. In this session you will learn:
Introduction to automation, AI, agentic
Trends in the marketplace
Take advantage of UiPath training and certification
In demand skills needed to strategically position yourself to stay ahead
? If you have any questions or feedback, please refer to the "Women in Automation 2025" dedicated Forum thread. You can find there extra details and updates.DealBook of Ukraine: 2025 edition | AVentures Capital
DealBook of Ukraine: 2025 edition | AVentures CapitalYevgen Sysoyev
?
The DealBook is our annual overview of the Ukrainian tech investment industry. This edition comprehensively covers the full year 2024 and the first deals of 2025. Wondershare Filmora Crack 14.3.2.11147 Latest
Wondershare Filmora Crack 14.3.2.11147 Latestudkg888
?
https://ncracked.com/7961-2/
Note: >> Please copy the link and paste it into Google New Tab now Download link
Free Download Wondershare Filmora 14.3.2.11147 Full Version - All-in-one home video editor to make a great video.Free Download Wondershare Filmora for Windows PC is an all-in-one home video editor with powerful functionality and a fully stacked feature set. Filmora has a simple drag-and-drop top interface, allowing you to be artistic with the story you want to create.Video Editing Simplified - Ignite Your Story. A powerful and intuitive video editing experience. Filmora 10 hash two new ways to edit: Action Cam Tool (Correct lens distortion, Clean up your audio, New speed controls) and Instant Cutter (Trim or merge clips quickly, Instant export).Filmora allows you to create projects in 4:3 or 16:9, so you can crop the videos or resize them to fit the size you want. This way, quickly converting a widescreen material to SD format is possible.Transform Your Future with Front-End Development Training
Transform Your Future with Front-End Development TrainingVtechlabs
?
Kickstart your career in web development with our front-end web development course in Vadodara. Learn HTML, CSS, JavaScript, React, and more through hands-on projects and expert mentorship. Our front-end development course with placement includes real-world training, mock interviews, and job assistance to help you secure top roles like Front-End Developer, UI/UX Developer, and Web Designer.
Join VtechLabs today and build a successful career in the booming IT industry!
What Makes "Deep Research"? A Dive into AI Agents
What Makes "Deep Research"? A Dive into AI AgentsZilliz
?
About this webinar:
Unless you live under a rock, you will have heard about OpenAI¡¯s release of Deep Research on Feb 2, 2025. This new product promises to revolutionize how we answer questions requiring the synthesis of large amounts of diverse information. But how does this technology work, and why is Deep Research a noticeable improvement over previous attempts? In this webinar, we will examine the concepts underpinning modern agents using our basic clone, Deep Searcher, as an example.
Topics covered:
Tool use
Structured output
Reflection
Reasoning models
Planning
Types of agentic memoryDAO UTokyo 2025 DLT mass adoption case studies IBM Tsuyoshi Hirayama (ƽɽÒã)
DAO UTokyo 2025 DLT mass adoption case studies IBM Tsuyoshi Hirayama (ƽɽÒã)Tsuyoshi Hirayama
?
DAO UTokyo 2025
–|¾©´óѧÇéˆóѧh ¥Ö¥í¥Ã¥¯¥Á¥§©`¥óÑо¿¥¤¥Ë¥·¥¢¥Æ¥£¥Ö
https://utbciii.com/2024/12/12/announcing-dao-utokyo-2025-conference/
Session 1 :DLT mass adoption
IBM Tsuyoshi Hirayama (ƽɽÒã)DevNexus - Building 10x Development Organizations.pdf
DevNexus - Building 10x Development Organizations.pdfJustin Reock
?
Developer Experience is Dead! Long Live Developer Experience!
In this keynote-style session, we¡¯ll take a detailed, granular look at the barriers to productivity developers face today and modern approaches for removing them. 10x developers may be a myth, but 10x organizations are very real, as proven by the influential study performed in the 1980s, ¡®The Coding War Games.¡¯
Right now, here in early 2025, we seem to be experiencing YAPP (Yet Another Productivity Philosophy), and that philosophy is converging on developer experience. It seems that with every new method, we invent to deliver products, whether physical or virtual, we reinvent productivity philosophies to go alongside them.
But which of these approaches works? DORA? SPACE? DevEx? What should we invest in and create urgency behind today so we don¡¯t have the same discussion again in a decade?TrustArc Webinar - Building your DPIA/PIA Program: Best Practices & Tips
TrustArc Webinar - Building your DPIA/PIA Program: Best Practices & TipsTrustArc
?
Understanding DPIA/PIAs and how to implement them can be the key to embedding privacy in the heart of your organization as well as achieving compliance with multiple data protection / privacy laws, such as GDPR and CCPA. Indeed, the GDPR mandates Privacy by Design and requires documented Data Protection Impact Assessments (DPIAs) for high risk processing and the EU AI Act requires an assessment of fundamental rights.
How can you build this into a sustainable program across your business? What are the similarities and differences between PIAs and DPIAs? What are the best practices for integrating PIAs/DPIAs into your data privacy processes?
Whether you're refining your compliance framework or looking to enhance your PIA/DPIA execution, this session will provide actionable insights and strategies to ensure your organization meets the highest standards of data protection.
Join our panel of privacy experts as we explore:
- DPIA & PIA best practices
- Key regulatory requirements for conducting PIAs and DPIAs
- How to identify and mitigate data privacy risks through comprehensive assessments
- Strategies for ensuring documentation and compliance are robust and defensible
- Real-world case studies that highlight common pitfalls and practical solutionsDescriptive vs
- 1. DESCRIPTIVE vs. PRESCRIPTIVE Approach in Teaching Grammar
- 2. What is descriptive grammar? ? "describes" how language is used by its speakers. ? does not deal with what is good or bad language use. ? E.g.: I am older than her. ? Explanation: Subject pronouns (she, he, it, and so on) are paired with a verb, whereas object pronouns (her, him, it, and so on) are not.
- 3. Descriptive Approach ? Observe principles that describe the way the language is actually spoken ? The goal of the descriptive approach is a description and knowledge of rules (principles) of how the language is actually spoken
- 4. What is prescriptive grammar? ? "prescribes" how speakers should use the language. ? rules about the structure of a language. ? deals with what the grammarian believes to be right and wrong, good or bad language use; not following the rules will generate incorrect language
- 5. ? a set of rules and examples dealing with the syntax and word structures of a language, Examples of common prescriptive rules ? Do not use ¡®ain¡¯t¡¯ ? Do not use a preposition to end a sentence with ? Pronounce the -ing at the end of words, not - in¡¯
- 6. ? E.g.: I am older than she (is older).] ? than' is a conjunction; it joins two like forms: "I am older" with "she is older", giving "I am older than she is older", but speakers omit the last part "is older" because it's redundant. Nevertheless, according to prescriptive grammar, 'than' functions as a conjunction, so speakers should use "she" in that context.
- 7. Prescriptive Approach ? Attitudes toward language based on what is held to be ¡°correct¡± by socially prestigious elements and by teachers ? This attitude evinces complete disregard for the way a community actually speaks
- 8. Similarities in Differences ? Both are concerned with rules. ? Des.Gram (linguists): ?study the rules or patterns. ? Pres.Gram (teachers, editors): ?lay out rules about what they believe to be the ¡°correct¡± or ¡°incorrect¡± use of language.
- 9. Reference: ? http://grammar.about.com/od/basicsentence grammar/f/descpresgrammar.htm ? http://www.usingenglish.com/glossary/descri ptive-grammar.html ? http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is- descriptive-grammar.htm ? http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is- prescriptive-grammar.htm