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Detritus Bacteria biodegradation.ppt

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Hafez Mabrouk
Hafez Mabrouk

1. The document discusses various interactions between the biosphere, atmosphere, and hydrosphere including how CO2 and dimethyl sulfide affect climate regulation. 2. It also covers basic concepts in biology such as the cell theory, biological species concept, and Linnaeus' taxonomy system for classifying organisms. 3. Several physical factors that affect marine life are outlined such as temperature, salinity, dissolved gases, hydrostatic pressure, and how organisms deal with these variables.

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LIFE IN THE OCEANS - 1
Interactions between biosphere, atmosphere, and hydrosphere Atmospheric CO2 absorbs solar radiation, and plants consume CO2 If CO2 levels too high, Earth heats up High CO2 stimulates plant growth Plants use up CO2, atmospheric levels decrease Earth cools
Interactions between biosphere, atmosphere, and hydrosphere Dimethyl sulfide (DMS) used by plankton to control osmotic balance. In atmosphere, DMS is nucleus for condensation of water vapor (clouds). If plankton populations increase, DMS levels increase cloud formation over ocean increases reflectivity of atmosphere increases Earth cools
Living things are made of matter Most abundant elements in all living organisms are: C H N O P S
Living things are made of matter What distinguishes living matter from non-living matter? 1. homeostasis: maintain stable internal conditions 2. regulated, controlled growth & development 3. metabolism: controlled chemical reactions that provide energy for the synthesis of necessary molecules 4. reproduction
The cell theory All living things are made of cells, & all cells arose from other cells.
Biological species concept species: group of actually or potentially interbreeding natural populations that are reproductively isolated from other such groups
Classification of marine organisms taxonomy (systematics): study of the classification of and evolutionary relationships among organisms binomial nomenclature: system of classification each species is given latin two-part name: Genus species devised by Carolus Linnaeus (1750s)
Classification of marine organisms Linnaeus’ system - hierarchy of larger taxa: classification categories • (Domain) • Kingdom • Phylum • Class • Order • Family • Genus • species
Classification of marine organisms natural system of classification (cladistic): organisms grouped together based only on evolutionary relationships, not on anatomical or behavioral similarities DNA sequencing important for developing such a system snakes lizards crocodiles birds ???
Classification of marine organisms natural system of classification (cladistic): organisms grouped together based only on evolutionary relationships, not on anatomical or behavioral similarities DNA sequencing important for developing such a system snakes lizards crocodiles birds ???
Classification of marine organisms natural system of classification (cladistic): organisms grouped together based only on evolutionary relationships, not on anatomical or behavioral similarities DNA sequencing important for developing such a system snakes lizards crocodiles birds
Convergent evolution convergent evolution: development of superficially similar features in species not evolutionarily related anatomical or behavioral
Physical factors physical factors: any aspect of the geological, chemical, or physical (non-living) environment that affects living organisms. • light • temperature • salinity • dissolved nutrients • dissolved gases • pH • hydrostatic pressure
food webs
Light in the oceans Sunlight is basis of (almost) all oceanic food webs Different wavelengths penetrate to different depths depth record for (blue) sunlight: 590m deep sea—much bioluminescence.
Temperature metabolic rate: rate at which biochemical reactions occur w/in organism metabolic rate directly proportional to temperature until an upper limit ectotherm: internal temperature close to that of environment little or no internal regulation of temperature (poikilothermic) endotherm: actively maintains stable internal temperature independent of that of environment (homeothermic) include: marine mammals, some sharks, large fishes turtles requires high metabolic rate: more food, greater gas exchange
Temperature Mean global temperature of oceans = 4ºC Temperature range is much less than on land fewer fluctuations for organisms to deal with.
Salinity Mean salinity of oceans = 35‰ (range = 0–40‰ ) Salinity varies relatively little. • rainfall • evaporation • freezing • terrestrial runoff and riverflow Most marine organisms have salinity within cells similar to that of seawater.
Dissolved nutrients Concentrations of nutrients in seawater much lower (1/10,000) than in terrestrial soils.
Dissolved gases Marine organisms require CO2 and O2, Oxygen is not highly soluble in water. [O2] in water << in air. CO2 is soluble in water. [CO2] in water > in air.
Dissolved gases [CO2] in deep water > in shallow water. • no photosynthesis, only respiration • solubility of CO2 is greater in colder water. Most deep water originates in polar regions. • pressure at depth keeps gases in solution
Dissolved gases [O2] can be limiting in shallow water. • high rates of photosynthesis during day, but high rates of respiration at night. • bacterial decomposition of detritus
Hydrostatic pressure hydrostatic pressure: force of the weight of water in the ocean. atmospheric pressure: force of the weight of air in the atmosphere. Internal pressure of marine organisms equals hydrostatic pressure, so not crushed
The complexity of physical factors
Biological factors biological factors: any aspect of the biological environment that affects living organisms. Symbioses: • predation + - • parasitism + - • competition - - • mutualism + + • commensalism + o • amensalism - o Interactions between physical factors and living organisms...
Diffusion diffusion: passive net movement of molecules from higher concentration to lower concentration
Osmosis osmosis: diffusion of water molecules isotonic: solutions with same concentration of solutes hypertonic: solution w/ comparatively high concentration of solutes hypotonic: solution w/ comparatively low concentration 35‰ NaCl 20‰ NaCl H2O
Osmosis and living cells Most marine organisms are isotonic to seawater In freshwater, most organisms are hypertonic: water diffuses into cells, organism expends much energy to expel it
Gravity and buoyancy Density of seawater = 1.025 Density of pure water = 1.000 Most organisms—mean density ≈ seawater. many fishes have gas bladder other marine organisms manipulate osmotic balance within tissues to control buoyancy. ex: pump out heavy SO4 - ions & replacing them with lighter Cl-
Viscosity viscosity: internal resistance to flow of fluid Viscosity is affected by temperature & salinity: • viscosity of water at 0ºC is 25% greater than at 25ºC • viscosity of saltwater > freshwater
Viscosity and movement drag: resistance to movement of an organism induced by the fluid through which it swims (or flies). Drag depends on: • viscosity of fluid medium • speed of organism • shape of organism • size of organism Drag is more important for smaller animals, for which viscosity of water is relatively greater.
Viscosity and movement turbulence: chaotic movement of a fluid around an object. Turbulence slows movement of organisms, is especially important for fast-swimming species. Streamlined shape reduces turbulence.
Vertical migration Many marine organisms move up and down in the water column in a regular cycle. • predator avoidance • nutrient uptake at depth • take advantage of horizontal currents
Classification of marine environment photic zone: upper layer of ocean that receives sunlight (150- 600m). • euphotic zone: upper portion of photic zone photosynthesis exceeds respiration. • disphotic zone: lower portion of photic zone respiration exceeds photosynthesis.
Classification of marine environment aphotic zone: layer of ocean below photic zone, no sunlight.
Classification of marine environment pelagic zone: open water above the seafloor • neritic zone: open water above continental shelf • oceanic zone: open water beyond continental shelf
Classification of marine environment benthic zone: the seafloor • littoral zone: intertidal • sublittoral zone: seafloor to edge of continental shelf
Classification of marine environment benthic zone: the seafloor • bathyal zone: seafloor of the continental slopes • abyssal zone: seafloor of the abyssal plains and ridges • hadal zone: seafloor of the trench walls and floors
Classification of marine organisms pelagic: spend most of their time up in water column benthic: spend most of their time attached to or on the seafloor plankton: cannot swim efficiently against a current nekton: can swim efficiently against a current

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Detritus Bacteria biodegradation.ppt

  • 1. LIFE IN THE OCEANS - 1
  • 2. Interactions between biosphere, atmosphere, and hydrosphere Atmospheric CO2 absorbs solar radiation, and plants consume CO2 If CO2 levels too high, Earth heats up High CO2 stimulates plant growth Plants use up CO2, atmospheric levels decrease Earth cools
  • 3. Interactions between biosphere, atmosphere, and hydrosphere Dimethyl sulfide (DMS) used by plankton to control osmotic balance. In atmosphere, DMS is nucleus for condensation of water vapor (clouds). If plankton populations increase, DMS levels increase cloud formation over ocean increases reflectivity of atmosphere increases Earth cools
  • 4. Living things are made of matter Most abundant elements in all living organisms are: C H N O P S
  • 5. Living things are made of matter What distinguishes living matter from non-living matter? 1. homeostasis: maintain stable internal conditions 2. regulated, controlled growth & development 3. metabolism: controlled chemical reactions that provide energy for the synthesis of necessary molecules 4. reproduction
  • 6. The cell theory All living things are made of cells, & all cells arose from other cells.
  • 7. Biological species concept species: group of actually or potentially interbreeding natural populations that are reproductively isolated from other such groups
  • 8. Classification of marine organisms taxonomy (systematics): study of the classification of and evolutionary relationships among organisms binomial nomenclature: system of classification each species is given latin two-part name: Genus species devised by Carolus Linnaeus (1750s)
  • 9. Classification of marine organisms Linnaeus’ system - hierarchy of larger taxa: classification categories • (Domain) • Kingdom • Phylum • Class • Order • Family • Genus • species
  • 10. Classification of marine organisms natural system of classification (cladistic): organisms grouped together based only on evolutionary relationships, not on anatomical or behavioral similarities DNA sequencing important for developing such a system snakes lizards crocodiles birds ???
  • 11. Classification of marine organisms natural system of classification (cladistic): organisms grouped together based only on evolutionary relationships, not on anatomical or behavioral similarities DNA sequencing important for developing such a system snakes lizards crocodiles birds ???
  • 12. Classification of marine organisms natural system of classification (cladistic): organisms grouped together based only on evolutionary relationships, not on anatomical or behavioral similarities DNA sequencing important for developing such a system snakes lizards crocodiles birds
  • 13. Convergent evolution convergent evolution: development of superficially similar features in species not evolutionarily related anatomical or behavioral
  • 14. Physical factors physical factors: any aspect of the geological, chemical, or physical (non-living) environment that affects living organisms. • light • temperature • salinity • dissolved nutrients • dissolved gases • pH • hydrostatic pressure
  • 16. Light in the oceans Sunlight is basis of (almost) all oceanic food webs Different wavelengths penetrate to different depths depth record for (blue) sunlight: 590m deep sea—much bioluminescence.
  • 17. Temperature metabolic rate: rate at which biochemical reactions occur w/in organism metabolic rate directly proportional to temperature until an upper limit ectotherm: internal temperature close to that of environment little or no internal regulation of temperature (poikilothermic) endotherm: actively maintains stable internal temperature independent of that of environment (homeothermic) include: marine mammals, some sharks, large fishes turtles requires high metabolic rate: more food, greater gas exchange
  • 18. Temperature Mean global temperature of oceans = 4ºC Temperature range is much less than on land fewer fluctuations for organisms to deal with.
  • 19. Salinity Mean salinity of oceans = 35‰ (range = 0–40‰ ) Salinity varies relatively little. • rainfall • evaporation • freezing • terrestrial runoff and riverflow Most marine organisms have salinity within cells similar to that of seawater.
  • 20. Dissolved nutrients Concentrations of nutrients in seawater much lower (1/10,000) than in terrestrial soils.
  • 21. Dissolved gases Marine organisms require CO2 and O2, Oxygen is not highly soluble in water. [O2] in water << in air. CO2 is soluble in water. [CO2] in water > in air.
  • 22. Dissolved gases [CO2] in deep water > in shallow water. • no photosynthesis, only respiration • solubility of CO2 is greater in colder water. Most deep water originates in polar regions. • pressure at depth keeps gases in solution
  • 23. Dissolved gases [O2] can be limiting in shallow water. • high rates of photosynthesis during day, but high rates of respiration at night. • bacterial decomposition of detritus
  • 24. Hydrostatic pressure hydrostatic pressure: force of the weight of water in the ocean. atmospheric pressure: force of the weight of air in the atmosphere. Internal pressure of marine organisms equals hydrostatic pressure, so not crushed
  • 25. The complexity of physical factors
  • 26. Biological factors biological factors: any aspect of the biological environment that affects living organisms. Symbioses: • predation + - • parasitism + - • competition - - • mutualism + + • commensalism + o • amensalism - o Interactions between physical factors and living organisms...
  • 27. Diffusion diffusion: passive net movement of molecules from higher concentration to lower concentration
  • 28. Osmosis osmosis: diffusion of water molecules isotonic: solutions with same concentration of solutes hypertonic: solution w/ comparatively high concentration of solutes hypotonic: solution w/ comparatively low concentration 35‰ NaCl 20‰ NaCl H2O
  • 29. Osmosis and living cells Most marine organisms are isotonic to seawater In freshwater, most organisms are hypertonic: water diffuses into cells, organism expends much energy to expel it
  • 30. Gravity and buoyancy Density of seawater = 1.025 Density of pure water = 1.000 Most organisms—mean density ≈ seawater. many fishes have gas bladder other marine organisms manipulate osmotic balance within tissues to control buoyancy. ex: pump out heavy SO4 - ions & replacing them with lighter Cl-
  • 31. Viscosity viscosity: internal resistance to flow of fluid Viscosity is affected by temperature & salinity: • viscosity of water at 0ºC is 25% greater than at 25ºC • viscosity of saltwater > freshwater
  • 32. Viscosity and movement drag: resistance to movement of an organism induced by the fluid through which it swims (or flies). Drag depends on: • viscosity of fluid medium • speed of organism • shape of organism • size of organism Drag is more important for smaller animals, for which viscosity of water is relatively greater.
  • 33. Viscosity and movement turbulence: chaotic movement of a fluid around an object. Turbulence slows movement of organisms, is especially important for fast-swimming species. Streamlined shape reduces turbulence.
  • 34. Vertical migration Many marine organisms move up and down in the water column in a regular cycle. • predator avoidance • nutrient uptake at depth • take advantage of horizontal currents
  • 35. Classification of marine environment photic zone: upper layer of ocean that receives sunlight (150- 600m). • euphotic zone: upper portion of photic zone photosynthesis exceeds respiration. • disphotic zone: lower portion of photic zone respiration exceeds photosynthesis.
  • 36. Classification of marine environment aphotic zone: layer of ocean below photic zone, no sunlight.
  • 37. Classification of marine environment pelagic zone: open water above the seafloor • neritic zone: open water above continental shelf • oceanic zone: open water beyond continental shelf
  • 38. Classification of marine environment benthic zone: the seafloor • littoral zone: intertidal • sublittoral zone: seafloor to edge of continental shelf
  • 39. Classification of marine environment benthic zone: the seafloor • bathyal zone: seafloor of the continental slopes • abyssal zone: seafloor of the abyssal plains and ridges • hadal zone: seafloor of the trench walls and floors
  • 40. Classification of marine organisms pelagic: spend most of their time up in water column benthic: spend most of their time attached to or on the seafloor plankton: cannot swim efficiently against a current nekton: can swim efficiently against a current