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Dysentery.pptx
- 1. DYSENTERY MS. SONAM SHARMA ASST. PROFESSOR
- 2. Definition › Dysentery is a type of gastrointestinal infection that results in severe diarrhea with the presence of blood and mucus in the feces. It is primarily caused by bacterial or protozoan infections and can lead to serious dehydration and other complications if left untreated.
- 3. Types There are two main types of dysentery: › Bacillary Dysentery: Caused by bacteria, primarily Shigella species, and sometimes by Salmonella or Campylobacter. › Amoebic Dysentery: Caused by the protozoan Entamoeba histolytica.
- 4. Causes › Bacterial Dysentery: – Shigellosis: Infection with Shigella bacteria. Common in areas with poor sanitation. – Salmonellosis: Infection with Salmonella species, often associated with contaminated food or water. – Campylobacteriosis: Infection with Campylobacter jejuni, commonly from undercooked poultry.
- 5. Continue › Amoebic Dysentery: – Caused by Entamoeba histolytica, typically through in contaminated food or water.
- 6. Transmission › Fecal-oral route: Contaminated food or water. › Person-to-person contact: Particularly in environments with poor hygiene. › Contact with infected animals or their environments: Primarily for bacterial dysentery
- 7. Risk Factors › Poor sanitation and hygiene › Crowded living conditions › Contaminated food or water › Travel to or living in areas with high prevalence of dysentery › Immunocompromised individuals (e.g., HIV/AIDS, chemotherapy patients)
- 8. Symptoms › Severe diarrhea with blood and mucus › Abdominal pain and cramping › Fever and chills › Nausea and vomiting › Tenesmus (a feeling of incomplete defecation) › Fatigue and weakness › Dehydration, which can lead to dry mouth, decreased urine output, and dizziness
- 9. Diagnosis › Stool examination: To detect blood, mucus, and the presence of pathogens (bacteria, amoebic cysts, or trophozoites). › Stool culture: To identify specific bacterial pathogens. › Antigen detection tests: For Entamoeba histolytica. › Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR): To detect genetic material of pathogens. › Serology: Blood tests to identify antibodies against Entamoeba histolytica.
- 10. Treatment › Bacterial Dysentery: – Antibiotics: Such as ciprofloxacin, azithromycin, or ceftriaxone, depending on the specific bacterial cause. – Rehydration therapy: Oral rehydration salts (ORS) or intravenous fluids to prevent dehydration.
- 11. Continue › Amoebic Dysentery: – Antiprotozoal medications: Such as metronidazole or tinidazole, followed by a luminal agent like paromomycin to eradicate cysts. – Rehydration therapy: Similar to bacterial dysentery.
- 12. Complications › Severe dehydration and electrolyte imbalance › Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) with Shigella infections, leading to kidney failure › Chronic colitis in amoebic dysentery › Secondary bacterial infections › Perforation of the colon (rare but serious)
- 13. Prevention › Improving sanitation: Proper disposal of human waste, safe water supply. › Hand hygiene: Regular hand washing with soap and water. › Food safety: Thorough cooking of food, avoiding raw or undercooked foods, especially in endemic areas. › Safe drinking water: Using boiled or properly filtered and treated water. › Vaccination: Ongoing research, but currently no widely available vaccines for dysentery-causing pathogens.