EASC 116 Ch. 3 Igneous Rx
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Igneous rocks form from the cooling and crystallization of magma. Their texture depends on the magma's cooling rate, with slower cooling forming larger crystals and faster cooling forming smaller crystals. Composition varies based on the minerals present, with mafic rocks containing more iron and magnesium and felsic rocks containing more silica. Bowen's Reaction Series showed that the order minerals crystallize from magma is controlled by their melting temperatures.
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Bowens Reaction Series
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Bowens Reaction Series
ROCKS:
There are three kinds of rocks, that are defined on the basis of how they formed.
Igneous Rocks:
油are formed from the solidification of molten rock or magma.
Sedimentary Rocks:油
form through when materials at the earth's surface (sediments) are buried and hardened (lithified).
Metamorphic Rocks:
油are formed when older rocks are changed by heat and pressure without being melted.
Brs 2
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Norman Bowen experimentally determined a crystallization sequence of minerals in igneous rocks called Bowen's Reaction Series. This series shows the order in which minerals crystallize as magma cools, from early high-temperature minerals like olivine to late low-temperature minerals like quartz. Bowen discovered there is a regular mineral sequence that matches what is observed in natural igneous rocks. The reaction series helps explain mineral associations and weathering patterns in different rock types.Igneous Rocks
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Igneous rocks are classified based on their texture and mineral composition. Texture is determined by whether the rock solidified underground from slowly cooling magma (intrusive/coarse-grained) or above ground from quickly cooling lava (extrusive/fine-grained). Composition depends on the minerals present, with light-colored felsic rocks like granite having high silica and dark mafic rocks like basalt having low silica. Some igneous rocks like obsidian, pumice, and scoria have additional distinguishing features.Igneous rocks
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Rocks are divided into three major groups: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. Igneous rocks form when magma cools and solidifies. Magma comes from deep below the Earth's surface and is composed mainly of oxygen, silicon, aluminum, iron, sodium, magnesium, calcium, and potassium. When magma reaches the surface it is called lava. Igneous rocks can be extrusive or intrusive, with extrusive rocks like lava flows cooling at the surface and intrusive rocks like dikes and sills cooling below the surface. Texture and structures like vesicles and phenocrysts provide clues to how quickly igneous rocks solidified.Ch04 igneous rocks-fall2007
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This document discusses the formation of igneous rocks. It explains that igneous rocks form from the crystallization of magma or lava as it cools. Magma originates from the partial melting of rocks in the Earth's mantle or crust due to increased heat, decreased pressure, or the presence of volatiles like water. As magma cools, minerals crystallize out in a predictable order described by Bowen's Reaction Series. The composition of magma evolves as it cools through processes like fractional crystallization. Igneous rocks range from basalt to andesite to granite depending on their origin and evolution.5.3 igneous rocks
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Igneous rock forms when lava cools and hardens. There are two categories of igneous rock: intrusive and extrusive. Intrusive rock forms deep underground, allowing slow cooling that results in large crystal formation. Extrusive rock forms on the surface through rapid cooling, preventing large crystals. The size of crystals determines whether the texture is rough from large crystals or smooth from small crystals.Gtag
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Igneous rock forms through the cooling and solidification of magma or lava. It is classified based on several properties including genesis, texture, color, and chemical composition. Based on genesis, igneous rocks are classified as plutonic (cooled at depth), hypabyssal (cooled at shallow depth), or volcanic (cooled on the surface). Texture classifications include phaneritic, aphenitic, porphyritic, and poikilitic. Color classifications are based on the percentage of mafic minerals and include leucocratic, mesocratic, melanocratic, and hypermelanic. Chemical composition classifications include peraluminous, metaaluminous, subaluminous, and severalIgneous rock ppt
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Brought to you by teachers of Cobb County, Thanks! Modifications have been made to the show. Students will classify rocks based on process of formation06 investigating formation of igneous rocks
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Igneous rocks form when magma cools and solidifies. Intrusive igneous rocks, like granite, form below ground where the magma cools slowly, allowing large crystals to grow. Extrusive igneous rocks, like basalt, form above ground where magma cools rapidly, resulting in small crystals. Experiments cooling magma in different conditions demonstrated how cooling rate affects crystal size in igneous rocks and helped determine where around a volcano certain rocks would have formed.Igneous rock
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The document discusses igneous rocks, which form when magma cools and crystallizes. There are three main types - intrusive rocks that cool slowly underground and have large crystals, extrusive rocks that cool quickly above ground and have small crystals, and volcanic glass that cools instantly. The rate of cooling affects crystal size and rock texture. Igneous rocks contain minerals that crystallize in a specific order as the magma cools, and can be classified as mafic or felsic based on their mineral composition. Common igneous rocks include granite, basalt, and obsidian.Petrology
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This document discusses petrology, which is the branch of geology that studies rocks and the conditions under which they form. It describes the three main classes of rocks - igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic - and their key characteristics. Igneous rocks form from cooling magma, either deep underground as plutonic rocks or at the surface as volcanic rocks. Sedimentary rocks are formed from the lithification of sediments. Metamorphic rocks form from the alteration of existing rocks through heat, pressure, and chemically active fluids in the Earth's crust.5.1 the rock cycle
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There are three main types of rocks: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. Igneous rocks form from cooling magma underground or lava on the surface. Sedimentary rocks form from compressed fragments of other rocks or organic matter. Metamorphic rocks were already existing rocks that underwent extreme pressure, heat, or chemical changes and altered form. Rocks are constantly changing between these types through the rock cycle as geological forces cause one type of rock to transform into another over long periods of time.Ch3_IgneousRx_students
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The document discusses igneous rocks, which form from the cooling and crystallization of magma. Igneous rocks are classified based on their texture and composition. Texture depends on the cooling rate of magma - slow cooling leads to large crystals while fast cooling leads to small crystals. Composition refers to the minerals present, which can be mafic, felsic, or intermediate. Important igneous rock concepts include Bowen's Reaction Series and the stability of minerals under different environmental conditions.
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1) Igneous rocks are formed by the cooling and solidification of magma underground or on the Earth's surface. They are divided into extrusive and intrusive rocks.
2) Extrusive igneous rocks cool quickly above ground after volcanic eruptions, forming textures like vesicular or amygdaloidal structures. Intrusive igneous rocks cool slowly below ground, resulting in larger crystal sizes like pegmatite structures.
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This document summarizes the three main types of rocks: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. Igneous rocks form from the cooling and solidification of magma either below the surface (intrusive) or above (extrusive). Sedimentary rocks form through the compaction and cementation of sediments. Metamorphic rocks were once igneous or sedimentary rocks that were changed by heat, pressure, and chemical fluids within the Earth. Examples of each rock type are provided along with brief descriptions of their characteristics and formation processes.IGNEOUS ROCKS.pptx
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The document discusses the formation of different types of rocks through various geological processes. It describes how igneous rocks form from cooling magma either below (intrusive) or above (extrusive) the Earth's surface. Sedimentary rocks form through the weathering, erosion, deposition and lithification of sediments. Metamorphic rocks form when existing rocks are subjected to heat and pressure, such as in subduction zones or near magma intrusions. The key driving forces behind the continuous rock cycle are the Earth's internal heat and convection currents, along with processes at the surface influenced by the sun such as weathering.ROCKS.pptx
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A rock is a solid aggregate of one or more minerals that forms naturally. Rocks are categorized into three main types based on their formation: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. Igneous rocks form from cooling magma, either underground or at the surface. Sedimentary rocks form from the compaction of sediments, and provide information about past surface conditions. Metamorphic rocks form from the transformation of pre-existing rocks through changes in pressure and temperature.Rock Cycle 2Rock Cycle 2Rock Cycle 2Rock Cycle 2Rock Cycle 2.pptx
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Igneous rocks form from the crystallization of magma. There are two main types - extrusive rocks that cool quickly at the surface, and intrusive rocks that cool slowly underground. Sedimentary rocks form through the lithification of sediments. Sediments are produced through weathering and erosion, transported, deposited, and cemented together over time under pressure. Metamorphic rocks form when rocks are subjected to high temperatures and pressures, causing their mineral composition and structure to change without melting. The rock cycle shows how rocks continuously transform between igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic types through geological processes.More from cresnick (20)
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- 1. CH. 3 IGNEOUS ROCKS
- 2. Igneous Rocks Ignis = fire Form from cooling & crystallization of magma (molten rock) Lava = molten rock at surface
- 3. Igneous Rocks Classified by texture & composition Texture = crystal size of minerals Composition = minerals present
- 4. Changes of State of Matter Add heat (melting): Rx Magma (atoms faster) Remove heat (crystallize): Rx (atoms slower) Magma
- 5. Texture of Igneous Rocks Depends on magmas cooling rate 1) Cools slowly Atoms can move through liquid - crystals grow (large, small)
- 6. Magmas Cooling Rate 2) Cools quickly Forms a solid faster than atoms can move around - crystals are (large, small)
- 7. Texture (Crystal Size) Two environments where magma cools: 1) At surface or shallow burial 2) Deep underground
- 8. Types of Texture 1) Aphanitic - crystals invisible to naked eye - magma cooled ___________ - extrusive/volcanic
- 9. Types of Texture 2) Vesicular - aphanitic rock w/many holes (vesicles) in it - gas trapped as magma cools very quick
- 10. Types of Texture 3) Phaneritic - crystals easily visible - magma cooled ___________ - intrusive/plutonic
- 11. Types of Texture 4) Porphyritic - two size crystals in same rock Large crystals = phenocrysts Small crystals = groundmass
- 12. Porphyritic Texture 2-stage cooling process: 1st stage = slow cooling at depth _______________ are formed 2nd stage = rapid cooling of remaining magma _______________ are formed
- 13. Types of Texture 5) Glassy - no crystalline structure Ex: Obsidian; pumice
- 14. Types of Texture 6) Pegmatic All minerals larger than 1 cm Forms during later stage of crystallization - large percentage of liquid allows ions to migrate easier
- 15. Types of Texture 7) Pyroclastic pyro = fire; clastic = pieces Consolidated rock fragments ejected during violent volcanic eruptions
- 16. Pyroclastic texture Fragments can be volcanic ash, blobs of magma, or angular blocks - not composed of interlocking crystals!
- 17. Igneous Rock Composition The most abundant elements of Earths crust are _____ & ______ Magma is mostly silica with varying amounts of other six elements
- 18. Composition Other elements collect in water at top of magma chamber Creates hydrothermal solution - cools in fractures as highly concentrated ore deposits
- 19. Igneous Compositions Mafic - 45-50% silica (silica-poor) - rich in magnesium, iron (Fe), & calcium - dark-colored: black, dark gray, brownish-red
- 20. Igneous Compositions Felsic (feldspar & silica) - 60-75% silica (silica rich) - rich in aluminum, potassium, & sodium - light-colored: light gray, pinkish
- 21. Igneous Compositions Intermediate Aphanitic: medium gray Phaneritic: black & white crystals
- 22. Importance of Igneous Rocks Compose 90% of Earths crust Two types of crust: oceanic crust = basalt continental crust = granite
- 23. Question: Why different igneous rock compositions if only 8 elements? N.L. Bowen experimented with mafic magmas
- 24. Results: ** Same sequence of minerals crystallized from magma Referred to as Bowens Reaction Series (Fig. 3.16)
- 25. Bowens Reaction Series Discontinuous series (left) vs. continuous series (right) Discontinuous series: - each mineral has a unique silicate structure
- 26. Continuous series Different compositions of plagioclase feldspars - ions of Ca2+ and Na+ can interchange within crystalline structure
- 27. Bowens Reaction Series As magma crystallizes: First mineral to form = mafic Composition of remaining magma changes
- 28. Bowens Reaction Series Biotite uses last mafic elements in magma - remaining magma becomes more silica rich
- 29. Bowens Reaction Series Minerals that form in same temp. conditions are found together in same igneous rock QUESTION: Which mineral would you expect to form phenocrysts in a porphyritic basalt?
- 30. Phenocryst Mineral: a) Quartz b) Potassium feldspar c) Biotite d) Calcium-rich plagioclase f-spar e) Sodium-rich plagioclase f-spar
- 31. Felsic magma Felsic minerals melt at cooler temps - magma not as hot as mafic magma - felsic magma not as buoyant
- 32. Felsic magma Magma doesnt reach surface Ex: Continental crust = granite
- 33. Important Concepts A mineral is stable if the environmental conditions are similar to where it formed Ex: temperature, pressure, water- content
- 34. Example: Mafic minerals are stable in ____ temperatures Felsic minerals are stable in ____ temperatures
- 35. Important Concepts If a mineral is put under different environmental conditions, it becomes unstable - mineral has to react to new environment by changing
- 36. New Environmental Conditions: If at the surface, weathering occurs If within the crust, metamorphism occurs