Prepositional phrases begin with a preposition and are often followed by a noun phrase or pronoun. The document provides examples of prepositions that can be turned into prepositional phrases, including at, in, above, on, after, and without. It asks the reader to identify the adverb in the sentence "Stan recently broke his arm" and how we know that "recently" is the adverb. The document also includes a spelling list featuring words containing "ci" that make the /sh/ sound.