Leonhard Euler was a Swiss mathematician and physicist born in 1707 in Basel, Switzerland who made seminal contributions to many areas of mathematics. Some of his key accomplishments included establishing the fundamental relationship between trigonometric and complex exponential functions known as Euler's identity, developing graph theory and topology, and making influential discoveries in mechanics and astronomy. He spent most of his career working in Berlin and Saint Petersburg, where he was a member of several academic institutions. Euler authored over 800 papers and books on diverse topics in pure and applied mathematics, physics, astronomy and engineering.