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FILARIASIS.pptx
- 1. FILARIASIS Ms. Sonam sharma Asst. professor
- 2. Definition • Filariasis is a parasitic disease caused by an infection with roundworms of the Filarioidea type. These worms are spread by blood-feeding insects such as black flies and mosquitoes.
- 3. Environmental triad • Agent: Filariasis-causing Parasites Wuchereria bancrofti Brugia malayi Brugia timori
- 4. • Host: – Humans • Susceptibility: Individuals in endemic areas are at higher risk, especially those who live in conditions that favor mosquito breeding, such as near stagnant water. • Behavioral Factors: Activities that increase exposure to mosquito bites, such as working or sleeping outdoors, enhance susceptibility. • Immune Response: The host’s immune response can influence the severity and progression of the disease.
- 7. • Environment: – Factors that Influence Transmission • Climate: Warm, humid climates are ideal for mosquito breeding and survival. Tropical and subtropical regions are most affected. • Water Sources: Stagnant water bodies, such as ponds, ditches, and poorly drained areas, provide breeding sites for mosquitoes.
- 9. • Housing Conditions: Poor housing with inadequate protection against mosquitoes increases the risk of bites. This includes lack of window screens, bed nets, and other protective measures. • Sanitation: Poor sanitation and waste management contribute to the proliferation of mosquito breeding sites.
- 11. Symptoms Acute Stage: • Lymphadenitis: – Inflammation and swelling of the lymph nodes, often accompanied by pain. – Commonly affected areas include the armpits, groin, and neck.
- 12. • Lymphangitis: – Inflammation of the lymphatic vessels, leading to red streaks on the skin extending from the infected lymph nodes. – Fever and chills may accompany this inflammation.
- 13. • Episodic Fever: – Recurrent episodes of fever, often coinciding with acute inflammation in the lymphatic system.
- 14. • Dermatolymphangioadenitis (DLA): – Acute inflammatory episodes involving the skin and lymph nodes. – Characterized by fever, chills, pain, and swelling in the affected area, often with systemic symptoms.
- 15. Chronic Stage: • Lymphedema: – Persistent swelling of the limbs, usually the legs and arms, due to impaired lymphatic drainage. – The skin may become thickened and hard over time.
- 16. • Elephantiasis: – Severe swelling and thickening of the skin and underlying tissues, particularly in the legs, arms, breasts, and genitals. – The affected areas become extremely enlarged and deformed, leading to significant disability.
- 17. • Hydrocele: – Accumulation of fluid in the scrotum, causing swelling and discomfort in men. – Can lead to chronic pain and impaired sexual function.
- 18. • Chyluria: – Presence of lymphatic fluid in the urine, leading to a milky appearance. – This condition can cause nutritional deficiencies and kidney damage over time.
- 19. Other Symptoms • Skin Changes: – Thickening, hardening, and cracking of the skin, especially in the affected areas. – Fungal and bacterial infections may occur due to compromised skin integrity. • Pain and Discomfort: – Chronic pain in the affected limbs or genitals, often exacerbated by secondary infections and inflammation. • Systemic Symptoms: – General malaise, fatigue, and reduced physical activity due to chronic pain and swelling.
- 20. Diagnosis • Blood Tests: Detection of microfilariae in the bloodstream, particularly during the night when they are most abundant. • Antigen Detection: Immunological tests to detect filarial antigens. • Ultrasound: To visualize adult worms, especially in the scrotal area. • X-ray and MRI: Imaging to assess the extent of lymphatic damage.
- 21. Treatment • Antifilarial Medications: Diethylcarbamazine (DEC), ivermectin, and albendazole are commonly used to kill microfilariae and, to some extent, adult worms. • Management of Symptoms: Hygiene, exercise, and use of compression garments to manage lymphedema. • Surgery: In severe cases, surgical intervention may be necessary to remove fibrous tissue and alleviate symptoms of elephantiasis.
- 22. Prevention • Vector Control: Use of insect repellent, mosquito nets, and insecticide spraying to reduce exposure to mosquito bites. • Mass Drug Administration (MDA): Community-wide distribution of antifilarial medications to reduce the prevalence of the infection.