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Grounded theory

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Shahid Mehmood

This document provides an overview of grounded theory, including its definition, uses, methodology, and key steps. Grounded theory is a systematic qualitative research method for developing theories about phenomena grounded in data. It involves collecting and analyzing data to generate concepts and theories, rather than testing a predetermined hypothesis. The methodology includes open, axial, and selective coding of data to group concepts into categories and identify core themes from which to build an explanatory theory.

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SHAHID MEHMOOD PhD SCHOLAR UNIVERSITY OF OKARA
Outline ? Definition of grounded theory ? When do you use Grounded Theory? ? Types of grounded theory designs ? What are the steps in conducting Grounded Theory Research? ? Advantages ? Disadvantages ? Conclusion ? Reference
Definition of GT ? Grounded theory method (GT) is a systematic methodology in the social sciences involving the discovery of theory through the analysis of data. ? A qualitative research method that uses a systematic set of procedures to develop an inductively derived grounded theory about a phenomenon.
Grounded Theory
Cont.. ? Grounded Theory is the most common, widely used, and popular analytic technic in qualitative analysis. ? A grounded theory design is a systematic, qualitative procedure used to generate a theory that explains, at a broad conceptual level, a process, an action, or an interaction about a substantive topic.
Development of the Grounded Theory ? Two sociologists, Barney G. Glaser and Anselm L Strauss, developed grounded theory in the late 1960s. ? Glaser and Strauss developed a pioneering book that expounded in detail on their grounded theory procedures, The Discovery of Grounded Theory(1967).
Grounded theory
When do you use Grounded Theory? ? when you need a broad theory or explanation of a process. especially helpful when current theories about a phenomenon are either inadequate or nonexistent . ? It allows for the emergence of original and rich findings that are closely tied to the data
Cont.. ? The purpose of grounded theory research in education and management is to develop new concepts and theories of education-related phenomena, where these concepts and theories are firmly grounded in qualitative data.
Conducting a Grounded Theory Study ? Rather than beginning by researching and developing a hypothesis, the first step is data collection, through a variety of methods (This contrasts with the scientific perspective that how you generate a theory). ? From the data collected, the key points are marked with a series of codes, which are extracted from the text. ? The codes are grouped into similar concepts in order to make them more workable. ? From these concepts, categories are formed, which are the basis for the creation of a theory.
Grounded theory
Analysis and interpretation ? Analysis begins and continues when data are being collected and transcribed (and translated) ? Therefore, the researcher him/herself should transcribe the data because preliminary codes and themes will occur in the process ? The analysis says as much about the researcher as about the data being analysed
Coding ? Read the data several times to: get a general sense, note down ideas, think about organising the data, check if more data are needed. ? Then coding can start. ? Any researcher who wishes to become proficient at doing qualitative analysis must learn to code well and easily. ? Coding means that we attach labels to segments of data that depict what each segment is about. ? Three types of coding: open, axial, and selective.
Coding the data ? Coding allows the researcher to deconstruct the data into manageable chunks in order to understand the phenomena in question ? Examining each line to construct the meaning. ? The early part of coding should be confusing, with a mass of apparently unrelated material. However as coding progresses and things emerge analysis becomes more organised and structured.
The coding process ?The researcher must interrogate the data to identify units of analysis (categories). ? Highlight key points in each dataset (e.g. an interview) ? Give each key point a code to describe the data ? The codes will reveal patterns across the data ? Then group the patterns into categories ? Give each category a title ? New codes and subcategories will emerge.
Axial coding ? After open coding one set of data, you start to make interconnections between categories and codes between datasets (e.g. interviews and observations) ? Examine each open code in a dataset and compare and contrast with other datasets. ? Common patterns (categories) will emerge from axial coding ? Codes categories and sub-categories need to be constantly checked, rechecked and redefined.
Selective coding: Core categories ? After completing open and axial coding, the researcher will select core categories, which must: ? 1. Be central to the category system and the phenomena, rather than peripheral ? 2. appear frequently in the data ? 3. fit the data, comfortably and logically ? 4. enable variations to be explained ? 5. have the greatest explanatory power
Interpreting the data ? The move beyond describing, coding, categorising and comparing to make sense of the data. ? This stage demands a certain amount of creative thinking¡­ ? As it is concerned with articulating underlying concepts and developing theories ¡­ about why particular patterns of behaviours, interactions or attitudes have emerged. ? ¡­ You may need to come back to the data several times to pose questions, rethink the connections and develop explanations of the bigger picture underpinning the research.
Theoretical saturation ? Saturation is the point when the major themes are fully developed, and no new information will add to them. ? the analysed data can provide no new theoretical insights. ? This is ultimately a subjective judgement ? The researcher is now ready to formulate a situated explanation of the phenomenon that has been investigated grounded in the data.
Grounded theory
Advantages
Disadvantages
Conclusion ? To sum up, Grounded Theory is recommended to use in any research as it provides several advantages that may ease the process of having the data/findings. ? Despite that, Grounded Theory helps researchers analyzing the data early and it encourages detailed analysis of the data. ? Grounded theory provides researchers an ample evidence to back up their claims. ? Furthermore, Grounded Theory encourages a constant interplay between data collection and analysis.
Summary ? Transcribe, collate and manage data ¨C iteratively ? Select key data for preliminary exploration ? Coding: open ¨C to identify categories ? Coding: axial ¨C compare & contrast datasets ? Use a variety of memos ? Use a codebook to label, define and exemplify ? Keep a reflective research journal ? Coding: selective ¨Cto identify and layer themes ? Explore the themes to develop an explanation ? Saturation - from analysis to interpretation to theory
REFERENCES &KEY SOURCES Glaser, B.G., & Strauss, A.L. (1967). The discovery of grounded theory: Strategies for qualitative research. Chicago, IL: Aldine. Glaser, B. (1992). Basics of grounded theory analysis. Mill Valley, CA: Sociology Press. Strauss, A. (1987). Qualitative analysis for social scientists. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. Strauss, A. L. & Corbin, J., 1990. Basics of Qualitative Research. Grounded Theory Procedures and Techniques, Sage, Newbury Park. Thomas, G. and James, D. (2006). Reinventing grounded theory: some questions about theory, ground and discovery, British Educational Research Journal, 32, 6, 767¨C795.
Grounded theory

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Grounded theory

  • 2. Outline ? Definition of grounded theory ? When do you use Grounded Theory? ? Types of grounded theory designs ? What are the steps in conducting Grounded Theory Research? ? Advantages ? Disadvantages ? Conclusion ? Reference
  • 3. Definition of GT ? Grounded theory method (GT) is a systematic methodology in the social sciences involving the discovery of theory through the analysis of data. ? A qualitative research method that uses a systematic set of procedures to develop an inductively derived grounded theory about a phenomenon.
  • 5. Cont.. ? Grounded Theory is the most common, widely used, and popular analytic technic in qualitative analysis. ? A grounded theory design is a systematic, qualitative procedure used to generate a theory that explains, at a broad conceptual level, a process, an action, or an interaction about a substantive topic.
  • 6. Development of the Grounded Theory ? Two sociologists, Barney G. Glaser and Anselm L Strauss, developed grounded theory in the late 1960s. ? Glaser and Strauss developed a pioneering book that expounded in detail on their grounded theory procedures, The Discovery of Grounded Theory(1967).
  • 8. When do you use Grounded Theory? ? when you need a broad theory or explanation of a process. especially helpful when current theories about a phenomenon are either inadequate or nonexistent . ? It allows for the emergence of original and rich findings that are closely tied to the data
  • 9. Cont.. ? The purpose of grounded theory research in education and management is to develop new concepts and theories of education-related phenomena, where these concepts and theories are firmly grounded in qualitative data.
  • 10. Conducting a Grounded Theory Study ? Rather than beginning by researching and developing a hypothesis, the first step is data collection, through a variety of methods (This contrasts with the scientific perspective that how you generate a theory). ? From the data collected, the key points are marked with a series of codes, which are extracted from the text. ? The codes are grouped into similar concepts in order to make them more workable. ? From these concepts, categories are formed, which are the basis for the creation of a theory.
  • 12. Analysis and interpretation ? Analysis begins and continues when data are being collected and transcribed (and translated) ? Therefore, the researcher him/herself should transcribe the data because preliminary codes and themes will occur in the process ? The analysis says as much about the researcher as about the data being analysed
  • 13. Coding ? Read the data several times to: get a general sense, note down ideas, think about organising the data, check if more data are needed. ? Then coding can start. ? Any researcher who wishes to become proficient at doing qualitative analysis must learn to code well and easily. ? Coding means that we attach labels to segments of data that depict what each segment is about. ? Three types of coding: open, axial, and selective.
  • 14. Coding the data ? Coding allows the researcher to deconstruct the data into manageable chunks in order to understand the phenomena in question ? Examining each line to construct the meaning. ? The early part of coding should be confusing, with a mass of apparently unrelated material. However as coding progresses and things emerge analysis becomes more organised and structured.
  • 15. The coding process ?The researcher must interrogate the data to identify units of analysis (categories). ? Highlight key points in each dataset (e.g. an interview) ? Give each key point a code to describe the data ? The codes will reveal patterns across the data ? Then group the patterns into categories ? Give each category a title ? New codes and subcategories will emerge.
  • 16. Axial coding ? After open coding one set of data, you start to make interconnections between categories and codes between datasets (e.g. interviews and observations) ? Examine each open code in a dataset and compare and contrast with other datasets. ? Common patterns (categories) will emerge from axial coding ? Codes categories and sub-categories need to be constantly checked, rechecked and redefined.
  • 17. Selective coding: Core categories ? After completing open and axial coding, the researcher will select core categories, which must: ? 1. Be central to the category system and the phenomena, rather than peripheral ? 2. appear frequently in the data ? 3. fit the data, comfortably and logically ? 4. enable variations to be explained ? 5. have the greatest explanatory power
  • 18. Interpreting the data ? The move beyond describing, coding, categorising and comparing to make sense of the data. ? This stage demands a certain amount of creative thinking¡­ ? As it is concerned with articulating underlying concepts and developing theories ¡­ about why particular patterns of behaviours, interactions or attitudes have emerged. ? ¡­ You may need to come back to the data several times to pose questions, rethink the connections and develop explanations of the bigger picture underpinning the research.
  • 19. Theoretical saturation ? Saturation is the point when the major themes are fully developed, and no new information will add to them. ? the analysed data can provide no new theoretical insights. ? This is ultimately a subjective judgement ? The researcher is now ready to formulate a situated explanation of the phenomenon that has been investigated grounded in the data.
  • 23. Conclusion ? To sum up, Grounded Theory is recommended to use in any research as it provides several advantages that may ease the process of having the data/findings. ? Despite that, Grounded Theory helps researchers analyzing the data early and it encourages detailed analysis of the data. ? Grounded theory provides researchers an ample evidence to back up their claims. ? Furthermore, Grounded Theory encourages a constant interplay between data collection and analysis.
  • 24. Summary ? Transcribe, collate and manage data ¨C iteratively ? Select key data for preliminary exploration ? Coding: open ¨C to identify categories ? Coding: axial ¨C compare & contrast datasets ? Use a variety of memos ? Use a codebook to label, define and exemplify ? Keep a reflective research journal ? Coding: selective ¨Cto identify and layer themes ? Explore the themes to develop an explanation ? Saturation - from analysis to interpretation to theory
  • 25. REFERENCES &KEY SOURCES Glaser, B.G., & Strauss, A.L. (1967). The discovery of grounded theory: Strategies for qualitative research. Chicago, IL: Aldine. Glaser, B. (1992). Basics of grounded theory analysis. Mill Valley, CA: Sociology Press. Strauss, A. (1987). Qualitative analysis for social scientists. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. Strauss, A. L. & Corbin, J., 1990. Basics of Qualitative Research. Grounded Theory Procedures and Techniques, Sage, Newbury Park. Thomas, G. and James, D. (2006). Reinventing grounded theory: some questions about theory, ground and discovery, British Educational Research Journal, 32, 6, 767¨C795.