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Hydrogen Alternative Fuels.pptx

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This document discusses hydrogen as an alternative fuel source. It describes three types of hydrogen - grey, blue, and green - based on their production method. It also outlines four key methods for producing hydrogen: natural gas reforming, electrolysis, gasification, and fermentation. The document then explains how hydrogen fuel cells work as an energy conversion device before concluding with some drawbacks to hydrogen as a fuel, such as lack of infrastructure and safety concerns due to its combustible nature.

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Alternative Fuels XIAN JIAOTONG UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF ENERGY AND POWER ENGINEERING Hydrogen as an Alternative Fuel
Hydrogen as an Alternative Fuel
Contents Abstract Introduction Types of Hydrogen Methods of Producing Hydrogen Hydrogen fuel cells Hydrogen | Fuel of the fuel Drawbacks
Abstract This study looks at an alternative source of fuels. The goal is to produce energy using hydrogen fuel cells. It is also an abundant chemical species that could be used to produce more efficient and environmentally friendly energy. Hydrogen fuel cells can be used as an alternative to produce electric cars, boats, electric motors, and possibly for home applications in the future.
Introduction Increase dependency on non-renewable energy resources Clean energy Abundance of Hydrogen Highly flammable Either forms, which are liquid and gaseous One kilogram of hydrogen is able to produce energy equivalent to gallon of gasoline Reduce carbon dioxide emissions
Types of Hydrogen 1. Grey Hydrogen Extracted from Hydrocarbons By products are 駒2 2. Blue Hydrogen Sourced from fossil fuels By products CO and 駒2 are captured and stored 3. Green Hydrogen Generated from renewable energy (solar, wind) Electricity splits water into hydrogen and oxygen By products are water and water vapours.
Methods of producing Hydrogen Natural gas reforming Electrolysis Gasification Fermentation
Methods of producing Hydrogen 1. Natural gas reforming Cheapest Most efficient Hydrocarbon source 駒4 + 2O + Heat CO + 32
Methods of producing Hydrogen Partial oxidation method Hydrocarbons react with a small amount of oxygen in the process. Faster than reforming process Yields smaller amount of hydrogen 2駒4 + 2O CO + 22 + 諮
Methods of producing Hydrogen 2. Electrolysis Method Splitting or the decomposition of a water molecule into two hydrogen and one oxygen atom using an electric current. Other methods: High temperature electrolysis High pressure electrolysis. Preferable More efficient Cheaper
Methods of producing Hydrogen Electrolysis method is shown in picture
Methods of producing Hydrogen 3. Gasification Gasification is the process in which coal or biomass is reacted with high temperature steam and oxygen in a pressurized reactor called a gasifier and converted into gaseous components. The resulting synthesis gas contains hydrogen and carbon monoxide, which can be reacted with steam to produce more hydrogen.
Methods of producing Hydrogen 3. Gasification Flexible use It can use the waster from coals. Low waste emission Best use in motor vehicles Power turbine
Methods of producing Hydrogen 4. Fermentation Biomass is converted into sugar-rich feedstock that can be fermented to produce hydrogen. In other word, bacteria is used for the production of hydrogen. Since some strains of bacteria can thrive without light, it can be used to produce hydrogen all day and all night. An example of this is by using Rhodobacter spaeroides S2 to convert molecular fatty acids into hydrogen.
Hydrogen fuel cells Energy conversion device Types of fuel cells: 1. Stationary 2. Portable
Hydrogen fuel cells Phosphoric Acid fuel cells (PAFC) use phosphoric acid as the electrolyte. Efficiency ranges from 40 to 80 percent, and operating temperature is between 150 to 200 degrees C (about 300 to 400 degrees F). Existing phosphoric acid cells have outputs up to 200 kW, and 11 MW units have been tested. PAFCs tolerate a carbon monoxide concentration of about 1.5 percent, which broadens the choice of fuels they can use. If gasoline is used, the sulfur must be removed. Platinum electrode-catalysts are needed, and internal parts must be able to withstand the corrosive acid
Hydrogen | Fuel of the Future Net zero carbon footprints Provides longer driving range Decarbonizing industrial sectors Stored in tanks but integrated into the vehicles (unlike CNG) Lighter than heavy lithium-ion batteries Easy to store and easy to use Refuel in five minutes Successful use in Space travel.
Drawbacks Small Scale Lack of infrastructure Less than 500 hydrogen stations globally Less Safety, explosion risk and highly combustible
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Hydrogen Alternative Fuels.pptx

  • 1. Alternative Fuels XIAN JIAOTONG UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF ENERGY AND POWER ENGINEERING Hydrogen as an Alternative Fuel
  • 2. Hydrogen as an Alternative Fuel
  • 3. Contents Abstract Introduction Types of Hydrogen Methods of Producing Hydrogen Hydrogen fuel cells Hydrogen | Fuel of the fuel Drawbacks
  • 4. Abstract This study looks at an alternative source of fuels. The goal is to produce energy using hydrogen fuel cells. It is also an abundant chemical species that could be used to produce more efficient and environmentally friendly energy. Hydrogen fuel cells can be used as an alternative to produce electric cars, boats, electric motors, and possibly for home applications in the future.
  • 5. Introduction Increase dependency on non-renewable energy resources Clean energy Abundance of Hydrogen Highly flammable Either forms, which are liquid and gaseous One kilogram of hydrogen is able to produce energy equivalent to gallon of gasoline Reduce carbon dioxide emissions
  • 6. Types of Hydrogen 1. Grey Hydrogen Extracted from Hydrocarbons By products are 駒2 2. Blue Hydrogen Sourced from fossil fuels By products CO and 駒2 are captured and stored 3. Green Hydrogen Generated from renewable energy (solar, wind) Electricity splits water into hydrogen and oxygen By products are water and water vapours.
  • 7. Methods of producing Hydrogen Natural gas reforming Electrolysis Gasification Fermentation
  • 8. Methods of producing Hydrogen 1. Natural gas reforming Cheapest Most efficient Hydrocarbon source 駒4 + 2O + Heat CO + 32
  • 9. Methods of producing Hydrogen Partial oxidation method Hydrocarbons react with a small amount of oxygen in the process. Faster than reforming process Yields smaller amount of hydrogen 2駒4 + 2O CO + 22 + 諮
  • 10. Methods of producing Hydrogen 2. Electrolysis Method Splitting or the decomposition of a water molecule into two hydrogen and one oxygen atom using an electric current. Other methods: High temperature electrolysis High pressure electrolysis. Preferable More efficient Cheaper
  • 11. Methods of producing Hydrogen Electrolysis method is shown in picture
  • 12. Methods of producing Hydrogen 3. Gasification Gasification is the process in which coal or biomass is reacted with high temperature steam and oxygen in a pressurized reactor called a gasifier and converted into gaseous components. The resulting synthesis gas contains hydrogen and carbon monoxide, which can be reacted with steam to produce more hydrogen.
  • 13. Methods of producing Hydrogen 3. Gasification Flexible use It can use the waster from coals. Low waste emission Best use in motor vehicles Power turbine
  • 14. Methods of producing Hydrogen 4. Fermentation Biomass is converted into sugar-rich feedstock that can be fermented to produce hydrogen. In other word, bacteria is used for the production of hydrogen. Since some strains of bacteria can thrive without light, it can be used to produce hydrogen all day and all night. An example of this is by using Rhodobacter spaeroides S2 to convert molecular fatty acids into hydrogen.
  • 15. Hydrogen fuel cells Energy conversion device Types of fuel cells: 1. Stationary 2. Portable
  • 16. Hydrogen fuel cells Phosphoric Acid fuel cells (PAFC) use phosphoric acid as the electrolyte. Efficiency ranges from 40 to 80 percent, and operating temperature is between 150 to 200 degrees C (about 300 to 400 degrees F). Existing phosphoric acid cells have outputs up to 200 kW, and 11 MW units have been tested. PAFCs tolerate a carbon monoxide concentration of about 1.5 percent, which broadens the choice of fuels they can use. If gasoline is used, the sulfur must be removed. Platinum electrode-catalysts are needed, and internal parts must be able to withstand the corrosive acid
  • 17. Hydrogen | Fuel of the Future Net zero carbon footprints Provides longer driving range Decarbonizing industrial sectors Stored in tanks but integrated into the vehicles (unlike CNG) Lighter than heavy lithium-ion batteries Easy to store and easy to use Refuel in five minutes Successful use in Space travel.
  • 18. Drawbacks Small Scale Lack of infrastructure Less than 500 hydrogen stations globally Less Safety, explosion risk and highly combustible