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Introduction and History of Pharmaceutical microbiology.pptx

Dr. Kirankumar Hullatti
Dr. Kirankumar Hullatti

Microorganisms play an important role in human health and disease. The document discusses the history of microbiology from early ideas of spontaneous generation to experiments disproving this theory by Redi, Spallanzani, and Pasteur. It also outlines Koch's postulates for linking microbes to specific diseases and notes pioneering microbiologists like Semmelweis, Lister, Koch, Chamberland, Jenner, and Pasteur and their contributions to understanding the role of microbes in infections and developing vaccines. Major groups of microbes are also introduced along with their characteristics.

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Introduction to Microbiology Prof. Dr. Kirankumar Hullatti M. Pharm., Ph.D., DPPM Department of Pharmacognosy
Content Introduction Types of Microorganisms History of microbiology Role of microbiology in various fields Renowned microbiologists and their work Scope and application of microbiology
Introduction Increase in life expectancy has been recorded for the majority of the countries over the last 60 years (WHO) 45 years in 1950 to 72 years in 2017 Better nutrition and sanitation, Improved health care and the greater availability of effective medicines with which to treat common diseases
Introduction Several infectious diseases have been eradicated completely Worldwide sales of medicines and medical devices are estimated to have exceeded $US 1.2 trillion in 2019 and to reach more than 1.5 by 2024 https://www.statista.com/statistics/280572/medicine-spending-worldwide/
Introduction Microorganisms can, in addition to initiating infections, cause product spoilage (爐爐む爐爐鉦う爐 爐爐萎ぞ爐 爐項爐爛) by chemically decomposing the active ingredient or the excipients. Pharmacist must know where microorganisms arise in the environment, the sources of microbial contamination (爐爛 爐劇た爐 爐項爐爛), and the factors that predispose to, or prevent, product spoilage.
Introduction Commercial antibiotic production began with the manufacture of Penicillin in the year 1940 Development of recombinant DNA technology in the last three decades Understanding of the physiology and genetics of microorganisms will also become more important
Introduction Several of the traditional diseases that were major causes of death before the antibiotic era, e.g. tuberculosis and diphtheria, are now re-emerging in resistant form Adding to the problems posed by infections in which antibiotic resistance has long been a problem, and those like CreutzfeldtJakob disease, West Nile virus , severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Now Covid-19
Microorganisms Major groups Bacteria Fungi Protozoa Viruses Less well known categories like Chlamydia Rickettsia Mycoplasma Differ enormously in terms of their shape, size and appearance and in their genetic and metabolic characteristics
Microorganism Microorganisms and Pathogenic microorganisms The microorganisms are tiny, simple-structure but diverse organisms. Non-cellular microorganism Prokaryotes Eukaryotes
Microorganism Most of the microorganisms are vital to humans, animals and plants. Only a small number of microorganisms, known as pathogenic microorganisms, can cause human, animal and plant diseases. Pathogenic microorganisms invade the host, interact with the hosts defense systems and result in pathology, a process called infection.
Viruses Viruses do not have a cellular structure. They are particles composed of nucleic acid surrounded by protein; some possess a lipid envelope and associated glycoproteins.
Viroids Viroids (virusoids) are even simpler than viruses, being infectious particles comprising single-stranded RNA without any associated protein
Prions Prions are unique as infectious agents in that they contain no nucleic acid. A prion is an atypical form of a mammalian protein that can interact with a normal protein molecule and cause it to undergo a conformational change so that it, in turn, becomes a prion and ceases its normal function
Prions Mad cow brain
Bacteria Bacteria are single celled prokaryotic microorganisms. They come in various shape and sizes. They can live in various conditions and have a complex relationship with humans. They are among the first life forms to appear on Earth.
Fungi Fungi are eukaryotes and therefore differ from bacteria are structurally more complex and varied in appearance The term fungus covers both yeasts and moulds
Protozoa Protozoa are eukaryotic, predominantly unicellular microorganisms that are regarded as animals rather than plants Some are parasites of plants and animals, including humans
Brief history of the science of microbiology Concept of spontaneous generation Experiments that were performed to disprove this erroneous idea. (爐爐む爐伍爐 爛 爐むい 爐劇た爐∇)
Concept of spontaneous generation Spontaneous generation or anomalous generation is an obsolete body of thought on the ordinary formation of living organisms without descent from similar organisms Fleas could arise from inanimate matter such as dust Maggots could arise from dead flesh Flies from bovine manure and Fish from the mud of previously dry lakes
Several experiments have been conducted to disprove spontaneous generation
Redi's Experiment (1668) In 1668, Francesco Redi, an Italian scientist, designed a scientific experiment to test the spontaneous creation of maggots by placing fresh meat in each of two different jars. One jar was left open; the other was covered with a cloth.
Redi's Experiment Days later, the open jar contained maggots, whereas the covered jar contained no maggots. He did note that maggots were found on the exterior surface of the cloth that covered the jar. Redi successfully demonstrated that the maggots came from fly eggs and thereby helped to disprove spontaneous generation.
John Needham challenge (1748) In England, John Needham challenged Redi's findings by conducting an experiment in which he placed a broth, or gravy, into a bottle, heated the bottle to kill anything inside, then sealed it. Days later, he reported the presence of life in the broth and announced that life had been created from nonlife. In actuality, he did not heat it long enough to kill all the microbes.
Spallanzani's Experiment (1768) Lazzaro Spallanzani, also an Italian scientist, reviewed both Redi's and Needham's data He constructed his own experiment by placing broth in each of two separate bottles, boiling the broth in both bottles, then sealing one bottle and leaving the other open.
Spallanzani's Experiment (1768) Days later, the unsealed bottle was teeming with small living things that he could observe more clearly with the newly invented microscope. The sealed bottle showed no signs of life. Except it was noted by scientists of the day that Spallanzani had deprived the closed bottle of air, and it was thought that air was necessary for spontaneous generation
Pasteur's Experiment (1860) Louis Pasteur, the notable French scientist, accepted the challenge to re-create the experiment and leave the system open to air. He subsequently designed several bottles with S-curved necks that were oriented downward so gravity would prevent access by airborne foreign materials. Swan neck duct flask
Pasteur's Experiment He placed a nutrient-enriched broth in one of the goose- neck bottles, boiled the broth inside the bottle, and observed no life in the jar for one year. He then broke off the top of the bottle, exposing it more directly to the air, and noted life-forms in the broth within days.
Pasteur's Experiment He noted that as long as dust and other airborne particles were trapped in the S-shaped neck of the bottle, no life was created until this obstacle was removed. Pasteur won the Alhumbert Prize in 1862 for this work
Never will the doctrine of spontaneous generation recover from the mortal blow of this simple experiment. There is no known circumstance in which it can be confirmed that microscopic beings came into the world without germs, without parents similar to themselves
There are many references pertaining to bacteria in ancient literature such as Rigveda, Atherveda, Satapadha - Brahmana, Taittireeya Upanidshad, Aranyaka, Chandyogyopanishad & Vishnupurana. The method of vaccination for prevention of masurika (small pox) was also described in Sakteya grandha of Dhanvantri
The Role of Microorganisms in Disease Agostino Bassi (1773-1856) showed that a silkworm disease was caused by a fungus M. J. Berkeley (ca. 1845) demonstrated that the Great Potato Blight of Ireland was caused by a fungus.
The Role of Microorganisms in Disease Louis Pasteur showed that the p辿ine disease of silkworms was caused by a protozoan parasite
The Role of Microorganisms in Disease Ignaz Semmelweis (1818 - 1865) Hungarian physician working in Vienna He made doctors wash hands in chloride of lime before touching patients Dramatically reduced incidence of childbed fever Met much opposition from medical establishment, Practice stopped when he retired and deaths went up.
The Role of Microorganisms in Disease Joseph Lister (1872-1912) developed a system of surgery designed to prevent microorganisms from entering wounds; his patients had fewer postoperative infections, thereby providing indirect evidence that microorganisms were the causal agents of human disease; his published findings (1867) transformed the practice of surgery Joseph lister carbolic spray
The Role of Microorganisms in Disease Robert Koch (1843-1910), using criteria developed by his teacher, Jacob Henle (1809- 1895), established the relationship between Bacillus anthracis and anthrax; his criteria became known as Koch's Postulates and are still used to establish the link between a particular microorganism and a particular disease:
Introduction and History of Pharmaceutical microbiology.pptx
Koch's Postulates The microorganisms must be present in every case of the disease but absent from healthy individuals. The suspected microorganisms must be isolated and grown in pure culture. The same disease must result when the isolated microorganism is inoculated into a healthy host. The same microorganism must be isolated again from the diseased host.
The Role of Microorganisms in Disease Charles Chamberland (1851-1908) constructed a bacterial filter that removed bacteria and larger microbes from specimens; this led to the discovery of virus as disease-causing agents Immunological studies PasteurChamberland filter
The Role of Microorganisms in Disease Edward Jenner (1798) used a vaccination procedure to protect individuals from smallpox Louis Pasteur developed other vaccines including those for chicken cholera, anthrax, and rabies
The Role of Microorganisms in Disease Emil von Behring (1854-1917) and Shibasaburo Kitasato (1852- 1931) induced the formation of diphtheria toxin antitoxins in rabbits; the antitoxins were effectively used to treat humans and provided evidence for humoral immunity Elie Metchnikoff (1845-1916) demonstrated the existence of phagocytic cells in the blood, thus demonstrating cell-mediated immunity
Industrial Microbiology and Microbial Ecology Louis Pasteur demonstrated that alcoholic fermentations were the result of microbial activity, that some organisms could decrease alcohol yield and sour the product, and that some fermentations were aerobic and some anaerobic; he also developed the process of pasteurization to preserve wine during storage
Industrial Microbiology and Microbial Ecology Sergei Winogradsky (1856-1953) worked with soil bacteria and discovered that they could oxidize iron, sulfur, and ammonia to obtain energy; he also studied anaerobic nitrogen fixation and cellulose decomposition
Industrial Microbiology and Microbial Ecology Martinus Beijerinck (1851-1931) isolated aerobic nitrogen-fixing bacteria, a root-nodule bacterium capable of fixing nitrogen, and sulphate reducing bacteria Beijerinck and Winogradsky pioneered the use of enrichment cultures and selective media
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 24 October 1632 26 August 1723 Commonly known as "The Father of Microbiology", and one of the first microscopists and microbiologists Van Leeuwenhoek is best known for his pioneering work in microscopy Animalcules
Edward Jenner 17 May 1749 26 January 1823 Pioneer of smallpox vaccine, the world's first vaccine Jenner is often called "The Father of Immunology"
Louis Pasteur December 27, 1822 September 28, 1895 Pasteur's research also showed that the growth of micro-organisms was responsible for spoiling beverages, such as beer, wine and milk. He invented a process in which liquids such as milk were heated to a temperature between 60 and 100 属C. This killed most bacteria and moulds already present within them. The method became known as pasteurization.
Louis Pasteur Disproved the theory of Spontaneous generation Pasteur used a weakened culture of the bacteria to inoculate chickens. The chickens survived, and when he inoculated them with a virulent strain, they were immune to it In the 1870s, he applied this immunization method to anthrax Pasteur gave these artificially weakened diseases the generic name of "vaccines", in honor of Jenner's discovery Pasteur produced the first vaccine for rabies by growing the virus in rabbits, and then weakening it by drying the affected nerve tissue
Hans Christian Gram September 13, 1853 November 14, 1938 In 1884, he developed a method for distinguishing between two major classes of bacteria. This technique, the Gram stain, continues to be a standard procedure in medical microbiology. The stain later played a major role in classifying bacteria
Alexander Fleming 6 August 1881 11 March 1955 His best-known discoveries are the enzyme lysozyme in 1923 and the world's first antibiotic substance benzyl penicillin (Penicillin G) from the mould Penicillium notatum in 1928,
Scope and Applications Concerned with the use of microorganisms in the production of drugs that has special applications in pharmaceutical field
Production of antibiotics Pharmaceutical microbiology is concerned with the isolation of antibiotic producing microorganisms from natural environments such as soil and water. Many antibiotics are isolated from natural microorganisms by the process of fermentation.
Introduction and History of Pharmaceutical microbiology.pptx
Production of enzyme Many microbial cell produce extracellular and intracellular enzymes and these enzymes are important for the success of pharmaceutical fermentation process. They are associated with the microorganism ability to attack, degrade and utilize components of the medium and to accumulate fermentation products Cellulase 留-amylase
Introduction and History of Pharmaceutical microbiology.pptx
Production of bio surfactants Biosurfactants can be defined as the surface-active biomolecules produced by microorganisms with wide-range of applications. Biosurfactants (BS) are amphiphilic compounds excreted extracellularly and contain hydrophobic and hydrophilic moieties that reduce surface tension (ST) and interfacial tensions between individual molecules at the surface and interface.
Classes of Biosurfactants
Production of vaccine Microorganisms are used for preparation of different types of vaccines that have great impact on the community by preventing from deadly disease. Measles, Chickenpox, Hepatitis, Tuberculosis, Polio etc.
Treatment of industrial waste material Most industrial processes produce waste waters, salts, organic matters, which may be toxic. Many microbial species are used for decomposition of such waste material and organic components. eg: actinomycetes, fungi, protozoa etc.
Sterile product preparation Pharmaceutical microbiology plays a major role in preparation of sterile production. It deals with preparation of sterile room, aseptic technique, detection of microorganisms by sampling and sterility testing of different sterile preparation.
Testing of pharmaceutical Raw materials and finished products: Test for the detection of Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp, Pseudomonas spp, Staphylococcus aureus in pharmaceutical raw materials and finished products are described in the Indian pharmacopoeia (IP), United States Pharmacopoeia (USP), European Pharmacopoeia (EP) and British Pharmacopoeia (BP)
Introduction and History of Pharmaceutical microbiology.pptx
Next Class Classification of Microbes Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes Cellular characters of Prokaryotes with example Cellular characters of Eukaryotes with example Thank You

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Introduction and History of Pharmaceutical microbiology.pptx

  • 1. Introduction to Microbiology Prof. Dr. Kirankumar Hullatti M. Pharm., Ph.D., DPPM Department of Pharmacognosy
  • 2. Content Introduction Types of Microorganisms History of microbiology Role of microbiology in various fields Renowned microbiologists and their work Scope and application of microbiology
  • 3. Introduction Increase in life expectancy has been recorded for the majority of the countries over the last 60 years (WHO) 45 years in 1950 to 72 years in 2017 Better nutrition and sanitation, Improved health care and the greater availability of effective medicines with which to treat common diseases
  • 4. Introduction Several infectious diseases have been eradicated completely Worldwide sales of medicines and medical devices are estimated to have exceeded $US 1.2 trillion in 2019 and to reach more than 1.5 by 2024 https://www.statista.com/statistics/280572/medicine-spending-worldwide/
  • 5. Introduction Microorganisms can, in addition to initiating infections, cause product spoilage (爐爐む爐爐鉦う爐 爐爐萎ぞ爐 爐項爐爛) by chemically decomposing the active ingredient or the excipients. Pharmacist must know where microorganisms arise in the environment, the sources of microbial contamination (爐爛 爐劇た爐 爐項爐爛), and the factors that predispose to, or prevent, product spoilage.
  • 6. Introduction Commercial antibiotic production began with the manufacture of Penicillin in the year 1940 Development of recombinant DNA technology in the last three decades Understanding of the physiology and genetics of microorganisms will also become more important
  • 7. Introduction Several of the traditional diseases that were major causes of death before the antibiotic era, e.g. tuberculosis and diphtheria, are now re-emerging in resistant form Adding to the problems posed by infections in which antibiotic resistance has long been a problem, and those like CreutzfeldtJakob disease, West Nile virus , severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Now Covid-19
  • 8. Microorganisms Major groups Bacteria Fungi Protozoa Viruses Less well known categories like Chlamydia Rickettsia Mycoplasma Differ enormously in terms of their shape, size and appearance and in their genetic and metabolic characteristics
  • 9. Microorganism Microorganisms and Pathogenic microorganisms The microorganisms are tiny, simple-structure but diverse organisms. Non-cellular microorganism Prokaryotes Eukaryotes
  • 10. Microorganism Most of the microorganisms are vital to humans, animals and plants. Only a small number of microorganisms, known as pathogenic microorganisms, can cause human, animal and plant diseases. Pathogenic microorganisms invade the host, interact with the hosts defense systems and result in pathology, a process called infection.
  • 11. Viruses Viruses do not have a cellular structure. They are particles composed of nucleic acid surrounded by protein; some possess a lipid envelope and associated glycoproteins.
  • 12. Viroids Viroids (virusoids) are even simpler than viruses, being infectious particles comprising single-stranded RNA without any associated protein
  • 13. Prions Prions are unique as infectious agents in that they contain no nucleic acid. A prion is an atypical form of a mammalian protein that can interact with a normal protein molecule and cause it to undergo a conformational change so that it, in turn, becomes a prion and ceases its normal function
  • 15. Bacteria Bacteria are single celled prokaryotic microorganisms. They come in various shape and sizes. They can live in various conditions and have a complex relationship with humans. They are among the first life forms to appear on Earth.
  • 16. Fungi Fungi are eukaryotes and therefore differ from bacteria are structurally more complex and varied in appearance The term fungus covers both yeasts and moulds
  • 17. Protozoa Protozoa are eukaryotic, predominantly unicellular microorganisms that are regarded as animals rather than plants Some are parasites of plants and animals, including humans
  • 18. Brief history of the science of microbiology Concept of spontaneous generation Experiments that were performed to disprove this erroneous idea. (爐爐む爐伍爐 爛 爐むい 爐劇た爐∇)
  • 19. Concept of spontaneous generation Spontaneous generation or anomalous generation is an obsolete body of thought on the ordinary formation of living organisms without descent from similar organisms Fleas could arise from inanimate matter such as dust Maggots could arise from dead flesh Flies from bovine manure and Fish from the mud of previously dry lakes
  • 20. Several experiments have been conducted to disprove spontaneous generation
  • 21. Redi's Experiment (1668) In 1668, Francesco Redi, an Italian scientist, designed a scientific experiment to test the spontaneous creation of maggots by placing fresh meat in each of two different jars. One jar was left open; the other was covered with a cloth.
  • 22. Redi's Experiment Days later, the open jar contained maggots, whereas the covered jar contained no maggots. He did note that maggots were found on the exterior surface of the cloth that covered the jar. Redi successfully demonstrated that the maggots came from fly eggs and thereby helped to disprove spontaneous generation.
  • 23. John Needham challenge (1748) In England, John Needham challenged Redi's findings by conducting an experiment in which he placed a broth, or gravy, into a bottle, heated the bottle to kill anything inside, then sealed it. Days later, he reported the presence of life in the broth and announced that life had been created from nonlife. In actuality, he did not heat it long enough to kill all the microbes.
  • 24. Spallanzani's Experiment (1768) Lazzaro Spallanzani, also an Italian scientist, reviewed both Redi's and Needham's data He constructed his own experiment by placing broth in each of two separate bottles, boiling the broth in both bottles, then sealing one bottle and leaving the other open.
  • 25. Spallanzani's Experiment (1768) Days later, the unsealed bottle was teeming with small living things that he could observe more clearly with the newly invented microscope. The sealed bottle showed no signs of life. Except it was noted by scientists of the day that Spallanzani had deprived the closed bottle of air, and it was thought that air was necessary for spontaneous generation
  • 26. Pasteur's Experiment (1860) Louis Pasteur, the notable French scientist, accepted the challenge to re-create the experiment and leave the system open to air. He subsequently designed several bottles with S-curved necks that were oriented downward so gravity would prevent access by airborne foreign materials. Swan neck duct flask
  • 27. Pasteur's Experiment He placed a nutrient-enriched broth in one of the goose- neck bottles, boiled the broth inside the bottle, and observed no life in the jar for one year. He then broke off the top of the bottle, exposing it more directly to the air, and noted life-forms in the broth within days.
  • 28. Pasteur's Experiment He noted that as long as dust and other airborne particles were trapped in the S-shaped neck of the bottle, no life was created until this obstacle was removed. Pasteur won the Alhumbert Prize in 1862 for this work
  • 29. Never will the doctrine of spontaneous generation recover from the mortal blow of this simple experiment. There is no known circumstance in which it can be confirmed that microscopic beings came into the world without germs, without parents similar to themselves
  • 30. There are many references pertaining to bacteria in ancient literature such as Rigveda, Atherveda, Satapadha - Brahmana, Taittireeya Upanidshad, Aranyaka, Chandyogyopanishad & Vishnupurana. The method of vaccination for prevention of masurika (small pox) was also described in Sakteya grandha of Dhanvantri
  • 31. The Role of Microorganisms in Disease Agostino Bassi (1773-1856) showed that a silkworm disease was caused by a fungus M. J. Berkeley (ca. 1845) demonstrated that the Great Potato Blight of Ireland was caused by a fungus.
  • 32. The Role of Microorganisms in Disease Louis Pasteur showed that the p辿ine disease of silkworms was caused by a protozoan parasite
  • 33. The Role of Microorganisms in Disease Ignaz Semmelweis (1818 - 1865) Hungarian physician working in Vienna He made doctors wash hands in chloride of lime before touching patients Dramatically reduced incidence of childbed fever Met much opposition from medical establishment, Practice stopped when he retired and deaths went up.
  • 34. The Role of Microorganisms in Disease Joseph Lister (1872-1912) developed a system of surgery designed to prevent microorganisms from entering wounds; his patients had fewer postoperative infections, thereby providing indirect evidence that microorganisms were the causal agents of human disease; his published findings (1867) transformed the practice of surgery Joseph lister carbolic spray
  • 35. The Role of Microorganisms in Disease Robert Koch (1843-1910), using criteria developed by his teacher, Jacob Henle (1809- 1895), established the relationship between Bacillus anthracis and anthrax; his criteria became known as Koch's Postulates and are still used to establish the link between a particular microorganism and a particular disease:
  • 37. Koch's Postulates The microorganisms must be present in every case of the disease but absent from healthy individuals. The suspected microorganisms must be isolated and grown in pure culture. The same disease must result when the isolated microorganism is inoculated into a healthy host. The same microorganism must be isolated again from the diseased host.
  • 38. The Role of Microorganisms in Disease Charles Chamberland (1851-1908) constructed a bacterial filter that removed bacteria and larger microbes from specimens; this led to the discovery of virus as disease-causing agents Immunological studies PasteurChamberland filter
  • 39. The Role of Microorganisms in Disease Edward Jenner (1798) used a vaccination procedure to protect individuals from smallpox Louis Pasteur developed other vaccines including those for chicken cholera, anthrax, and rabies
  • 40. The Role of Microorganisms in Disease Emil von Behring (1854-1917) and Shibasaburo Kitasato (1852- 1931) induced the formation of diphtheria toxin antitoxins in rabbits; the antitoxins were effectively used to treat humans and provided evidence for humoral immunity Elie Metchnikoff (1845-1916) demonstrated the existence of phagocytic cells in the blood, thus demonstrating cell-mediated immunity
  • 41. Industrial Microbiology and Microbial Ecology Louis Pasteur demonstrated that alcoholic fermentations were the result of microbial activity, that some organisms could decrease alcohol yield and sour the product, and that some fermentations were aerobic and some anaerobic; he also developed the process of pasteurization to preserve wine during storage
  • 42. Industrial Microbiology and Microbial Ecology Sergei Winogradsky (1856-1953) worked with soil bacteria and discovered that they could oxidize iron, sulfur, and ammonia to obtain energy; he also studied anaerobic nitrogen fixation and cellulose decomposition
  • 43. Industrial Microbiology and Microbial Ecology Martinus Beijerinck (1851-1931) isolated aerobic nitrogen-fixing bacteria, a root-nodule bacterium capable of fixing nitrogen, and sulphate reducing bacteria Beijerinck and Winogradsky pioneered the use of enrichment cultures and selective media
  • 44. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 24 October 1632 26 August 1723 Commonly known as "The Father of Microbiology", and one of the first microscopists and microbiologists Van Leeuwenhoek is best known for his pioneering work in microscopy Animalcules
  • 45. Edward Jenner 17 May 1749 26 January 1823 Pioneer of smallpox vaccine, the world's first vaccine Jenner is often called "The Father of Immunology"
  • 46. Louis Pasteur December 27, 1822 September 28, 1895 Pasteur's research also showed that the growth of micro-organisms was responsible for spoiling beverages, such as beer, wine and milk. He invented a process in which liquids such as milk were heated to a temperature between 60 and 100 属C. This killed most bacteria and moulds already present within them. The method became known as pasteurization.
  • 47. Louis Pasteur Disproved the theory of Spontaneous generation Pasteur used a weakened culture of the bacteria to inoculate chickens. The chickens survived, and when he inoculated them with a virulent strain, they were immune to it In the 1870s, he applied this immunization method to anthrax Pasteur gave these artificially weakened diseases the generic name of "vaccines", in honor of Jenner's discovery Pasteur produced the first vaccine for rabies by growing the virus in rabbits, and then weakening it by drying the affected nerve tissue
  • 48. Hans Christian Gram September 13, 1853 November 14, 1938 In 1884, he developed a method for distinguishing between two major classes of bacteria. This technique, the Gram stain, continues to be a standard procedure in medical microbiology. The stain later played a major role in classifying bacteria
  • 49. Alexander Fleming 6 August 1881 11 March 1955 His best-known discoveries are the enzyme lysozyme in 1923 and the world's first antibiotic substance benzyl penicillin (Penicillin G) from the mould Penicillium notatum in 1928,
  • 50. Scope and Applications Concerned with the use of microorganisms in the production of drugs that has special applications in pharmaceutical field
  • 51. Production of antibiotics Pharmaceutical microbiology is concerned with the isolation of antibiotic producing microorganisms from natural environments such as soil and water. Many antibiotics are isolated from natural microorganisms by the process of fermentation.
  • 53. Production of enzyme Many microbial cell produce extracellular and intracellular enzymes and these enzymes are important for the success of pharmaceutical fermentation process. They are associated with the microorganism ability to attack, degrade and utilize components of the medium and to accumulate fermentation products Cellulase 留-amylase
  • 55. Production of bio surfactants Biosurfactants can be defined as the surface-active biomolecules produced by microorganisms with wide-range of applications. Biosurfactants (BS) are amphiphilic compounds excreted extracellularly and contain hydrophobic and hydrophilic moieties that reduce surface tension (ST) and interfacial tensions between individual molecules at the surface and interface.
  • 57. Production of vaccine Microorganisms are used for preparation of different types of vaccines that have great impact on the community by preventing from deadly disease. Measles, Chickenpox, Hepatitis, Tuberculosis, Polio etc.
  • 58. Treatment of industrial waste material Most industrial processes produce waste waters, salts, organic matters, which may be toxic. Many microbial species are used for decomposition of such waste material and organic components. eg: actinomycetes, fungi, protozoa etc.
  • 59. Sterile product preparation Pharmaceutical microbiology plays a major role in preparation of sterile production. It deals with preparation of sterile room, aseptic technique, detection of microorganisms by sampling and sterility testing of different sterile preparation.
  • 60. Testing of pharmaceutical Raw materials and finished products: Test for the detection of Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp, Pseudomonas spp, Staphylococcus aureus in pharmaceutical raw materials and finished products are described in the Indian pharmacopoeia (IP), United States Pharmacopoeia (USP), European Pharmacopoeia (EP) and British Pharmacopoeia (BP)
  • 62. Next Class Classification of Microbes Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes Cellular characters of Prokaryotes with example Cellular characters of Eukaryotes with example Thank You

Editor's Notes

  • #60: Used for solubility enhansment
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