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INTRODUCTION TO INTERNET OF THINGS
IoT Definition IoT definition-1 Internet of Things (IoT) is a concept which enables communication between in- ternetworking devices and applications, whereby physical objects or things com- municate through the Internet. IoT definition-2 The Internet is a vast global network of connected servers, computers, tablets and mobiles that is governed by standard protocols for connected systems. It enables sending, receiving, or communication of information, connectivity with remote servers, cloud and analytics platforms. INTRODUCTION TO INTERNET OF THINGS
IoT Vision Vision Internet of Things is a vision where things (wearable watches, alarm clocks, home devices, surrounding objects) become smart and function like living entities by sensing, computing and communicating through embedded devices which interact with remote objects (servers, clouds, applications, services and processes) or per- sons through the Internet or Near-Field Communication (NFC) etc INTRODUCTION TO INTERNET OF THINGS
IoT conceptual Frame Work Physical Object + Controller, Sensor and Actuators + Internet = Internet of Things Above Equation conceptually describes the Internet of umbrellas as consisting of an umbrella, a controller, sensor and actuators, and the Internet for connectivity to a web service and a mobile service provider. Generally, IoT consists of an internetwork of devices and physical objects wherein a number of objects can gather the data at remote locations and communicate to units managing, acquiring, organising and analysing the data in the processes and services. Example showed the number of streetlights communicating data to the group controller which connects to the central server using the Internet. A general framework consists of the number of devices communicating data to a data centre or an enterprise or a cloud server. The IoT framework of IoT used in number of applications as well as in enterprise and business processes is therefore, in general, more complex than the one represented INTRODUCTION TO INTERNET OF THINGS
IoT conceptual Frame Work by Equation The equation below conceptually represents the actions and commu- nication of data at successive levels in IoT consisting of internetworked devices and objects INTRODUCTION TO INTERNET OF THINGS
IoT architecture given by Oracle IoT architecture given by Oracle INTRODUCTION TO INTERNET OF THINGS
Steps followed Levels 1 and 2 consist of a sensor network to gather and consolidate the data. First level gathers the data of the things (devices) using sensors circuits. The sensor connects to a gateway. Data then consolidates at the second level, for example, transformation at the gateway at level2. The gateway at level 2 communicates the data streams between levels 2 and 3. The system uses a communication-management subsystem at level 3 An information service consists of connect, collect, assemble and manage subsystems at levels 3 and 4. The services render from level 4 Real time series analysis, data analytics and intelligence subsystems are also at levels 4 and 5. A cloud infrastructure, a data store or database acquires the data at level 5. INTRODUCTION TO INTERNET OF THINGS
IBM conceptual framework IoT architecture given by ibm INTRODUCTION TO INTERNET OF THINGS
IoT ARCHITECTURAL VIEW An IoT system has multiple levels These levels are also known as tiers. A model enables conceptualisation of a framework. A reference model can be used to depict building blocks, successive interactions and integration. An example is CISCOs presentation of a reference model comprising seven levels . New terms in the figure will be explained in the subsequent chapters. INTRODUCTION TO INTERNET OF THINGS
CISCO(commercial and industrial security corporation) -IOT MODEL IoT Ref model By CISCO INTRODUCTION TO INTERNET OF THINGS
Technology behind IoT The following entities provide a diverse technology environment and are examples of technologies, which are involved in IoT. Hardware (Arduino Raspberry Pi, Intel Galileo, Intel Edison, ARM mBed, Bosch XDK110, Beagle Bone Black and Wireless SoC) Integrated Development Environment (IDE) for developing device software, firmware and APIs Protocols [RPL, CoAP, RESTful HTTP, MQTT, XMPP (Extensible Messag- ing and Presence Protocol)] Communication (Powerline Ethernet, RFID, NFC, 6LowPAN, UWB, ZigBee, Bluetooth, WiFi, WiMax, 2G/3G/4G) Network backbone (IPv4, IPv6, UDP and 6LowPAN) Software (RIOT OS, Contiki OS, Thingsquare Mist firmware, Eclipse IoT) Internetwork Cloud Platforms/Data Centre (Sense, ThingWorx, Nimbits, Xively, openHAB, AWS IoT, IBM BlueMix, CISCO IoT, IOx and Fog, EvryThng, INTRODUCTION TO INTERNET OF THINGS
Technology behind IoT Azure, TCS CUP). Machine learning algorithms and software. An example of machine-learning software is GROK from Numenta Inc. that uses machine intelli- gence to analyse the streaming data from clouds and uncover anomalies, has the ability to learn continuously from data and ability to drive action from the out- put of GROKs data models and perform high level of automation for analysing streaming data. INTRODUCTION TO INTERNET OF THINGS
Sources of IoT Examples of hardware sources for IoT prototype development are Arduino Y炭n, Microduino, Beagle Board and RasWIK. Hardware prototype needs an IDE for developing device software, firmware and APIs Popular IoT Development Boards Arduino Y炭n board uses microcontroller ATmega32u4 that supports Arduino and includes Wi-Fi, Ethernet, USB port, micro-SD card slot and three reset buttons. The board also combines with Atheros AR9331 that runs Linux. INTRODUCTION TO INTERNET OF THINGS
Sources of IoT Microduino Microduino is a small board compatible with Arduino that can be stacked with the other boards. All the hardware designs are open source. Arduino Board INTRODUCTION TO INTERNET OF THINGS
Sources of IoT Intel Galileo Intel Galileo is a line of Arduino-certified development boards. Galileo is based on Intel x86 architecture. It is open-source hardware that features the Intel SOC X1000 Quark based Soc. Galileo is pin-compatible with Arduino. It has 20 digital I/O (12 GPIOs fully native), 12-bit PWM for more precise control, six analog inputs and supports power over Ethernet (PoE). Intel Galileo INTRODUCTION TO INTERNET OF THINGS
Sources of IoT Intel Edison Intel Edison19 is a compute module. It enables creation of prototypes and fast development of prototyping projects and rapidly produces IoT and wearable com- puting devices. It enables seamless device internetworking and device-to-cloud communication. It includes foundational tools. The tools collect, store and pro- cess data in the cloud, and process rules on the data stream. It generates triggers and alerts based on advanced analytics. Intel Edison INTRODUCTION TO INTERNET OF THINGS
Sources of IoT Beagle Board Beagle Bone based board has very low power requirement. It is a card-like computer which can run Android and Linux. Both the hardware designs and the software for the IoT devices are open source. Beagle Bone Black INTRODUCTION TO INTERNET OF THINGS
Sources of IoT Raspberry Pi Wireless Inventors Kit (RasWIK) RasWIK enables Raspberry Pi Wi-Fi connected devices. It includes documentation for 29 different projects or you can come up with one of your own. There is a fee for the devices but all of the included code is open source, and you can use it to build commercial products as well. Raspberry Pi INTRODUCTION TO INTERNET OF THINGS
Sources of IoT-Role of RFID and IoT Applications Earlier IoT systems were internet-connected RFID based systems. RFID enables tracking and inventory control, identification in supply chain systems, access to buildings and road tolls or secured store centre entries, and devices such as RFID- based temperature sensors. RFID networks have new applications in factory design, 3PL-management, brand protection, and anti-counterfeiting in new business pro- cesses for payment, leasing, insurance and quality management INTRODUCTION TO INTERNET OF THINGS
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) Sensors can be networked using wireless technology and can cooperatively monitor physical or environmental conditions. Sensors acquire data from remote locations, which may not be easily accessible. Each wireless sensor also has communication abilities for which it uses a radio-frequency transceiver. Each node either has an analog sensor with signal conditioner circuit or a digital sensor. Sensing can be done to monitor temperature, light intensity, presence of darkness, metal proximity, traffic, physical, chemical and biological data etc. INTRODUCTION TO INTERNET OF THINGS
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs WSN Definition Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is defined as a network in which each sensor node connects wirelessly and has capabilities of computations for data compaction, ag- gregation and analysis plus communication and networking. WSN node is au- tonomous. Autonomous refers to independent computing power and capability to send requests and receive responses, and data forward and routing capabilities. A web source defines the WSN as a wireless network consisting of spatially dis- tributed autonomous devices using sensors to cooperatively monitor physical or environmental conditions, such as temperature, sound, vibration, pressure, motion or pollutants, at different locations. INTRODUCTION TO INTERNET OF THINGS
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs WSN Node A WSN node has limited computing power. It may change topology rapidly. The WSN network in the topology-changing environment functions as an ad-hoc net- work. A WSN network in that environment is generally self-configuring, self- organising, self-healing and self-discovering. INTRODUCTION TO INTERNET OF THINGS
EXAMPLES OF IoT Examples of IoT usages are wearable devices such as watches, fitness trackers, sleep monitors and heart monitors etc. Fitbit (for example, Fitbit Alta fitness tracker), Garmin and other companies manufacture many such devices. Microsoft (Microsoft band might soon be discontinued), Xiaomi and other manufacturers make tracking bands. A fitness tracker wearable band has the following functions: Track steps, distance, calories burned and active minutes See stats and time with a bright OLED tap display Automatically track how long and how well you sleep and set a silent, vibrating alarm Personalize with interchangeable metal, leather and classic bands Get calls, texts and calendar notifications at a glance when the phone is in a defined range. INTRODUCTION TO INTERNET OF THINGS
Examples of IoT Smart Home Sensors and actuators manage a smart home with an Internet connection. Wired and wireless sensors are incorporated into the security sensors, cameras, ther- mostats, smart plugs, lights and entertainment systems. A connected home has the following applications deployed in a smart home: Mobile, tablets, IP-TV, VOIP telephony, video-conferencing, video-on-demand, videosurveillance,Wi-Fi and internet Home security: Access control and security alerts Lighting control Home healthcare Fire detection or Leak detection Energy efficiency INTRODUCTION TO INTERNET OF THINGS
Examples of IoT Solar panel monitoring and control Temperature monitoring and HVAC control Refrigerator network with maintenance and service centres Automated meter reading INTRODUCTION TO INTERNET OF THINGS
Examples of IoT smart cities The IoT concept extends to Internet of Everything (IoE) for developing smart cities. A four-layer architectural framework developed at CISCO for a city is as follows INTRODUCTION TO INTERNET OF THINGS
Four-layer architectural framework developed at CISCO for a city Four layer architectural frame work developed at CISCO INTRODUCTION TO INTERNET OF THINGS
Smart cities Steps followed in Four layer architectural frame work developed at CISCO Layer 1 consists of sensors, sensor networks and devices network in parking spaces, hospitals, streets, vehicles, banks, water supply, roads, bridges and railroads. Bluetooth, ZigBee, NFC, WiFi are the protocols used at this layer. Layer 2 captures data at distributed computing points where data is processed, stored and analysed. Layer 3 is meant for central collection services, connected data centres, cloud and enterprise servers for data analytics applications. Layer 4 consists of new innovative applications, such as waste containers monitoring, WSNs for power loss monitoring, bike sharing management and smart parking.Smart parking refers to services for motorists that informs them about the nearby parking services with vacant spaces in advance. INTRODUCTION TO INTERNET OF THINGS
Design Principles for Connected Devices When a letter is written then it is written according to a protocol (etiquette). To send a letter, it is first put in an envelope, and then the envelope is marked with the receivers address at the centre, senders address at left hand bottom area, stamp(s) is/are affixed at right hand top corner and the type of post is mentioned on top line in the centre. All letters are then gathered (stacked) and the stack is sent to the target city. Each action takes place according to a specified protocol at each stage (layer). Similarly, when data is transferred from a sensor, then functional units create a stack for data communication to an application or service. INTRODUCTION TO INTERNET OF THINGS
APPLICATION LAYER PROTOCOLS TCP/IP suite consists of a number application layer protocols. For example, HTTP, HTTPS, FTP, Telnet and others. A port uses a protocol for sending and receiving messages. A TCP/IP message must be sent from the right port at the transmission end and to the right port at the receiver end, else the receiver port does not listen. INTRODUCTION TO INTERNET OF THINGS

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Introduction to internet of things ref by raj kamal.pdf

  • 2. IoT Definition IoT definition-1 Internet of Things (IoT) is a concept which enables communication between in- ternetworking devices and applications, whereby physical objects or things com- municate through the Internet. IoT definition-2 The Internet is a vast global network of connected servers, computers, tablets and mobiles that is governed by standard protocols for connected systems. It enables sending, receiving, or communication of information, connectivity with remote servers, cloud and analytics platforms. INTRODUCTION TO INTERNET OF THINGS
  • 3. IoT Vision Vision Internet of Things is a vision where things (wearable watches, alarm clocks, home devices, surrounding objects) become smart and function like living entities by sensing, computing and communicating through embedded devices which interact with remote objects (servers, clouds, applications, services and processes) or per- sons through the Internet or Near-Field Communication (NFC) etc INTRODUCTION TO INTERNET OF THINGS
  • 4. IoT conceptual Frame Work Physical Object + Controller, Sensor and Actuators + Internet = Internet of Things Above Equation conceptually describes the Internet of umbrellas as consisting of an umbrella, a controller, sensor and actuators, and the Internet for connectivity to a web service and a mobile service provider. Generally, IoT consists of an internetwork of devices and physical objects wherein a number of objects can gather the data at remote locations and communicate to units managing, acquiring, organising and analysing the data in the processes and services. Example showed the number of streetlights communicating data to the group controller which connects to the central server using the Internet. A general framework consists of the number of devices communicating data to a data centre or an enterprise or a cloud server. The IoT framework of IoT used in number of applications as well as in enterprise and business processes is therefore, in general, more complex than the one represented INTRODUCTION TO INTERNET OF THINGS
  • 5. IoT conceptual Frame Work by Equation The equation below conceptually represents the actions and commu- nication of data at successive levels in IoT consisting of internetworked devices and objects INTRODUCTION TO INTERNET OF THINGS
  • 6. IoT architecture given by Oracle IoT architecture given by Oracle INTRODUCTION TO INTERNET OF THINGS
  • 7. Steps followed Levels 1 and 2 consist of a sensor network to gather and consolidate the data. First level gathers the data of the things (devices) using sensors circuits. The sensor connects to a gateway. Data then consolidates at the second level, for example, transformation at the gateway at level2. The gateway at level 2 communicates the data streams between levels 2 and 3. The system uses a communication-management subsystem at level 3 An information service consists of connect, collect, assemble and manage subsystems at levels 3 and 4. The services render from level 4 Real time series analysis, data analytics and intelligence subsystems are also at levels 4 and 5. A cloud infrastructure, a data store or database acquires the data at level 5. INTRODUCTION TO INTERNET OF THINGS
  • 8. IBM conceptual framework IoT architecture given by ibm INTRODUCTION TO INTERNET OF THINGS
  • 9. IoT ARCHITECTURAL VIEW An IoT system has multiple levels These levels are also known as tiers. A model enables conceptualisation of a framework. A reference model can be used to depict building blocks, successive interactions and integration. An example is CISCOs presentation of a reference model comprising seven levels . New terms in the figure will be explained in the subsequent chapters. INTRODUCTION TO INTERNET OF THINGS
  • 10. CISCO(commercial and industrial security corporation) -IOT MODEL IoT Ref model By CISCO INTRODUCTION TO INTERNET OF THINGS
  • 11. Technology behind IoT The following entities provide a diverse technology environment and are examples of technologies, which are involved in IoT. Hardware (Arduino Raspberry Pi, Intel Galileo, Intel Edison, ARM mBed, Bosch XDK110, Beagle Bone Black and Wireless SoC) Integrated Development Environment (IDE) for developing device software, firmware and APIs Protocols [RPL, CoAP, RESTful HTTP, MQTT, XMPP (Extensible Messag- ing and Presence Protocol)] Communication (Powerline Ethernet, RFID, NFC, 6LowPAN, UWB, ZigBee, Bluetooth, WiFi, WiMax, 2G/3G/4G) Network backbone (IPv4, IPv6, UDP and 6LowPAN) Software (RIOT OS, Contiki OS, Thingsquare Mist firmware, Eclipse IoT) Internetwork Cloud Platforms/Data Centre (Sense, ThingWorx, Nimbits, Xively, openHAB, AWS IoT, IBM BlueMix, CISCO IoT, IOx and Fog, EvryThng, INTRODUCTION TO INTERNET OF THINGS
  • 12. Technology behind IoT Azure, TCS CUP). Machine learning algorithms and software. An example of machine-learning software is GROK from Numenta Inc. that uses machine intelli- gence to analyse the streaming data from clouds and uncover anomalies, has the ability to learn continuously from data and ability to drive action from the out- put of GROKs data models and perform high level of automation for analysing streaming data. INTRODUCTION TO INTERNET OF THINGS
  • 13. Sources of IoT Examples of hardware sources for IoT prototype development are Arduino Y炭n, Microduino, Beagle Board and RasWIK. Hardware prototype needs an IDE for developing device software, firmware and APIs Popular IoT Development Boards Arduino Y炭n board uses microcontroller ATmega32u4 that supports Arduino and includes Wi-Fi, Ethernet, USB port, micro-SD card slot and three reset buttons. The board also combines with Atheros AR9331 that runs Linux. INTRODUCTION TO INTERNET OF THINGS
  • 14. Sources of IoT Microduino Microduino is a small board compatible with Arduino that can be stacked with the other boards. All the hardware designs are open source. Arduino Board INTRODUCTION TO INTERNET OF THINGS
  • 15. Sources of IoT Intel Galileo Intel Galileo is a line of Arduino-certified development boards. Galileo is based on Intel x86 architecture. It is open-source hardware that features the Intel SOC X1000 Quark based Soc. Galileo is pin-compatible with Arduino. It has 20 digital I/O (12 GPIOs fully native), 12-bit PWM for more precise control, six analog inputs and supports power over Ethernet (PoE). Intel Galileo INTRODUCTION TO INTERNET OF THINGS
  • 16. Sources of IoT Intel Edison Intel Edison19 is a compute module. It enables creation of prototypes and fast development of prototyping projects and rapidly produces IoT and wearable com- puting devices. It enables seamless device internetworking and device-to-cloud communication. It includes foundational tools. The tools collect, store and pro- cess data in the cloud, and process rules on the data stream. It generates triggers and alerts based on advanced analytics. Intel Edison INTRODUCTION TO INTERNET OF THINGS
  • 17. Sources of IoT Beagle Board Beagle Bone based board has very low power requirement. It is a card-like computer which can run Android and Linux. Both the hardware designs and the software for the IoT devices are open source. Beagle Bone Black INTRODUCTION TO INTERNET OF THINGS
  • 18. Sources of IoT Raspberry Pi Wireless Inventors Kit (RasWIK) RasWIK enables Raspberry Pi Wi-Fi connected devices. It includes documentation for 29 different projects or you can come up with one of your own. There is a fee for the devices but all of the included code is open source, and you can use it to build commercial products as well. Raspberry Pi INTRODUCTION TO INTERNET OF THINGS
  • 19. Sources of IoT-Role of RFID and IoT Applications Earlier IoT systems were internet-connected RFID based systems. RFID enables tracking and inventory control, identification in supply chain systems, access to buildings and road tolls or secured store centre entries, and devices such as RFID- based temperature sensors. RFID networks have new applications in factory design, 3PL-management, brand protection, and anti-counterfeiting in new business pro- cesses for payment, leasing, insurance and quality management INTRODUCTION TO INTERNET OF THINGS
  • 20. Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) Sensors can be networked using wireless technology and can cooperatively monitor physical or environmental conditions. Sensors acquire data from remote locations, which may not be easily accessible. Each wireless sensor also has communication abilities for which it uses a radio-frequency transceiver. Each node either has an analog sensor with signal conditioner circuit or a digital sensor. Sensing can be done to monitor temperature, light intensity, presence of darkness, metal proximity, traffic, physical, chemical and biological data etc. INTRODUCTION TO INTERNET OF THINGS
  • 21. Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs WSN Definition Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is defined as a network in which each sensor node connects wirelessly and has capabilities of computations for data compaction, ag- gregation and analysis plus communication and networking. WSN node is au- tonomous. Autonomous refers to independent computing power and capability to send requests and receive responses, and data forward and routing capabilities. A web source defines the WSN as a wireless network consisting of spatially dis- tributed autonomous devices using sensors to cooperatively monitor physical or environmental conditions, such as temperature, sound, vibration, pressure, motion or pollutants, at different locations. INTRODUCTION TO INTERNET OF THINGS
  • 22. Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs WSN Node A WSN node has limited computing power. It may change topology rapidly. The WSN network in the topology-changing environment functions as an ad-hoc net- work. A WSN network in that environment is generally self-configuring, self- organising, self-healing and self-discovering. INTRODUCTION TO INTERNET OF THINGS
  • 23. EXAMPLES OF IoT Examples of IoT usages are wearable devices such as watches, fitness trackers, sleep monitors and heart monitors etc. Fitbit (for example, Fitbit Alta fitness tracker), Garmin and other companies manufacture many such devices. Microsoft (Microsoft band might soon be discontinued), Xiaomi and other manufacturers make tracking bands. A fitness tracker wearable band has the following functions: Track steps, distance, calories burned and active minutes See stats and time with a bright OLED tap display Automatically track how long and how well you sleep and set a silent, vibrating alarm Personalize with interchangeable metal, leather and classic bands Get calls, texts and calendar notifications at a glance when the phone is in a defined range. INTRODUCTION TO INTERNET OF THINGS
  • 24. Examples of IoT Smart Home Sensors and actuators manage a smart home with an Internet connection. Wired and wireless sensors are incorporated into the security sensors, cameras, ther- mostats, smart plugs, lights and entertainment systems. A connected home has the following applications deployed in a smart home: Mobile, tablets, IP-TV, VOIP telephony, video-conferencing, video-on-demand, videosurveillance,Wi-Fi and internet Home security: Access control and security alerts Lighting control Home healthcare Fire detection or Leak detection Energy efficiency INTRODUCTION TO INTERNET OF THINGS
  • 25. Examples of IoT Solar panel monitoring and control Temperature monitoring and HVAC control Refrigerator network with maintenance and service centres Automated meter reading INTRODUCTION TO INTERNET OF THINGS
  • 26. Examples of IoT smart cities The IoT concept extends to Internet of Everything (IoE) for developing smart cities. A four-layer architectural framework developed at CISCO for a city is as follows INTRODUCTION TO INTERNET OF THINGS
  • 27. Four-layer architectural framework developed at CISCO for a city Four layer architectural frame work developed at CISCO INTRODUCTION TO INTERNET OF THINGS
  • 28. Smart cities Steps followed in Four layer architectural frame work developed at CISCO Layer 1 consists of sensors, sensor networks and devices network in parking spaces, hospitals, streets, vehicles, banks, water supply, roads, bridges and railroads. Bluetooth, ZigBee, NFC, WiFi are the protocols used at this layer. Layer 2 captures data at distributed computing points where data is processed, stored and analysed. Layer 3 is meant for central collection services, connected data centres, cloud and enterprise servers for data analytics applications. Layer 4 consists of new innovative applications, such as waste containers monitoring, WSNs for power loss monitoring, bike sharing management and smart parking.Smart parking refers to services for motorists that informs them about the nearby parking services with vacant spaces in advance. INTRODUCTION TO INTERNET OF THINGS
  • 29. Design Principles for Connected Devices When a letter is written then it is written according to a protocol (etiquette). To send a letter, it is first put in an envelope, and then the envelope is marked with the receivers address at the centre, senders address at left hand bottom area, stamp(s) is/are affixed at right hand top corner and the type of post is mentioned on top line in the centre. All letters are then gathered (stacked) and the stack is sent to the target city. Each action takes place according to a specified protocol at each stage (layer). Similarly, when data is transferred from a sensor, then functional units create a stack for data communication to an application or service. INTRODUCTION TO INTERNET OF THINGS
  • 30. APPLICATION LAYER PROTOCOLS TCP/IP suite consists of a number application layer protocols. For example, HTTP, HTTPS, FTP, Telnet and others. A port uses a protocol for sending and receiving messages. A TCP/IP message must be sent from the right port at the transmission end and to the right port at the receiver end, else the receiver port does not listen. INTRODUCTION TO INTERNET OF THINGS