This document is a classical music program that discusses several famous composers, including Beethoven, Pachelbel, and Bach. It notes that Beethoven started losing his hearing at age 26 and was completely deaf by 44, but still wrote his 9th Symphony without being able to hear. It also mentions that Pachelbel dropped out of university since his father could no longer support him, and that Bach was taken in by his eldest brother after both of his parents died before he turned 10. The document concludes by stating that the most inspirational men were those who chose a different path dedicated to improving mankind.
The document discusses traumatic brain injury (TBI) in children and strategies for supporting students with TBI in the classroom. It defines TBI and describes common causes. It outlines physical, cognitive, behavioral, and communication impairments associated with TBI. It then provides examples of strategies teachers can use to help students with TBI, such as breaking tasks into smaller steps, using reminders, and giving clear, simple instructions.
The founder wanted to create a company to provide protective solutions for Apple products. He came up with the name "Aegis" after brainstorming key words, as it means "protection" and conveyed the right message. However, some may find it difficult to spell, so he decided to spell it phonetically as "Ee-jis" to make it easier to pronounce and memorable. He then designed the logo, color palette, typography, stationery, website and merchandise to represent the "Ee-jis" brand.
Dokumen ini membahas psikologi pembelajaran dan pengajaran, termasuk definisi psikologi, proses dan hasil pembelajaran, serta teori-teori yang mendasarinya. Penekanan diberikan pada pentingnya memahami perilaku siswa dan menciptakan lingkungan belajar yang kondusif. Selain itu, dijelaskan bahwa guru harus mampu menyesuaikan metode mengajar dan memahami perkembangan kognitif siswa untuk mencapai tujuan pendidikan yang efektif.
O documento discute o futuro do livro em formato impresso versus digital. A palestrante argumenta que embora os livros digitais sejam cada vez mais populares, especialmente entre os mais jovens, os livros impressos ainda possuem valor cultural e emocional para muitos leitores e n達o ser達o substitu鱈dos totalmente pelos seus equivalentes digitais.
Here are some examples of adaptations and accommodations that can be made for teaching students with special needs:
- Provide modified assignments and assessments that are tailored to students' ability levels. This could include altering length or complexity requirements.
- Use multi-sensory teaching methods that engage both visual and auditory learners, such as showing images and diagrams alongside verbal explanations.
- Break down large assignments into smaller, more manageable tasks with clear deadlines. This helps prevent students from feeling overwhelmed.
- Allow extra time for students to complete tests and assignments, both in and out of the classroom.
- Provide copies of notes or allow students to audio record lessons so they can review material afterwards.
- Se
This document discusses strategies for developing language skills in students. It outlines Cummins' distinction between basic interpersonal communication skills (BICS) needed for social interaction and cognitive academic language proficiency (CALP) required for academic success. It also summarizes Krashen's natural approach to language acquisition, emphasizing comprehensible input, low anxiety, and meaningful communication. Finally, it provides 15 specific strategies teachers can use to foster language development, such as using nursery rhymes, songs, conversations, stories, and dramatic play.
This document summarizes key concepts in reading instruction and literacy. It outlines 5 stages of reading development, approaches to reading like bottom-up and top-down, principles of effective reading instruction including strategy instruction, grouping students, and building positive attitudes. It emphasizes the importance of balanced instruction, consistent structure, appropriate texts, word study, independent reading, writing, small group sizes, and coordinating intervention with classroom instruction.
This document discusses the field of phonetics and its importance in understanding human oral communication. It examines phonetics from a physical, social, and theoretical perspective. Physically, phonetics involves using parts of the vocal tract like the lips, tongue, and larynx to produce different speech sounds. Socially, communication is complex, involving factors like body language, tone of voice, and shared context between speakers. Theoretically, phonetics analyzes phonemes - the units of sound in a language - and how they are represented in writing systems. The document focuses on English phonology and the production of vowels and consonants. It emphasizes the importance of phonetic knowledge for language teachers to help students learn correct
The document discusses various language teaching methodologies and the historical role of teachers in enhancing students' language abilities. It highlights principles such as cooperative learning, intrinsic motivation, and the significance of communicative competence, while providing insights into different approaches like Suggestopedia and Total Physical Response. The text emphasizes the need for an engaging and motivating classroom environment to foster effective language acquisition.
This comparative essay examines the perspectives of Jeremy Harmer and H. Douglas Brown on the reading skill, covering definitions, processes, and techniques for teaching reading effectively. It highlights the importance of integrating all language skills in reading education and presents various strategies and principles for teaching that enhance student engagement and comprehension. The document concludes that understanding both authors' approaches can help educators create more meaningful and effective reading experiences for students.
The document summarizes the Grammar Translation approach. It describes the approach's historical context, focus on grammar and vocabulary, and use of the learner's native language. The teacher's role is to present rules and facilitate translation practice, while the student's role is memorization and translation. The approach emphasizes reading skills and grammatical accuracy over oral communication. Classes typically involve rule explanation, vocabulary instruction, and text translation. While it ensures early reading skills, it is limited in developing oral ability and communication skills.
Grammar Translation - Developed in the 18th-19th centuries, the teacher presents, explains, and commands in the students' native language. Students memorize vocabulary, conjugate verbs, and translate texts. While easy and develops grammar structures, it lacks oral skills, context, and theory.
Communicative Language Teaching - Created against audiolingual and grammar translation methods. The teacher facilitates communication and students interact in the target language as much as possible. It aims to develop communicative competence through meaningful learning. However, long classes and perceptions of activities could be too abstract.
This reaction paper discusses challenges in teaching a second language (L2) and strategies to address those challenges. It notes that a learner's first language (L1) can negatively interfere with L2 learning through differences in vocabulary, grammar, and other linguistic elements. However, the paper advocates properly utilizing L1 in the classroom and focusing initially on developing students' spoken language skills over written skills. The author reflects on applying strategies from theorists like Paul Nation, such as varying task difficulty and goals, to improve L2 teaching practices and help students engage more with the language.
The teacher led a language lesson in Indonesian without using the students' native language. She introduced greetings and expressions through repetition, gestures, and modeling intonation. Students felt confused at first but engaged as they practiced with partners and the class. Constant repetition, listening, and exaggerated gestures helped students produce the new words properly. The lesson aimed to simulate learning a new language through immersion, as English students will experience in their university studies.
Sociolinguistics is the study of how language and society interact and influence each other. It examines how social factors like class, age, gender, ethnicity, and context impact language use through social dialects, registers, and jargon. Social dialects in particular develop based on social groups and have rules and norms determined by factors such as class, education level, age, gender, and ethnic background which are expressed through variations in pronunciation, vocabulary, and grammar.
The origins of the English language can be traced back to the contact between Celtic, Latin, and Germanic languages in Britain. Celtic languages originally spread throughout Britain, but Latin was introduced when the Romans invaded in 55 BC. In the 5th century, Germanic tribes from northwest Germany invaded and settled eastern Britain, bringing their Germanic languages. The Celtic Britons were pushed westward, while the Germanic languages dominated in the east. Over centuries, English emerged as a distinct language through the blending and influence of Celtic, Latin, and Germanic languages in Britain.
The document discusses the origins and development of languages in Europe, focusing on Britain. It describes how Celtic languages originally spread across much of Europe, including Britain and Ireland, before the rise of Latin with the Roman Empire. As the Roman Empire declined, Germanic languages like Anglo-Saxon began influencing Britain as various tribes migrated across Europe. The document examines the linguistic geography and contact between Celtic, Latin, and Germanic languages over time in Europe and how this influenced the development of languages like English.
The document discusses different types of variation in English, including regional dialects, social variations, and national standards. It notes that regional dialects depend on where people live, social variations depend on social groups and education levels, and national standards of English include British, American, and other country-specific variations with some differences in grammar, vocabulary, and pronunciation. Standard English aims for uniformity but still varies based on factors like medium, attitude, and situation.
This document is a student's grammar guide for the English language published in 1990 by Greenbaum and Quirk. It provides students with the essential rules and concepts of English grammar. The guide aims to help students understand and properly use grammar in the English language.
The document discusses the origins and evolution of languages over time. It describes how Proto-Indo-European is hypothesized to be the common ancestor of many European languages based on identifying common features like cognates. It then outlines some of the major influences on and changes to the English language from Old English to Middle English to Modern English, including invasions by Germanic tribes, Vikings, and Normans that introduced vocabulary. Advances like the printing press helped spread English and standardize features through books.
This book provides an overview of the field of linguistics and the study of language. It covers topics such as the history of linguistics, the subfields within the discipline like phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, and semantics. The author also discusses language acquisition and processing as well as language variation, change, and structure across different languages.
This document discusses the field of phonetics and its importance in understanding human oral communication. It examines phonetics from a physical, social, and theoretical perspective. Physically, phonetics involves using parts of the vocal tract like the lips, tongue, and larynx to produce different speech sounds. Socially, communication is complex, involving factors like body language, tone of voice, and shared context between speakers. Theoretically, phonetics analyzes phonemes - the units of sound in a language - and how they are represented in writing systems. The document focuses on English phonology and the production of vowels and consonants. It emphasizes the importance of phonetic knowledge for language teachers to help students learn correct
The document discusses various language teaching methodologies and the historical role of teachers in enhancing students' language abilities. It highlights principles such as cooperative learning, intrinsic motivation, and the significance of communicative competence, while providing insights into different approaches like Suggestopedia and Total Physical Response. The text emphasizes the need for an engaging and motivating classroom environment to foster effective language acquisition.
This comparative essay examines the perspectives of Jeremy Harmer and H. Douglas Brown on the reading skill, covering definitions, processes, and techniques for teaching reading effectively. It highlights the importance of integrating all language skills in reading education and presents various strategies and principles for teaching that enhance student engagement and comprehension. The document concludes that understanding both authors' approaches can help educators create more meaningful and effective reading experiences for students.
The document summarizes the Grammar Translation approach. It describes the approach's historical context, focus on grammar and vocabulary, and use of the learner's native language. The teacher's role is to present rules and facilitate translation practice, while the student's role is memorization and translation. The approach emphasizes reading skills and grammatical accuracy over oral communication. Classes typically involve rule explanation, vocabulary instruction, and text translation. While it ensures early reading skills, it is limited in developing oral ability and communication skills.
Grammar Translation - Developed in the 18th-19th centuries, the teacher presents, explains, and commands in the students' native language. Students memorize vocabulary, conjugate verbs, and translate texts. While easy and develops grammar structures, it lacks oral skills, context, and theory.
Communicative Language Teaching - Created against audiolingual and grammar translation methods. The teacher facilitates communication and students interact in the target language as much as possible. It aims to develop communicative competence through meaningful learning. However, long classes and perceptions of activities could be too abstract.
This reaction paper discusses challenges in teaching a second language (L2) and strategies to address those challenges. It notes that a learner's first language (L1) can negatively interfere with L2 learning through differences in vocabulary, grammar, and other linguistic elements. However, the paper advocates properly utilizing L1 in the classroom and focusing initially on developing students' spoken language skills over written skills. The author reflects on applying strategies from theorists like Paul Nation, such as varying task difficulty and goals, to improve L2 teaching practices and help students engage more with the language.
The teacher led a language lesson in Indonesian without using the students' native language. She introduced greetings and expressions through repetition, gestures, and modeling intonation. Students felt confused at first but engaged as they practiced with partners and the class. Constant repetition, listening, and exaggerated gestures helped students produce the new words properly. The lesson aimed to simulate learning a new language through immersion, as English students will experience in their university studies.
Sociolinguistics is the study of how language and society interact and influence each other. It examines how social factors like class, age, gender, ethnicity, and context impact language use through social dialects, registers, and jargon. Social dialects in particular develop based on social groups and have rules and norms determined by factors such as class, education level, age, gender, and ethnic background which are expressed through variations in pronunciation, vocabulary, and grammar.
The origins of the English language can be traced back to the contact between Celtic, Latin, and Germanic languages in Britain. Celtic languages originally spread throughout Britain, but Latin was introduced when the Romans invaded in 55 BC. In the 5th century, Germanic tribes from northwest Germany invaded and settled eastern Britain, bringing their Germanic languages. The Celtic Britons were pushed westward, while the Germanic languages dominated in the east. Over centuries, English emerged as a distinct language through the blending and influence of Celtic, Latin, and Germanic languages in Britain.
The document discusses the origins and development of languages in Europe, focusing on Britain. It describes how Celtic languages originally spread across much of Europe, including Britain and Ireland, before the rise of Latin with the Roman Empire. As the Roman Empire declined, Germanic languages like Anglo-Saxon began influencing Britain as various tribes migrated across Europe. The document examines the linguistic geography and contact between Celtic, Latin, and Germanic languages over time in Europe and how this influenced the development of languages like English.
The document discusses different types of variation in English, including regional dialects, social variations, and national standards. It notes that regional dialects depend on where people live, social variations depend on social groups and education levels, and national standards of English include British, American, and other country-specific variations with some differences in grammar, vocabulary, and pronunciation. Standard English aims for uniformity but still varies based on factors like medium, attitude, and situation.
This document is a student's grammar guide for the English language published in 1990 by Greenbaum and Quirk. It provides students with the essential rules and concepts of English grammar. The guide aims to help students understand and properly use grammar in the English language.
The document discusses the origins and evolution of languages over time. It describes how Proto-Indo-European is hypothesized to be the common ancestor of many European languages based on identifying common features like cognates. It then outlines some of the major influences on and changes to the English language from Old English to Middle English to Modern English, including invasions by Germanic tribes, Vikings, and Normans that introduced vocabulary. Advances like the printing press helped spread English and standardize features through books.
This book provides an overview of the field of linguistics and the study of language. It covers topics such as the history of linguistics, the subfields within the discipline like phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, and semantics. The author also discusses language acquisition and processing as well as language variation, change, and structure across different languages.