Lecture 2--Philosophy of Science
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This document discusses different aspects of the research process including the location of various components. It covers: - The scientific method which assumes objectivity, evidence based on observation, replication, and precise findings. - Different types of scientific methods like nomothetic which understand general phenomena and ideographic which understand specific actions. - Paradigms which organize observations through assumptions about existence and knowledge like positivism. - Components of theory including hypotheses that predict observations and variables that are predicted. - Logical systems like deductive which moves from theory to hypotheses to variables, and inductive which moves from observations to patterns to explanations.
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This document discusses the meaning and introduction of research. It defines research as the formal and systematic application of scientific methods to study a problem. There are two main sources of knowledge: revealed knowledge from religious texts and acquired knowledge from personal experiences, experts, logic, and the scientific method. The scientific method involves recognizing a problem, formulating hypotheses, collecting and analyzing data, and stating conclusions. The document also discusses the need for research when problems exist, different types of research classified by purpose and method, and the importance of ethics in research.Research
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-Research
Research is an art of scientific investigation.
It is regarded as a systematic efforts to gain new knowledge.
The dictionary meaning of research is a careful investigation or enquiry especially through search for new facts in any branch of knowledge.
-Nature of Research
-Objectives of Research
-Types of Research
-Research Process
-Significance of Research
-Criteria for Good Research
-Limitations of Research
Basic research
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Basic research aims to develop or enhance theory without considering immediate practical applications. It involves collecting and analyzing data to test hypotheses and advance scientific understanding, even if the results have no obvious commercial or practical benefits. Some key points about basic research include:
- It increases fundamental knowledge and understanding without direct commercial objectives.
- Findings may not be immediately useful but often lay the groundwork for applied research and new technologies.
- It is primarily conducted by universities and seeks to explain phenomena rather than solve practical problems.
- The goal is explanatory research to generate new ideas and theories about how the world works.Types of research
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Fundamental research Fundamental research Fundamental research Fundamental research Fundamental research Fundamental research Fundamental research Fundamental research Fundamental research Fundamental research Fundamental research Fundamental research Fundamental research Fundamental research Fundamental research Fundamental research Fundamental research Fundamental research Fundamental research Fundamental research Fundamental research Research assumption
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Here are the answers to your questions:
1. FINER criteria of a good research question are: Feasible, Interesting, Novel, Ethical, Relevant.
2. A null hypothesis is a statistical hypothesis that predicts that no relationship exists between two variables.
3. The types of relationships that may exist between two variables are: positive, negative, or no relationship.
4. Read around comes first before read into. Read around gives a broad overview of the topic area, while read into involves an in-depth review.
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This document provides an overview of different research paradigms and approaches. It discusses positivism and interpretivism as the two dominant epistemological views. Positivism follows the scientific method and seeks objective facts, while interpretivism sees knowledge as subjective and seeks meanings and interpretations. The document then outlines some key features and differences between positivist and interpretive research approaches, including their views on the nature of reality, the role of the researcher, and the types of data and methods typically used.Research Methods in Psychology
Research Methods in PsychologyJames Neill
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The document provides an overview of psychological research methods. It defines research as systematic inquiry aimed at understanding human behavior and mental processes. Various research methods are described, including experimental, quasi-experimental, and non-experimental designs. Key aspects of the research process like developing hypotheses, collecting both qualitative and quantitative data, ensuring reliability and validity, and addressing ethical considerations are summarized.Research methods introduction
Research methods introductionMarcus Leaning
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This document provides an overview of managing research. It discusses the structure of the course, which will examine definitions of research, approaches, and the research process. The assessment will be a research proposal. It defines research and discusses types including exploratory, descriptive, analytical, and predictive. It also covers research approaches such as quantitative vs qualitative and pure vs applied. Deductive research moves from general to specific while inductive produces rules from observations. Finally, it discusses research philosophies including positivism and phenomenology.Research Methods CH1
Research Methods CH1Stephanie
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This chapter introduces communication research by discussing what research is, why it is conducted, and how it relates to both scholars and consumers of research. Some key points covered include:
- Research is the systematic process of asking questions and finding answers through empirical methods in order to uncover patterns and increase predictability.
- Communication research aims to deepen our understanding of human behavior and improve personal and professional environments.
- Research can be conducted from the perspective of a scholar or a consumer of research results, and may be commissioned for private use or consultation.
- Scholarly research is formal, scientific, systematic, and available publicly to allow evaluation and build upon existing work.BUSINESS RESEARCH METHODS
BUSINESS RESEARCH METHODSNYASHA MANDE
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This document provides an overview of research methods and processes. It discusses:
1) Three ways to understand the world - experience, reasoning, and research. Research involves forming hypotheses, testing theories, and problem solving.
2) Types of reasoning - deductive, inductive, and inductive-deductive. Inductive reasoning leads to hypothesis formation while deductive reasoning moves from general to specific.
3) The research process which involves defining the problem, objectives, hypotheses, methodology, data collection and analysis, and reporting results.introduction to research-2023.ppt
introduction to research-2023.pptDoctorOkelloBen
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This document provides an introduction and overview of research methods. It outlines the aim and objectives of the course which are to give participants an appreciation of the research process and enable them to describe research, prepare proposals, design instruments, collect and analyze data, and write reports. It defines research and describes the importance of research being systematic, logical, empirical, and replicable. It also discusses the different types of research including basic research, applied research, and evaluation research. The document outlines the overall research process and covers topics such as identifying research areas, the qualities of a good topic, research philosophies including epistemology and axiology, and the different methodologies of quantitative and qualitative research.
Research paradigm
Research paradigmAmina Tariq
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This document outlines several social science paradigms used in research, including positivism, post-positivism, constructivism, critical theory, and feminism. It also discusses deductive and inductive theory construction. Positivism views reality as objective and values empirical observation, while constructivism sees reality as subjective and values interpretation. Deductive research reasons from existing theories to hypotheses, while inductive research uses observation to discover patterns and develop theories.Definition and types of research
Definition and types of researchfadifm
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This document provides an overview of key concepts in research methodology, including:
1. It defines research as an organized and systematic process of finding answers to questions through a defined set of steps and procedures.
2. It discusses different types of research including quantitative, qualitative, basic, applied, longitudinal, descriptive, classification, comparative, exploratory, explanatory, causal, theory testing, and theory building research.
3. It also discusses alternatives to research-based knowledge such as relying on authority, tradition, common sense, media, and personal experience.Research methodology unit-1
Research methodology unit-1Gnanaprakasam
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The document discusses research methodology and defines key concepts such as research problem, objectives of research, characteristics of research, scientific method, and hypothesis. It provides details on formulating the research problem, reviewing literature, and formulating a hypothesis. The research process involves defining the problem, reviewing concepts and theories, formulating a hypothesis, designing the research, collecting and analyzing data, and reporting findings. Variables and types of variables in formulating a hypothesis are also explained.Research lesson what is research method
Research lesson what is research methodHarve Abella
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The document discusses research methodology and defines key concepts such as research problem, objectives of research, characteristics of research, scientific method, and criteria for a good research. It also covers formulation of hypothesis, which involves identifying variables and developing testable statements about the relationship between independent and dependent variables based on a theoretical framework and review of literature.RMD100Q Chapter1 Cohen AK revised
RMD100Q Chapter1 Cohen AK revisedAnil Kanjee
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This document discusses key concepts related to research paradigms. It begins by outlining the lesson objectives of understanding the three dominant research paradigms, distinguishing between positivism and interpretivism, and differentiating inductive and deductive reasoning. It then defines positivism as relying on strict scientific methods to obtain knowledge and interpretivism as valuing subjective meanings and contexts. The document contrasts features of the positivist versus interpretivist paradigms and discusses mixed methods approaches. It also defines deductive and inductive reasoning, as well as the concepts of research methods, methodology, and design.Research Methodology
Research MethodologyVikas Dalmia
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The document discusses various aspects of research methodology including defining the research problem, reviewing literature, and formulating hypotheses. It provides details on:
1) Defining the research problem involves identifying and selecting a problem and then precisely formulating it.
2) Reviewing literature helps gain background knowledge and identify relationships between concepts to form hypotheses. Literature is recorded systematically.
3) A hypothesis is a testable statement about the relationship between variables. It predicts the influence of independent variables on dependent variables.Basic introduction to research for beginners.pdf
Basic introduction to research for beginners.pdfRaviSinghMahatra
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It describes the information of Research.Psy 101 lec4
Psy 101 lec4Dara Corporates
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This document provides an introduction to psychological research. It defines research as a systematic investigation to establish facts through information gathering. The goals of psychological research include description, explanation, prediction, and control. Research methods can be experimental, involving the manipulation of independent variables, or correlational, exploring relationships between non-manipulated variables. Key aspects of the research process are identifying problems, formulating hypotheses, collecting and analyzing data. Ethical considerations like informed consent and protecting participants are also discussed.
Introduction to Research Methodology.ppt
Introduction to Research Methodology.pptShambhavi Sahstry
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Research methodology involves systematically collecting and analyzing data to increase understanding of a phenomenon. The key aspects of research methodology discussed in the document include:
- Defining research as a systematic process of finding solutions to problems through empirical study and analysis.
- Stating the objectives of research as gaining new insights, accurately describing characteristics, determining frequencies of occurrences, and testing hypotheses.
- Detailing the scientific method which involves systematic collection and theoretical treatment of data through observation, experimentation, and interpretation.
- Outlining the various types of research such as descriptive vs analytical, applied vs fundamental, quantitative vs qualitative, and conceptual vs empirical.Introduction to RESEARCH Methodology
Introduction to RESEARCH Methodologystatsanjal
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Research Methodology is my core subject and Myself is a research database faculty of my University of Health Sciences.Topic-2-Introduction-to-Scientific-Method.pptx
Topic-2-Introduction-to-Scientific-Method.pptxJohnLester81
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The document provides an overview of the scientific method and compares it to common sense reasoning. It discusses how science uses structured processes like empirical testing, replication, and verification of conclusions. In contrast, common sense relies more on individual experience and intuition, which can be biased. The document also covers different types of research methods like descriptive, correlational, explanatory and exploratory research. It discusses approaches like quantitative structured research versus qualitative unstructured research. Finally, it discusses various aspects of the research process like problem identification, data collection and analysis, and interpretation of results.Introduction to Research.pdf
Introduction to Research.pdfPareshShah242194
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This document provides an introduction to research. It discusses the instructor's credentials and why research is important due to more complex decisions, data collection tools, and analytical tools. It defines research as a careful, systematic study undertaken to establish facts or principles. Research objectives include exploration, description, diagnosis, and testing hypotheses. Research is significant for government policy, business/industry problems, and social issues. It outlines what good research requires and what research is not. It also discusses fallacies, social research, and the principles of scientific research.Lecture 2--Philosophy of Science
- 1. #2 Location In The Research ProcessFormulatingResearchQuestionsAppropriateDesignCraftKnowledgeAppropriateSamplingDecisionsPreviousResearchEnsureResearchEthicsDataCollection&ManagementDataAnalysisOngoingResearchInterpretationDissemination
- 2. Philosophy of ScienceNot everyone agrees how to do science. One key issue concerns the pursuit of objectivity.The Scientific MethodOpen to the dataProvisional knowledge and refutationEvidence is basis for knowledgeEvidence is based on observationReplication is importantAssumes an objective realityPrecise and generalizable findingsScientific ObservationSystematicComprehensiveObjectiveOperationally specified
- 3. Philosophy of ScienceScientific MethodsNomotheticPartially understand a general phenomenonMany subjects, few variablesEmpirical generalitiesQuantitativeIdeographicUnderstand many factors underlying a specific actionFew subjects, many variables and data collectedQuantitative and qualitativeExplanatoryAssumes cause and effectImplies determinism (behavior is influenced by factors external to the individual)Probability statements influence as causalityAttempts to answer why a phenomenon is seen
- 4. ParadigmsParadigms- Assumptions that organize our observations and make sense of them.Based on ontology (study of existence) and epistemology (study of the nature of knowledge)Ones fundamental model, scheme, world viewMethodology (organizing principles) stems from paradigmPostmodernism- Rejects notion of objective reality and standards of truth and logical reasoning that are the core of the scientific method; Everything is subjective.Positivism and post-positivismObjectivityPrecisionGeneralizabilityPost-positivism accepts subjectivityReality is objective, but observation and measurement are not purely objective.Post-positivism attempts to account for and/or minimize subjectivityBy designStatistical controlQuantitative Social Work research assumes a post-positivist paradigm
- 5. ParadigmsInterpretivism- Reality is multiple, subjective, and socially constructed.Empathic understandingUnderstand internal statesModeling idiosyncrasyCritical Social Science- Interpret findings through the filter of their empowerment or advocacy goals.OppressionEmpowermentInstitutionsQualitative MethodologySubjective meaningsDepth of understandingExperiential
- 6. Components of TheoryTheory- A systematic set of interrelated statements intended to explain some aspect of social life or enrich our sense of how people conduct and find meaning in their daily lives.The statements are referred to as Hypotheses (predict something that should be observed in real world if Theory is trueThe things the hypotheses predict are called variables.Attributes are the characteristics or quantities that make up a variable
- 7. Logical SystemsDeductive MethodTheoryHypothesisDefines variablesObserve/measureInductive MethodObserveRecognize a PatternDevelop a logical explanation for the Pattern