Manutius was an influential 15th century printer who developed italic type and the Bembo typeface. In 1500, literacy rates were low, with about half of males and 89% of females being illiterate. Available education included apprenticeships and some colleges and universities. Blackletter was the earliest printed typeface, based on handwritten texts, while Garamond helped eliminate it from France and established the first type foundry. The printing press helped spread ideas and standardized languages, increasing literacy over time as styles evolved from Oldstyle to Transitional to Modern.
29. Manutius
Printer who developed:
Italic Type
Bembo Type Face
Scholar who translated:
Aristotle, Theocritis, Artistophanes, Sophocles,
Heroduts, Euripidies, Thucydides, Homer and Plato
30. Literacy Rates in 1500
遜 the Male population was illiterate and about 89% of the women were illiterate
Literate Population
All clergy
98% of the Gentry
65% of the Yeoman
56% of the craftsman
21% of the peasants
15% of the laborers
37. Blackletter
Earliest Printed Type
Based on hand-copied texts
Traditionally associated with Germany
Today is extensively used by Latino gangs as implying
officialness or deep seriousness
40. Claude Garamond
Credited with eliminating Blackletter
type from France
First typographer to use italic type as a
compliment to roman type
Established a type foundry making
copies of his type faces and selling them
to other printers
43. Results of Printing Revolution
Printing became a powerful vehicle to spread political
and religious ideas
It stabilized and unified languages
Literacy improved dramatically
44. Renaissance (1300 1550)
Literacy began to improve
Beginning of a merchant class
Painting represented illustrations of the natural world
Painting became three dimensional
A single light source, a fixed point of view, linear
perspective and atmospheric perspective all became
common again
45. Upper case letterforms based on Roman inscriptions
and lowercase based on Italian humanist book copying.
Typified by a gradual thick-to-thin stroke, gracefully
bracketed serifs, and slanted stress
One of the most readable classes for text
First Oldstyle Letterforms were created around 1475
46. Not really a type classification
Italic type was developed as its own type face but
quickly became a component of the roman family of a
font.
Italics are generally used for emphasis, captions, not
body text
Italic style of letters for non-roman type is generally
referred to as obliques.
First italic type face created around 1500
47. Baroque Age/ Age of Exploration
(1550 1600)
Holy Roman Empire no longer reigned over Europe
Protestantism was growing everywhere
Rise of Nationalism and Nation Building was now the
way of the world
Art and decoration were taken to new levels of
spender and drama
Science and mathematics are again growing
49. 200 years later (1650)
Oldstyle type faces have become established across
much of Europe
Population has become more educated
Trade has expanded
The merchant class has begun to emerge
Louis XIV reigns in Frace
Beginning of modern science and philosophy
53. Age of Enlightenment
(1600 - 1800s)
Math and Science ruled
Consumed with the idea of compiling and analyzing
human knowledge
Type designers applied math and science to the
design of type
57. Transitional
Bridges gap between oldstyle and modern
Developed largely due to technological advances in
casting type and printing.
Greater thick to thin strokes, smaller backets on serifs,
stress is more vertical.
First type in this classification began appearing around
1750
61. Modern
Furthering trends stared with transitional
Pushes to extreme thick to thin strokes and square
serifs
Loses readability if set too tight, or too small a size
Strong vertical stress
First type in this classification appeared around 1775
62. Script
Seemingly based on handwiting
Is supposed to be a replication of calligraphy
May also be based on engraved type forms
Script type is unsuitable for blocks of text type
First script typefaces appeared around 1550
#51: Galileo and the Saturn rings: Modern graphic design
#52: French Royal Typefaces designed with a 64 square grid, each grid split into 32 smaller units. Typography was now scientificResulted in the birth of Transitional typefaces
#53: Fournier invented the point system for measuring type by dividing an inch into 72 parts.Also published first encyclopedic survey of type.