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Lecture1: Introduction to Psychophysiology

Illya Kuznetsov
Illya Kuznetsov

Psychophysiology is the study of the physiological mechanisms underlying psychological processes and behavior. It examines the relationship between psychological manipulations and resulting physiological responses in living organisms. The field connects areas like physiological psychology, neuropsychology, and the physiology of the nervous system to promote understanding of the link between mental and physical processes. Historically, ideas from ancient Egypt, Greece, and philosophers like Descartes contributed to early conceptions of the relationship between the mind, brain, and body. In the 19th-20th centuries, scientists like Sechenov, Pavlov, and Berger made important discoveries in physiology, neuroscience, and the development of tools like the electroencephalogram that advanced psychophysiology as a distinct scientific discipline.

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Subject and the History of Psychophysiology
Psychophysiology the science, which studies the physiological mechanisms of psychic functions Psychophysiology is the study of relations between psychological manipulations and resulting physiological responses, measured in the living organism, to promote understanding of the relation between mental and bodily processes (Andreassi). Psychophysiology is the branch of psychology that is concerned with the physiological bases of psychological processes (US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings)
? Psychophysiology / Behavioral physiology / Cognitive Neuroscience -different branch of science, synonyms or parts of the same science? And what about Cognitive Psychology or Neurophysiology?
Top psychophysiology problem: the relation between brain activity and psychic? Proposed answers: 1) psychic is the result of physical processes in brain 2) brain is the mediator between body and spiritual, non-materialistic world 3) brain activity does not correspond with psychic (thoughts, emotions, memory, etc.) Physiological mechanisms are studied as a part of integral behavior. Modern psychophysiology connects: physiological psychology, high nervous activity physiology, normal neuropsychology, system psychophysiology. Basic branches: a) common psychophysiology, which studies physiological basis of cognitive processes, emotional behavior, functional states b) developmental psychophysiology, which studies ontogenetic changes of psychic activity ontogenetic changes c) differential psychophysiology studies the individual differences of behavior mechanisms d) social psychophysiology studies the physiological mechanisms of social behavior and interpersonal communication
Historical facts and conception, which preceded the formation of psychophysiology Ancient Egypt the knowledge about aphasia (1550 B.C.) Ancient Greeks developed some ideas about soul floral soul, animal soul and human soul (Aristotle). Hippocrates and Plato attributed psychic to brain functions. Ren辿 Descartes first uses the conception of reflex.
18th century conception of mental and psychic activity fundamentals
Phrenology, which was popular at 18th century, supposed, that the form of different skull regions strongly related to special psychic functions
19th and 20th century: Sechenov the works on physiology of reflexes Brocka, Vernike the discover of language centers in brain Pavlov the concept of conditional reflexes 30th the studies of physiological basis of reflexes in Great Britain (Adrians school) Berger creates first electroencephalograph and notes basic types of brain electrical activity 40-50th fast neuropsychology development, revolutionary discovers in neurophysiology non-specific activating system, synaptic signal transmission, module structure of brain cortex, neuron-detectors, functional brain hemisphere asymmetry 60th Anokhins functional systems theory, the beginning of modelling of psychic functions physiological basis, first ERP studies. 70th first studies in PET and fMRI. 80th psychophysiology becames to be a separate science (1st Congress of International Organisation of Psychophysiology). 90th the development of EOMs leads to active implementation of EOMs and comprehensive mathematical functions in psychophysiological studies.

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Lecture1: Introduction to Psychophysiology

  • 1. Subject and the History of Psychophysiology
  • 2. Psychophysiology the science, which studies the physiological mechanisms of psychic functions Psychophysiology is the study of relations between psychological manipulations and resulting physiological responses, measured in the living organism, to promote understanding of the relation between mental and bodily processes (Andreassi). Psychophysiology is the branch of psychology that is concerned with the physiological bases of psychological processes (US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings)
  • 3. ? Psychophysiology / Behavioral physiology / Cognitive Neuroscience -different branch of science, synonyms or parts of the same science? And what about Cognitive Psychology or Neurophysiology?
  • 4. Top psychophysiology problem: the relation between brain activity and psychic? Proposed answers: 1) psychic is the result of physical processes in brain 2) brain is the mediator between body and spiritual, non-materialistic world 3) brain activity does not correspond with psychic (thoughts, emotions, memory, etc.) Physiological mechanisms are studied as a part of integral behavior. Modern psychophysiology connects: physiological psychology, high nervous activity physiology, normal neuropsychology, system psychophysiology. Basic branches: a) common psychophysiology, which studies physiological basis of cognitive processes, emotional behavior, functional states b) developmental psychophysiology, which studies ontogenetic changes of psychic activity ontogenetic changes c) differential psychophysiology studies the individual differences of behavior mechanisms d) social psychophysiology studies the physiological mechanisms of social behavior and interpersonal communication
  • 5. Historical facts and conception, which preceded the formation of psychophysiology Ancient Egypt the knowledge about aphasia (1550 B.C.) Ancient Greeks developed some ideas about soul floral soul, animal soul and human soul (Aristotle). Hippocrates and Plato attributed psychic to brain functions. Ren辿 Descartes first uses the conception of reflex.
  • 6. 18th century conception of mental and psychic activity fundamentals
  • 7. Phrenology, which was popular at 18th century, supposed, that the form of different skull regions strongly related to special psychic functions
  • 8. 19th and 20th century: Sechenov the works on physiology of reflexes Brocka, Vernike the discover of language centers in brain Pavlov the concept of conditional reflexes 30th the studies of physiological basis of reflexes in Great Britain (Adrians school) Berger creates first electroencephalograph and notes basic types of brain electrical activity 40-50th fast neuropsychology development, revolutionary discovers in neurophysiology non-specific activating system, synaptic signal transmission, module structure of brain cortex, neuron-detectors, functional brain hemisphere asymmetry 60th Anokhins functional systems theory, the beginning of modelling of psychic functions physiological basis, first ERP studies. 70th first studies in PET and fMRI. 80th psychophysiology becames to be a separate science (1st Congress of International Organisation of Psychophysiology). 90th the development of EOMs leads to active implementation of EOMs and comprehensive mathematical functions in psychophysiological studies.