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Mahajanpadas and mauryan empire

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Abhishek Singh

The document discusses the emergence of Mahajanapadas in ancient India during the 6th century BCE. Some key points: - 16 major Mahajanapadas emerged across northern India, each centered around a city-state and ruled by Kshatriya tribes. These included Magadha, Kasi, Kosala, Vatsa, Kuru, Panchala, Surasena, Assaka, Avanti, Gandhara, Kamboja, Chedi, Videha, Saisunaga, and Matsya. - The Mahajanapadas were both monarchies and republics. Monarchical states were located on the Gangetic plains while republic

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Humanities Assignment By Abhishek Singh
The word mahajanpadas comprised of two words, Maha which means great realm and Janapada means "foothold of a tribe, country During the 6th century BCE north India witnessed the formation of large territorial states, both monarchies and republics. historical period in Indian history and the political history of India practically begins from this period. Northern India was spilt up into petty independent states No political cooperation and cohesiveness among the rulers and they were fighting among themselves for political supremacy and economic advantage. Some were big in extent and power while others were small . MAHAJANPADAS
existed during the period from c. 600 B.C to c.550 B.C Kabul valley in the north-west to the borders of Bengal in the east foot hill of the Himalayas in the north to the river Godavari in the south. In most of the Mahajanapadas there were monarchies while in others there were republican forms of governments. The monarchies were concentrated on the Gangetic plains while the Republican states were situated on the foot of the Himalayas to the northwest of the monarchical states. Extensive use of iron, expansion of agriculture and the growth of unban centres and urbanization led to the emergence and formation of such territorial states Tribal political organizations of the Vedic period gave rise to the formation of big states. THE EMERGENCE OF THE MAHAJNAPADAS Pottery of the Northern Black Polished Ware culture (c. 500-200 BCE), associated with the Mahajanapada period.
THE 16 MAHAJANPADAS The Pre-Buddhist north-west region of the Indian sub-continent was divided into several Janapadas demarcated from each other by boundaries. In P ini's畊 "Ashtadhyayi", Janapada stands for country and Janapadin for its citizenry. Each of these Janapadas was named after the Kshatriya tribe (or the Kshatriya Jana) who had settled therein.
1- Anga Anga comprised modern Bhagalpur and Monghyar districts of east Bihar. located on the confluence of two rivers- Ganga and Champa. Capital-- Champa formerly known as Malini. Champa was a great centre of trade and commerce. Merchants sailed from Champa to Suvarnabhumi for trade. 2- Magadha Kingdom Magadha corresponds to modern Patna and Gaya districts of south Bihar. Capital- Girivaraja, but subsequently transferred to Rajagriha. Earliest dynasty of Magadha was founded by Brihadratha In the sixth century B.C. the Haryanka dynasty was ruling over Magadha. Magadha emerged to be a great power and extended its Imperialism conquering almost all the Mahajanapadas.
Capital was Varanasi (modern Banaras) Rivers Varuna and Asi which flew in the north and south of the capital city respectively gave rise to name of its capital city Varanasi. very famous for the manufacture of cotton clothes. 3- Kasi kingdom Koshala corresponded to modern Oudh in Uttar Pradesh. bounded on the east by the river Sadanira (Gandak), on the west by Panchala, on the south by Sarpika or Syandika, and on the north by the Nepal hills. Its earliest capital was Ayodhya -relegated during Buddhas time to the position of an unimportant town. During the sixth century B.C. it was ruled by the kings like mahakoshala and his powerful son Prasenjit. 4- Kosala kingdom
The capital of this kingdom was located at Mathura on the bank of the river Yamuna. Greek writers refer to it as Sourasenoi and its capital as Methora. The rulers of Mathura belonged to the Yadu or the Yadav family. Krishna-Vasudev of the Mahabharata belongs to the Yadu dynasty of Mathura. Avantiputra, a king of Surasena was a disciple of Lord Buddha and during his reign Buddhism became very popular in Surasena. Surasena Panchala roughly corresponds to modern Buduan, Bareilly and Farrukhabad districts of modern Uttar Pradesh. divided into two parts namely uttara (north) Panchala and dakshina (south) Panchala, the river Ganges forming the dividing line. Ahichhatra (identified with modern Ramnagar in the Bareilly district) was the capital of the northern Panchala while Kampilya (or Kampil in the Farrukhabad district) was the capital of the southern Panchala. Panchala Kingdom
Kuru kingdom Kuru kingdom represented the modern Meerut and Delhi. Its capital was Indraprastha near modern Delhi. Kurus were famous for wisdom and had matrimonial relations with the Yadavas, the Bhojas and the Panchalas. Hasthinapura was another important city of the Kuru kingdom.
Mahajanpadas and mauryan empire
The kingdom of Gandhara corresponds to modern Peshawar and Rawalpindi regions. Its capital was Takshasila or modern Taxila - a great centre of both trade and learning. King Pukkusati, the ruler of Gandhara was a contemporary of king Bimbisara of Magadha. In the middle of the sixth century B.C he sent an embassy to king Bimbisara of Magadha and waged a war on Pradyota of Avanti. Vatsa kingdom
Asmaka kingdom The kingdom of Assaka or Asmaka was situated on the bank of the river Godavari. Its capital was Potali, Potana or Podana identified with Bodhan in modern Andhra Pradesh. The rulers of Assaka belonged to the Ikshvaku dynasty.
Mahajanpadas and mauryan empire
The architectural remains have been found between the period of the Harappans and the Mauryas because in this period buildings are not made up of stone. After the decline of Harappan civilization, long gap was generated and in the Mauryan period only monumental stone sculpture, production of masterpieces and architecture appeared. Therefore, Mauryan rule marks an important phase in our cultural history. Mainly in the period of Ashoka, the art and architecture was at its zenith and fall within the category of court art. Ashoka embraced Buddhism and the immense Buddhist missionary activities that followed encouraged the development of distinct sculptural and architectural styles Mauryan Empire: Art and Architecture Maurya statuette, 2nd century BCE.
Arts and Architecture of maurya empire Instead of pillars, rock cut caves are also an artistic achievement of Ashokas reign. The caves at Barbara hill in the north of Gaya and the Nagarjuna hill caves, the Sudama caves, etc. are the several examples of cave architecture. The hills of Barbara caves were donated by Ashoka to Ajivika monks and three separate caves at Nagarjuna hills were by Dasharatha to them. The cave of Gopika was excavated in the reign of Dasratha in a tunnel like fashion. The interior part of the cave is polished like a mirror.
Nagara Shaila Nagara Temple Nagara is the style of temple architecture which became popular in Northern India. It is common here to build an entire temple on a stone platform with steps leading up to it. Unlike in south India, it doesnt usually have elaborate boundary walls or gateways. Earliest temples had only one shikhara (tower), but in the later periods, multiple shikharas came. The garbhagriha is always located directly under the tallest tower. Nagara Shaila Nagara Temple
Stupas In the Vedic period burial mound of earth and bricks which were erected by the Vedic Aryans were known at that time. In the Mauryan period, mainly in the period of Ashoka numerous stupas were constructed and scattered all over the country. The stupas of solid domes were constructed of brick or stone with different sizes. The Ashoka stupas were constructed to celebrate the achievements of Gautama Buddha. The inner wall of the stupa was built either by terracotta bricks or by sun-burnt bricks. The top of the dome was decorated by a wooden or stone umbrella which denotes the universal supremacy of Dharma. Parikrama was also there by encircling the stupa.
The types of temple can be classified in two types namely- nagara and dravidian NAGARA STYLE: Shikhara Style of temple architecture that became popular in northern India. It is common in this style to build an entire temple on a stone platform with steps leading up to it. The Nagara style has its origin in the structural temples of the Gupta period(fifth century A.D onwards) Used stone such as Chlorite, sandstone and white marble. Usually built on upraised platforms. Khajurao Temple
NAGARA STYLE: Shikhara There are of three types Shikharas : 1.Rekha Prasad / Latina It is the simple and most common type of shikhara. Square at the base and the walls curve inward to a point on the top. The top is called latina or the rekha-Prasad type of Shikhara Latina types are mainly used for housing the garbhagriha 2.Phamsana They tend to have broader base and shorter in height than latina buildings. Their roofs are composed of several slabs that gently rise to a single point over the center of building. They slope upwards on a straight incline. Phamsana roofs do not curve inwards. In many North Indian temples Phamsana was used for mandapa 3.Valabhi Rectangular building with a roof that rises into a vaulted chamber. The edge of the vaulted chamber is round, like the bamboo or wooden wagons that would have been drawn by bullocks in ancient times.
Nagara Style: features Garbhagriha: It literally means womb-house and is a cave like sanctum. The Garbhagriha is made to house the main icon (main deity) which is itself the focus of much ritual attention. Mandapa: It is the entrance to the temple. It may be a portico or colonnaded (series of columns placed at regular intervals) hall that incorporate space for a large number of worshippers. Shikhara or Vimana: They are mountain like spire of a free standing temple. Shikhara is found in North Indian temples and Vimana is found in South Indian temples. Shikhara has a curving shape while vimana has a pyramidal like structure. Amalaka: It is a stone(horizontal fluted) disc like structure at the top of the temple (usually seen in North Indian temple). Kalasha: On the top of Amalak, specrical shape was placed.(usually seen in North Indian temple)
Dravidian Style Features The front wall had a high entrance gateway known as the gopuram. Vimana: were multiple storeys built above the garbhagriha (chief dietys room). Number of storeys varied from 5- 7. The crowning element is shaped in the form of an octagon and is known as shikhara( It is similar to the kalash of the Nagara temple, but not spherical). Mandapa: a pillared hall with elaborately carved pillars and a flat roof was placed before the dietys room. It acted as an audience hall which featured ceremonial dances too . The assembly hall was connected with the garbhagriha by a vestibular tunnel known as antarala. The temple premise was laid out in the panchayatan style with a principal temple and four subsidiary shrines. Examples: Shore temple at Mahabalipuram
The Dravidian style/ Southern style of architecture can be classified into the following periods 1. Pallavan Style 600AD 900AD 2. Chola Style 900AD 1150AD 3. Pandya Style 1100AD 1350AD 4. Vijayanagara Style 1350AD 1565AD 5. Nayak/Madura Style 1600 AD onwards Dravidian style of architecture timeline
Difference : Nagara and Dravidian style
Sources /SachinShetty94/temple-architecture-nagara-and- dravidian?from_action=save https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecture http://www.indianmirror.com/dynasty/mauryadynasty.html https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurya_Empire

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Mahajanpadas and mauryan empire

  • 1. Humanities Assignment By Abhishek Singh
  • 2. The word mahajanpadas comprised of two words, Maha which means great realm and Janapada means "foothold of a tribe, country During the 6th century BCE north India witnessed the formation of large territorial states, both monarchies and republics. historical period in Indian history and the political history of India practically begins from this period. Northern India was spilt up into petty independent states No political cooperation and cohesiveness among the rulers and they were fighting among themselves for political supremacy and economic advantage. Some were big in extent and power while others were small . MAHAJANPADAS
  • 3. existed during the period from c. 600 B.C to c.550 B.C Kabul valley in the north-west to the borders of Bengal in the east foot hill of the Himalayas in the north to the river Godavari in the south. In most of the Mahajanapadas there were monarchies while in others there were republican forms of governments. The monarchies were concentrated on the Gangetic plains while the Republican states were situated on the foot of the Himalayas to the northwest of the monarchical states. Extensive use of iron, expansion of agriculture and the growth of unban centres and urbanization led to the emergence and formation of such territorial states Tribal political organizations of the Vedic period gave rise to the formation of big states. THE EMERGENCE OF THE MAHAJNAPADAS Pottery of the Northern Black Polished Ware culture (c. 500-200 BCE), associated with the Mahajanapada period.
  • 4. THE 16 MAHAJANPADAS The Pre-Buddhist north-west region of the Indian sub-continent was divided into several Janapadas demarcated from each other by boundaries. In P ini's畊 "Ashtadhyayi", Janapada stands for country and Janapadin for its citizenry. Each of these Janapadas was named after the Kshatriya tribe (or the Kshatriya Jana) who had settled therein.
  • 5. 1- Anga Anga comprised modern Bhagalpur and Monghyar districts of east Bihar. located on the confluence of two rivers- Ganga and Champa. Capital-- Champa formerly known as Malini. Champa was a great centre of trade and commerce. Merchants sailed from Champa to Suvarnabhumi for trade. 2- Magadha Kingdom Magadha corresponds to modern Patna and Gaya districts of south Bihar. Capital- Girivaraja, but subsequently transferred to Rajagriha. Earliest dynasty of Magadha was founded by Brihadratha In the sixth century B.C. the Haryanka dynasty was ruling over Magadha. Magadha emerged to be a great power and extended its Imperialism conquering almost all the Mahajanapadas.
  • 6. Capital was Varanasi (modern Banaras) Rivers Varuna and Asi which flew in the north and south of the capital city respectively gave rise to name of its capital city Varanasi. very famous for the manufacture of cotton clothes. 3- Kasi kingdom Koshala corresponded to modern Oudh in Uttar Pradesh. bounded on the east by the river Sadanira (Gandak), on the west by Panchala, on the south by Sarpika or Syandika, and on the north by the Nepal hills. Its earliest capital was Ayodhya -relegated during Buddhas time to the position of an unimportant town. During the sixth century B.C. it was ruled by the kings like mahakoshala and his powerful son Prasenjit. 4- Kosala kingdom
  • 7. The capital of this kingdom was located at Mathura on the bank of the river Yamuna. Greek writers refer to it as Sourasenoi and its capital as Methora. The rulers of Mathura belonged to the Yadu or the Yadav family. Krishna-Vasudev of the Mahabharata belongs to the Yadu dynasty of Mathura. Avantiputra, a king of Surasena was a disciple of Lord Buddha and during his reign Buddhism became very popular in Surasena. Surasena Panchala roughly corresponds to modern Buduan, Bareilly and Farrukhabad districts of modern Uttar Pradesh. divided into two parts namely uttara (north) Panchala and dakshina (south) Panchala, the river Ganges forming the dividing line. Ahichhatra (identified with modern Ramnagar in the Bareilly district) was the capital of the northern Panchala while Kampilya (or Kampil in the Farrukhabad district) was the capital of the southern Panchala. Panchala Kingdom
  • 8. Kuru kingdom Kuru kingdom represented the modern Meerut and Delhi. Its capital was Indraprastha near modern Delhi. Kurus were famous for wisdom and had matrimonial relations with the Yadavas, the Bhojas and the Panchalas. Hasthinapura was another important city of the Kuru kingdom.
  • 10. The kingdom of Gandhara corresponds to modern Peshawar and Rawalpindi regions. Its capital was Takshasila or modern Taxila - a great centre of both trade and learning. King Pukkusati, the ruler of Gandhara was a contemporary of king Bimbisara of Magadha. In the middle of the sixth century B.C he sent an embassy to king Bimbisara of Magadha and waged a war on Pradyota of Avanti. Vatsa kingdom
  • 11. Asmaka kingdom The kingdom of Assaka or Asmaka was situated on the bank of the river Godavari. Its capital was Potali, Potana or Podana identified with Bodhan in modern Andhra Pradesh. The rulers of Assaka belonged to the Ikshvaku dynasty.
  • 13. The architectural remains have been found between the period of the Harappans and the Mauryas because in this period buildings are not made up of stone. After the decline of Harappan civilization, long gap was generated and in the Mauryan period only monumental stone sculpture, production of masterpieces and architecture appeared. Therefore, Mauryan rule marks an important phase in our cultural history. Mainly in the period of Ashoka, the art and architecture was at its zenith and fall within the category of court art. Ashoka embraced Buddhism and the immense Buddhist missionary activities that followed encouraged the development of distinct sculptural and architectural styles Mauryan Empire: Art and Architecture Maurya statuette, 2nd century BCE.
  • 14. Arts and Architecture of maurya empire Instead of pillars, rock cut caves are also an artistic achievement of Ashokas reign. The caves at Barbara hill in the north of Gaya and the Nagarjuna hill caves, the Sudama caves, etc. are the several examples of cave architecture. The hills of Barbara caves were donated by Ashoka to Ajivika monks and three separate caves at Nagarjuna hills were by Dasharatha to them. The cave of Gopika was excavated in the reign of Dasratha in a tunnel like fashion. The interior part of the cave is polished like a mirror.
  • 15. Nagara Shaila Nagara Temple Nagara is the style of temple architecture which became popular in Northern India. It is common here to build an entire temple on a stone platform with steps leading up to it. Unlike in south India, it doesnt usually have elaborate boundary walls or gateways. Earliest temples had only one shikhara (tower), but in the later periods, multiple shikharas came. The garbhagriha is always located directly under the tallest tower. Nagara Shaila Nagara Temple
  • 16. Stupas In the Vedic period burial mound of earth and bricks which were erected by the Vedic Aryans were known at that time. In the Mauryan period, mainly in the period of Ashoka numerous stupas were constructed and scattered all over the country. The stupas of solid domes were constructed of brick or stone with different sizes. The Ashoka stupas were constructed to celebrate the achievements of Gautama Buddha. The inner wall of the stupa was built either by terracotta bricks or by sun-burnt bricks. The top of the dome was decorated by a wooden or stone umbrella which denotes the universal supremacy of Dharma. Parikrama was also there by encircling the stupa.
  • 17. The types of temple can be classified in two types namely- nagara and dravidian NAGARA STYLE: Shikhara Style of temple architecture that became popular in northern India. It is common in this style to build an entire temple on a stone platform with steps leading up to it. The Nagara style has its origin in the structural temples of the Gupta period(fifth century A.D onwards) Used stone such as Chlorite, sandstone and white marble. Usually built on upraised platforms. Khajurao Temple
  • 18. NAGARA STYLE: Shikhara There are of three types Shikharas : 1.Rekha Prasad / Latina It is the simple and most common type of shikhara. Square at the base and the walls curve inward to a point on the top. The top is called latina or the rekha-Prasad type of Shikhara Latina types are mainly used for housing the garbhagriha 2.Phamsana They tend to have broader base and shorter in height than latina buildings. Their roofs are composed of several slabs that gently rise to a single point over the center of building. They slope upwards on a straight incline. Phamsana roofs do not curve inwards. In many North Indian temples Phamsana was used for mandapa 3.Valabhi Rectangular building with a roof that rises into a vaulted chamber. The edge of the vaulted chamber is round, like the bamboo or wooden wagons that would have been drawn by bullocks in ancient times.
  • 19. Nagara Style: features Garbhagriha: It literally means womb-house and is a cave like sanctum. The Garbhagriha is made to house the main icon (main deity) which is itself the focus of much ritual attention. Mandapa: It is the entrance to the temple. It may be a portico or colonnaded (series of columns placed at regular intervals) hall that incorporate space for a large number of worshippers. Shikhara or Vimana: They are mountain like spire of a free standing temple. Shikhara is found in North Indian temples and Vimana is found in South Indian temples. Shikhara has a curving shape while vimana has a pyramidal like structure. Amalaka: It is a stone(horizontal fluted) disc like structure at the top of the temple (usually seen in North Indian temple). Kalasha: On the top of Amalak, specrical shape was placed.(usually seen in North Indian temple)
  • 20. Dravidian Style Features The front wall had a high entrance gateway known as the gopuram. Vimana: were multiple storeys built above the garbhagriha (chief dietys room). Number of storeys varied from 5- 7. The crowning element is shaped in the form of an octagon and is known as shikhara( It is similar to the kalash of the Nagara temple, but not spherical). Mandapa: a pillared hall with elaborately carved pillars and a flat roof was placed before the dietys room. It acted as an audience hall which featured ceremonial dances too . The assembly hall was connected with the garbhagriha by a vestibular tunnel known as antarala. The temple premise was laid out in the panchayatan style with a principal temple and four subsidiary shrines. Examples: Shore temple at Mahabalipuram
  • 21. The Dravidian style/ Southern style of architecture can be classified into the following periods 1. Pallavan Style 600AD 900AD 2. Chola Style 900AD 1150AD 3. Pandya Style 1100AD 1350AD 4. Vijayanagara Style 1350AD 1565AD 5. Nayak/Madura Style 1600 AD onwards Dravidian style of architecture timeline
  • 22. Difference : Nagara and Dravidian style
  • 23. Sources /SachinShetty94/temple-architecture-nagara-and- dravidian?from_action=save https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecture http://www.indianmirror.com/dynasty/mauryadynasty.html https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurya_Empire