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Matter ch3

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This document discusses the composition and structure of Earth. It begins by explaining the three common states of matter and that materials can exist in different states or phases. It then discusses the composition of Earth, which is made up of layers including the core, mantle, and crust. The crust contains the most common elements and is where we find minerals and rocks. Minerals are the building blocks of rocks and have unique properties based on their crystal structure and composition. The three main types of rocks are igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic.

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Matter The Blue Planet: Chapter 3
Outline Earth Materials Organic Matter Composition and Internal Structure of the Earth Minerals Rocks Regolith
Earth Materials The three common states of matter we are familiar with are solid, liquid and gas Materials occurring in the same state can still differ substantially For example, lava and water are both liquids; one non-aqueous, one aqueous Both are very important in a wide variety of Earth processes
Earth Materials
Earth Materials Matter can coexist in various states and phases. In (A), matter of uniform composition (H2O) coexists in two different states (liquid and solid) and two different phases (water and ice), separated by physical boundaries. In (B), different phases coexist in the same state (oil and water, both liquids; different types of beans, all solids). In (C), there is only one phase and one state, as is always the case with gases.
Earth Materials Chemical elements are the most fundamental substances into which matter can be separated An atom is the smallest individual particle that retains the distinctive properties of a given chemical element Atoms are built of protons and neutrons in the nucleus and electrons orbiting the nucleus
Earth Materials The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom is called the atomic number Electrons are considered mass-less The sum of the neutrons and the protons in the nucleus is the atomic mass Isotopes are atoms with the same atomic number but different mass numbers Some isotopes are radioactive, and can be used in radioactive dating
Earth Materials An atom is electrically neutral because the positive charge of the protons balances with the negative charge of the electrons An atom that has excess positive or negative charge is called an ion A positive ion is a cation A negative ion is an anion
Earth Materials Compounds form when anions and cations combine to form a bond The smallest unit that retains all the properties of a compound is called a molecule
Outline Earth Materials Organic Matter Composition and Internal Structure of the Earth Minerals Rocks Regolith
Organic Matter Possibly the most fundamental compositional distinction is that of organic and inorganic matter Organic applies specifically to compounds consisting of carbon atoms bonded together by covalent bonds In addition organic implies that the compound is biotic in origin
Organic Matter A common characteristic of organic compounds is their tendency to occur in long chain-like structures called polymers Important biopolymers in the Earth system Proteins: chains of bonded amino acids Nucleic acids: (e.g. DNA) built of nucleotides Carbohydrates: the basis for most food we eat, a carbon-hydrogen-oxygen compound
Organic Matter Lipids are another important family of organic molecules, which are not polymers and include Fats and oils Phospholipids Waxes Steroids
Outline Earth Materials Organic Matter Composition and Internal Structure of the Earth Minerals Rocks Regolith
Composition and Internal Structure of the Earth Earth inherited its overall composition from its location in the solar nebula Earth has internal layering that originated early in solar system history due to chemical differentiation of the partially molten planet Layers are distinguished by composition, rock strength, and state of matter
Composition and Internal Structure of the Earth There are three major compositional layers in the Earth Core: metallic iron solid inner core and liquid outer core Mantle: dense rocky matter Crust: thin, less dense rocky matter
Composition and Internal Structure of the Earth The core and mantle have nearly constant thicknesses, but the crust varies in place to place by a factor of 9 The average oceanic crust is 8 km thick The average continental crust is 45 km thick, but ranges from 30-70 km The two crusts also differ fundamentally in composition
Composition and Internal Structure of the Earth Scientific reasoning, indirect sampling, and indirect measurement provide information about the core and mantle that otherwise is inaccessible In addition to compositional layering, the Earth contains layers with differences in rock strength
Composition and Internal Structure of the Earth Mesosphere: middle sphere within the mantle Asthenosphere: weak sphere in the uppermost mantle Lithosphere: rocky sphere the outermost 100 km
Composition and Internal Structure of the Earth Of the 92 naturally occurring chemical elements, only 12 occur in Earths crust The crust is dominated by two elements Oxygen Silicon With the other ten elements, these are responsible for the composition of all common Earth materials
Composition and Internal Structure of the Earth
Outline Earth materials Organic matter Composition and internal structure of the Earth Minerals Rocks Regolith
Minerals Minerals are the building blocks of the geosphere, they are or have: Naturally formed Inorganic Solid Specific chemical composition Characteristic crystal structure
Minerals The two characteristics that best allow the study of minerals are 1. Crystal structure: the way the atoms of the elements are packed together 2. Composition: the major chemical elements that are present and their proportions
Minerals Because of their abundance, oxygen and silicon form the basis for the most common rock-forming minerals, and the most common mineral group: silicates Other mineral groups include: oxides, sulfides, carbonates, sulfates, and phosphates
Minerals Silicates Built of the silicate anion (tetrahedron) The anion joins together by sharing their oxygen atoms to form chains, sheets and three-dimensional networks
Minerals
Minerals Silicates are by far the most abundant minerals in the continental crust, and feldspars are the predominant variety Feldspars: 60% of minerals in Earths crust Quartz: 15% of minerals in Earths crust All silicates: 95% of minerals in the crust This limits non-silicates to only 5% of the Earths crust!
Minerals Minerals are identified by their distinct properties that result from their composition and crystal structure Crystal form and growth habit Cleavage Luster Hardness and specific gravity Color
Minerals Crystal form and growth habit In 1669, Nicolaus Steno discovered that the angle between mineral crystal faces is constant and gives each a distinctive crystal form He speculated this was due to ordered particles, but proof by use of x-rays would not arrive until 1912 Crystals only form when a mineral can grow freely in open space
Minerals
Minerals Cleavage A minerals tendency to break in preferred directions along weak planar surfaces Luster, Color and Streak The quality and intensity of light reflected from a mineral surface is luster Color is often not a reliable means of identification, as it can be determined by chemical impurities in the composition Color in opaque minerals can be a property of grain size, this can be resolved using the minerals streak
Minerals
Minerals Hardness This term refers to the relative resistance of a mineral to being scratched This is governed by the crystal structure and the strength of chemical bonds Hardness is classified using Mohs relative hardness scale, which has 10 hardnesses that are not at equal intervals
Minerals
Minerals Density and specific gravity Specific gravity is easier to measure, and therefore more commonly used It is the ratio of the weight of the substance to the weight of an equal volume of pure water The densities of some minerals are distinctive; such as gold and galena
Outline Earth materials Organic matter Composition and internal structure of the Earth Minerals Rocks Regolith
Rocks A rock is any naturally formed, nonliving, coherent aggregate mass of solid matter that constitutes part of a planet, asteroid, moon, or other planetary object Minerals are the most common and abundant building blocks of rocks
Rocks There are three families of rocks Igneous: formed from the cooling and consolidation of magma or lava Sedimentary: formed from either chemical precipitation of material or deposition of particles transported in suspension Metamorphic: formed from changing a rock as a result of high temperatures, high pressures, or both
Rocks Earths crust is mainly igneous and metamorphic rock, however, most of the rock we see at surface is sedimentary
Rocks The two main features that best classify rocks are Texture: the overall appearance of a rock, resulting from the size, shape, and arrangement of its mineral grains Mineral assemblage: the kinds and relative amounts of minerals present
Rocks
Rocks
Rocks
Outline Earth materials Organic matter Composition and internal structure of the Earth Minerals Rocks Regolith
Regolith Rock exposed at Earths surface is susceptible to alteration by the action of water, wind, and other agents that physically and chemically break it apart and alter it This broken-up, disintegrated rock matter is called the regolith
Regolith Literally blanket rock, the regolith forms a layer draped over most of Earths surface Three categories describe most of the various materials of the regolith Saprolite: rock that is weathered in situ Sediment: loose rock and mineral particles Clastic sediment (broken particles) Chemical sediment (dissolved material) Soil: contains organic matter mixed with minerals, can support rooted plants
Regolith

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Matter ch3

  • 1. Matter The Blue Planet: Chapter 3
  • 2. Outline Earth Materials Organic Matter Composition and Internal Structure of the Earth Minerals Rocks Regolith
  • 3. Earth Materials The three common states of matter we are familiar with are solid, liquid and gas Materials occurring in the same state can still differ substantially For example, lava and water are both liquids; one non-aqueous, one aqueous Both are very important in a wide variety of Earth processes
  • 5. Earth Materials Matter can coexist in various states and phases. In (A), matter of uniform composition (H2O) coexists in two different states (liquid and solid) and two different phases (water and ice), separated by physical boundaries. In (B), different phases coexist in the same state (oil and water, both liquids; different types of beans, all solids). In (C), there is only one phase and one state, as is always the case with gases.
  • 6. Earth Materials Chemical elements are the most fundamental substances into which matter can be separated An atom is the smallest individual particle that retains the distinctive properties of a given chemical element Atoms are built of protons and neutrons in the nucleus and electrons orbiting the nucleus
  • 7. Earth Materials The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom is called the atomic number Electrons are considered mass-less The sum of the neutrons and the protons in the nucleus is the atomic mass Isotopes are atoms with the same atomic number but different mass numbers Some isotopes are radioactive, and can be used in radioactive dating
  • 8. Earth Materials An atom is electrically neutral because the positive charge of the protons balances with the negative charge of the electrons An atom that has excess positive or negative charge is called an ion A positive ion is a cation A negative ion is an anion
  • 9. Earth Materials Compounds form when anions and cations combine to form a bond The smallest unit that retains all the properties of a compound is called a molecule
  • 10. Outline Earth Materials Organic Matter Composition and Internal Structure of the Earth Minerals Rocks Regolith
  • 11. Organic Matter Possibly the most fundamental compositional distinction is that of organic and inorganic matter Organic applies specifically to compounds consisting of carbon atoms bonded together by covalent bonds In addition organic implies that the compound is biotic in origin
  • 12. Organic Matter A common characteristic of organic compounds is their tendency to occur in long chain-like structures called polymers Important biopolymers in the Earth system Proteins: chains of bonded amino acids Nucleic acids: (e.g. DNA) built of nucleotides Carbohydrates: the basis for most food we eat, a carbon-hydrogen-oxygen compound
  • 13. Organic Matter Lipids are another important family of organic molecules, which are not polymers and include Fats and oils Phospholipids Waxes Steroids
  • 14. Outline Earth Materials Organic Matter Composition and Internal Structure of the Earth Minerals Rocks Regolith
  • 15. Composition and Internal Structure of the Earth Earth inherited its overall composition from its location in the solar nebula Earth has internal layering that originated early in solar system history due to chemical differentiation of the partially molten planet Layers are distinguished by composition, rock strength, and state of matter
  • 16. Composition and Internal Structure of the Earth There are three major compositional layers in the Earth Core: metallic iron solid inner core and liquid outer core Mantle: dense rocky matter Crust: thin, less dense rocky matter
  • 17. Composition and Internal Structure of the Earth The core and mantle have nearly constant thicknesses, but the crust varies in place to place by a factor of 9 The average oceanic crust is 8 km thick The average continental crust is 45 km thick, but ranges from 30-70 km The two crusts also differ fundamentally in composition
  • 18. Composition and Internal Structure of the Earth Scientific reasoning, indirect sampling, and indirect measurement provide information about the core and mantle that otherwise is inaccessible In addition to compositional layering, the Earth contains layers with differences in rock strength
  • 19. Composition and Internal Structure of the Earth Mesosphere: middle sphere within the mantle Asthenosphere: weak sphere in the uppermost mantle Lithosphere: rocky sphere the outermost 100 km
  • 20. Composition and Internal Structure of the Earth Of the 92 naturally occurring chemical elements, only 12 occur in Earths crust The crust is dominated by two elements Oxygen Silicon With the other ten elements, these are responsible for the composition of all common Earth materials
  • 21. Composition and Internal Structure of the Earth
  • 22. Outline Earth materials Organic matter Composition and internal structure of the Earth Minerals Rocks Regolith
  • 23. Minerals Minerals are the building blocks of the geosphere, they are or have: Naturally formed Inorganic Solid Specific chemical composition Characteristic crystal structure
  • 24. Minerals The two characteristics that best allow the study of minerals are 1. Crystal structure: the way the atoms of the elements are packed together 2. Composition: the major chemical elements that are present and their proportions
  • 25. Minerals Because of their abundance, oxygen and silicon form the basis for the most common rock-forming minerals, and the most common mineral group: silicates Other mineral groups include: oxides, sulfides, carbonates, sulfates, and phosphates
  • 26. Minerals Silicates Built of the silicate anion (tetrahedron) The anion joins together by sharing their oxygen atoms to form chains, sheets and three-dimensional networks
  • 28. Minerals Silicates are by far the most abundant minerals in the continental crust, and feldspars are the predominant variety Feldspars: 60% of minerals in Earths crust Quartz: 15% of minerals in Earths crust All silicates: 95% of minerals in the crust This limits non-silicates to only 5% of the Earths crust!
  • 29. Minerals Minerals are identified by their distinct properties that result from their composition and crystal structure Crystal form and growth habit Cleavage Luster Hardness and specific gravity Color
  • 30. Minerals Crystal form and growth habit In 1669, Nicolaus Steno discovered that the angle between mineral crystal faces is constant and gives each a distinctive crystal form He speculated this was due to ordered particles, but proof by use of x-rays would not arrive until 1912 Crystals only form when a mineral can grow freely in open space
  • 32. Minerals Cleavage A minerals tendency to break in preferred directions along weak planar surfaces Luster, Color and Streak The quality and intensity of light reflected from a mineral surface is luster Color is often not a reliable means of identification, as it can be determined by chemical impurities in the composition Color in opaque minerals can be a property of grain size, this can be resolved using the minerals streak
  • 34. Minerals Hardness This term refers to the relative resistance of a mineral to being scratched This is governed by the crystal structure and the strength of chemical bonds Hardness is classified using Mohs relative hardness scale, which has 10 hardnesses that are not at equal intervals
  • 36. Minerals Density and specific gravity Specific gravity is easier to measure, and therefore more commonly used It is the ratio of the weight of the substance to the weight of an equal volume of pure water The densities of some minerals are distinctive; such as gold and galena
  • 37. Outline Earth materials Organic matter Composition and internal structure of the Earth Minerals Rocks Regolith
  • 38. Rocks A rock is any naturally formed, nonliving, coherent aggregate mass of solid matter that constitutes part of a planet, asteroid, moon, or other planetary object Minerals are the most common and abundant building blocks of rocks
  • 39. Rocks There are three families of rocks Igneous: formed from the cooling and consolidation of magma or lava Sedimentary: formed from either chemical precipitation of material or deposition of particles transported in suspension Metamorphic: formed from changing a rock as a result of high temperatures, high pressures, or both
  • 40. Rocks Earths crust is mainly igneous and metamorphic rock, however, most of the rock we see at surface is sedimentary
  • 41. Rocks The two main features that best classify rocks are Texture: the overall appearance of a rock, resulting from the size, shape, and arrangement of its mineral grains Mineral assemblage: the kinds and relative amounts of minerals present
  • 42. Rocks
  • 43. Rocks
  • 44. Rocks
  • 45. Outline Earth materials Organic matter Composition and internal structure of the Earth Minerals Rocks Regolith
  • 46. Regolith Rock exposed at Earths surface is susceptible to alteration by the action of water, wind, and other agents that physically and chemically break it apart and alter it This broken-up, disintegrated rock matter is called the regolith
  • 47. Regolith Literally blanket rock, the regolith forms a layer draped over most of Earths surface Three categories describe most of the various materials of the regolith Saprolite: rock that is weathered in situ Sediment: loose rock and mineral particles Clastic sediment (broken particles) Chemical sediment (dissolved material) Soil: contains organic matter mixed with minerals, can support rooted plants