Microbial Adaptation To Water Environments
- 1. Microbial Adaptation To Water Environments BY: Nagat Abd El-rahim Mohammed Supervisor : Dr. Sahar El-shatoury
- 2. Contents: ï‚— Factors affect microbial diversity. ï‚— What is adaptaion. ï‚— Bacterial Size and its adaptation. ï‚— Fungal presence in water environment.
- 3. Factors affect microbial diversity 1. Nutrients available. 2. Penetration of Light. 3. Presence of Oxygen. 4. Size of microbial cells.
- 4. How Small Is Small
- 5. Bacterial Common Size ï‚— Most bacteria are 0.2 um in diameter and 2-8 um in length.
- 7. Adaptation ï‚— Changing in the body to fit the location. ï‚— Ability to link and use resources that are in the separate locations or that are available in the same location for short intervals such as during storms.
- 8. Adaptation of Bacteria In Aquatic Environments Smaller than normal Larger than normal (Gigantism) Thioploca Spp Thiomargarita namibiensis
- 9. Ultramicrobacteria ï‚— Bacteria that are considerably smaller than typical bacterial cells and are 0.3 to 0.2 micrometres in diameter. ï‚— About 150 of these bacteria could fit inside an Escherichia coli cell and more than 150,000 cells could fit onto the tip of a human hair.
- 10. Ultramicrobacteria this cryo-electron tomography image reveals the internal structure of an ultra-small bacteria cell like never before. The cell has a very dense interior compartment and a complex cell wall. The darker spots at each end of the cell are most likely ribosomes. The image was obtained from a 3-D reconstruction. The scale bar is 100 nanometers. (Credit: Berkeley Lab)
- 11. It’s Genetically Adaptation  Scientists thought that these bacteria are small in size because of their oligotrophic conditions that they are found in.  But some ultramicroscopic bacteria that are cultivated in larger amount of nutrients didn’t grow in size.  Instead they have evolved to maximize their surface area to obtain much more nutrients.
- 12. Unusual Marine Large Microbe  Thiomargarita namibiensis which means the “ sulfur pearl of Namibia’’ is considered to be the world largest bacteria.
- 14. It’s characteristics:  100-750 μm in diameter.  Sulfide and nitrates are used as electron donor and acceptor.  Takes up and stores nitrate in huge internal vacuole which occupy 98% of the organisms volume.  Important for sulfur and nitrate cycling in this environment.
- 16. 2- Thioploca tubular sheaths http://schaechter.asmblog.org/schaechter/2010/09/commuting -to-work.html Spaghetti Bacteria
- 17. 2- Thioploca ï‚— Sulfides are abundant in the sediment, nitrates in the water column. How to bring the two together?
- 18. Microscopic Fungi ï‚— Fungi which produce zoospores are adapted to live in the aquatic environment. These fungi called chytrids. ï‚— Chytrids are important because of their role in decomposing dead organic matter most of them attack algae.
- 19. Numerous parasitic chytrids attack the filament of a green alga. http://bama.ua.edu/~chytrid/
- 20. Ingoldian Fungi ï‚— Type of Fungi that can sporulate under water. ï‚— Type of hyphomycestes that produce unique tetaradiate form.
- 21. Life cycle: ï‚— Teradarte conidium Vegetative mycelium Differentiate into aerial mycelium Conidia release into water Water foam Contact leaves Insects
- 22. ï‚—THANK YOU
Editor's Notes
- #5: http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/cells/scale/
- #10: http://newscenter.lbl.gov/2015/02/27/ultra-small-bacteria/
- #14: Nutrients are able to diffuse faster and are more effectively taken up in smaller cells. The primary mechanism of nutrient uptake in T. namibiensis is through diffusion without usage of special transport systems (Schulz 2002). Despite the large size of the microbe, nutrients are still capable of efficient diffusion throughout the organism due to the large central vacuoles which limit the volume of the effective cytoplasm. The large size of T. namibiensis is a result of its storage compartments for soluble electron donors and acceptors (Schulz 2002). With this adaptation, this bacterium does not need to be in constant contact with nutrients and are still capable of surviving for long periods of time. The occasional exposure to substrates allows T. namibiensis to uptake essential nutrients for storage in the central vacuoles. This adaptation is necessary for its habitat in oceanic sediments where nutrients are only available through occasional sediment re-suspensions (Schulz 2002). https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Thiomargarita_namibiensis
- #18: Thioplocas solve the problem by making tubular sheaths that stick out from the ocean’s sediment. These sheaths can be as long as 15 cm. Inside them, filaments of the organisms glide up and down, gathering sulfides below and nitrate above. Thioplocas chemotax towards nitrate. They absorb it and transport it downwards, to where the sulfide is abundant, at speeds of about one centimeter per hour. In other words, thioplocas take an elevator to work.
- #20: Â chitin, keratin and cellulose, and hence play a role in nutrient recycling. As parasites of aquatic organisms, chytrids may have a role in natural control of populations. Their potential transformational role in aquatic food webs is little studied and newly recognized.
- #21: http://website.nbm-mnb.ca/mycologywebpages/NaturalHistoryOfFungi/Hyphomycetes.html
- #22: http://website.nbm-mnb.ca/mycologywebpages/NaturalHistoryOfFungi/Hyphomycetes.html