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Mughal Empire

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The document provides an overview of the social structure and history of the Mughal Empire in India. It discusses the major emperors from Babur to Aurangzeb who ruled from 1526 to 1707. It covers aspects of religion, culture, economy, social classes, the role of women, and art during the Mughal period. Akbar is highlighted for his relatively high tolerance for Hindus and attempt to create a new syncretic faith, though religious tensions increased under later rulers.

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MUGHAL EMPIRE - social structure RAJVI PATEL PRACHI PANWALA RUTA DESAI AMI DESAI GRISHMA PATEL SIDDHI SHAH VAIBHAVI SHAH
INTRODUCTION The Mughal Empire was an empire that at its greatest territorial extent ruled most of the Indian subcontinent, then known as Hindustan. It also parts of what is now Afghanistan and the Baluchistan region. It was established in 1526, enjoyed expansion and consolidation until about 1707 and survived, even if in drastically attenuated form, until 1857.
1526-1530 Babur 1530-1556 Humayun 1556-1605 Akbar 1605-1627 Jahangir 1628-1658 Shah Jahan 1659-1707 Aurangzeb Mughal empire classic period
BABUR HUMAYUN
AKBAR JAHANGIR
SHAN JAHAN AURANZEB
RELIGION The Mughal ruling class was Muslims, although most of the subjects of the Empire were Hindu. Although Babur founded the Empire, the dynasty remained unstable until the reign of Akbar. Akbar was quite possibly the emperor with the most tolerance for Hindus. He abolished the discriminatory taxes on Hindus and even included non-Muslims in his group of advisors He never began any wars for religious reasons (jihad), unlike many other emperors
RELIGION He invited Hindus, Muslims and many others to come debate at his palace for entertainment purposes. Then, in 1581, he created the Divine Faith, a mixture of his own ideas and those from the debates. Akbar ‘s bold attempts at religious reform encouraged many Hindus to believe they could live in peace with their conquerors As other rulers came to power, the religious tolerance that Akbar had created started to diminish. Mughal emperors tried to convert Hindus, Hindu men married Muslim women and converted them and very few accepted any religion besides their own
CULTURE Rulers also worked to spread Muslim culture through India Invited artists, scholars from other parts of Islamic world to Delhi New culture formed, blending Muslim, Indian elements Example: new language, Urdu, formed from combination of Arabic, Sanskrit Religious tolerance was a new idea that Akbar brought with him, but this declined as other emperors came to power. The Mughal empire also merged their beliefs on the role of women and social classes into daily Indian life.
ECONOMY The Mughals used the Mansabdar system to generate land revenue. The emperor would grant revenue rights to a Mansabdar in exchange for promises of soldiers in war-time. The greater the size of the land the emperor granted, the greater the number of soldiers the Mansabdar had to promise. The Mansab was both revocable and non-hereditary. This gave the center a fairly large degree of control over the Mansabdars.
ECONOMY The Indian economy boomed under the Mughals, because of the creation of a road system and a uniform currency, together with the unification of the country Cities and towns boomed under the Mughals however, for the most part, they were military and political centres, not manufacturing or commerce centres.
SOCIAL AND CULTURAL The Mughal control of India impact the society in several large ways. Religious tolerance was a new idea that Akbar brought with him, but this declined as other emperors came to power. He also appreciated the arts, and brought Islamic and Persian perspective to the artwork. The Mughal empire also merged their beliefs on the role of women and social classes into daily Indian life.
SOCIAL AND CULTURAL Akbar was quite possibly the emperor with the most tolerance for Hindus. He abolished the discriminatory taxes on Hindus and even included non-Muslims in his group of advisors. He never began any wars for religious reasons (jihad), unlike many other emperors. Akbar was angry with the religious situation. He did not see the need for clashing of religions. Instead, he invited Hindus, Muslims and many others to come debate at his palace for entertainment purposes. Then, in 1581, he created the Divine Faith, a mixture of his own ideas and those from the debates.
SOCIAL AND CULTURAL His new religion was never certified by the courts but he still had a huge impact on the citizens of his empire. "Akbar's bold attempts at religious reform encouraged many Hindus to believe they could live in peace with their conquerors." However, as other rulers came to power, the religious tolerance that Akbar had created started to diminish. Mughal emperors tried to convert Hindus, Hindu men married Muslim women and converted them and very few accepted any religion besides their own.
CLASSES IN THE MUGHAL SOCIETY Society in Mughal times was organized on a feudal basis and the head of the social system was Emperor. He enjoyed an unparallel status. He was the ultimate authority in everything. Next in rank were the nobility along the zamindars. The Mughal nobles monopolized most of the jobs in the country. Socially and economically the Mughal nobility formed a privileged class. There were men of every type and nationality among the Mughal nobles. Clan or family links were the most important considerations for recruitment and admission to the aristocratic class of the society. Zamindars or the chieftains also constituted the nobility. They had their own armed forces and generally lived in forts or garhis which was both a place of refuge and a status symbol. There was a large class of merchants and traders. They had their own rights based on tradition and protection of life and property. They also maintained a high standard of living.
WOMEN”S CONDITION IN MUGHAL PERIOD Mughal rule also brought about better treatment of women. They had always played an important role in Mughal society. Men in the government often relied on their wives for political advice and many rich or aristocratic women learned to read and write. Those women sometimes worked and received salaries, and were also allowed to own land .
WOMEN”S CONDITION IN MUGHAL PERIOD Some women even fought in wars, right beside the men. Women of course were not treated equally, but the Mughals brought the Indian society closer to the equality of men and women than they had ever been before. However, the Mughals imposed several Islamic laws that restricted women, such as isolating women (purdah). Also, many of the Hindu laws remained intact, so women were clearly not treated equal to men.
ART IN MUGHAL EMPIRE Akbar brought his love of the arts with him to India. His style was a mixture of Persian and Indian motifs. He also had his artists mimic the European style art work, focusing on perspective and life-like recreation. Also, the Islamic influence of not including humans in pictures lead to the floral motifs that are seen today in carpets, lamps and textiles.
Mughal Paintings The very mention of Mughal Paintings evokes stylized images of richly draped figures involved in various court activities.
Mughal Paintings Though there is very little regard to realism, these paintings capture ones imagination because of their unique style and choice of themes.
Mughal Paintings The popular perception of Mughal paintings is not altogether an unfounded one, these paintings hardly follow the dictum of realism in style but their themes are as true to their period as possible. In fact they can be seen as the most substantial specimens of their times.
Mughal Paintings A blend of the Indian and the Persian style, these paintings depicted various themes. From scenes of a Mughal court to lovers in intimate positions, the themes were both informative and provocative.
ARCHITECTURE The love of beauty that the Mughals had was also seen in their architecture. The beautiful Taj Mahal was built in 1632, under the rule of Shan Jahan, in memory of his wife, Mumtaz Mahal. The architecture of this building combined Persian and Islamic styles and is constructed of sandstone and white marble. It is obvious that the Mughals treasured presious stones because the interior of the Taj Mahal, and of other amazing creations, is inlaid with geometirc patterns of beautiful black and colored stones, gold and other valuable stones. Lal Qila, the Red Fort, is another breathtaking structure built in 1639 by Shan Jahan. This building was constructed of red sand stone, and the interior was all gold, silver, white marble and other various stones.
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Mughal Empire

  • 1. MUGHAL EMPIRE - social structure RAJVI PATEL PRACHI PANWALA RUTA DESAI AMI DESAI GRISHMA PATEL SIDDHI SHAH VAIBHAVI SHAH
  • 2. INTRODUCTION The Mughal Empire was an empire that at its greatest territorial extent ruled most of the Indian subcontinent, then known as Hindustan. It also parts of what is now Afghanistan and the Baluchistan region. It was established in 1526, enjoyed expansion and consolidation until about 1707 and survived, even if in drastically attenuated form, until 1857.
  • 3.
  • 4. 1526-1530 Babur 1530-1556 Humayun 1556-1605 Akbar 1605-1627 Jahangir 1628-1658 Shah Jahan 1659-1707 Aurangzeb Mughal empire classic period
  • 8. RELIGION The Mughal ruling class was Muslims, although most of the subjects of the Empire were Hindu. Although Babur founded the Empire, the dynasty remained unstable until the reign of Akbar. Akbar was quite possibly the emperor with the most tolerance for Hindus. He abolished the discriminatory taxes on Hindus and even included non-Muslims in his group of advisors He never began any wars for religious reasons (jihad), unlike many other emperors
  • 9. RELIGION He invited Hindus, Muslims and many others to come debate at his palace for entertainment purposes. Then, in 1581, he created the Divine Faith, a mixture of his own ideas and those from the debates. Akbar ‘s bold attempts at religious reform encouraged many Hindus to believe they could live in peace with their conquerors As other rulers came to power, the religious tolerance that Akbar had created started to diminish. Mughal emperors tried to convert Hindus, Hindu men married Muslim women and converted them and very few accepted any religion besides their own
  • 10. CULTURE Rulers also worked to spread Muslim culture through India Invited artists, scholars from other parts of Islamic world to Delhi New culture formed, blending Muslim, Indian elements Example: new language, Urdu, formed from combination of Arabic, Sanskrit Religious tolerance was a new idea that Akbar brought with him, but this declined as other emperors came to power. The Mughal empire also merged their beliefs on the role of women and social classes into daily Indian life.
  • 11. ECONOMY The Mughals used the Mansabdar system to generate land revenue. The emperor would grant revenue rights to a Mansabdar in exchange for promises of soldiers in war-time. The greater the size of the land the emperor granted, the greater the number of soldiers the Mansabdar had to promise. The Mansab was both revocable and non-hereditary. This gave the center a fairly large degree of control over the Mansabdars.
  • 12. ECONOMY The Indian economy boomed under the Mughals, because of the creation of a road system and a uniform currency, together with the unification of the country Cities and towns boomed under the Mughals however, for the most part, they were military and political centres, not manufacturing or commerce centres.
  • 13. SOCIAL AND CULTURAL The Mughal control of India impact the society in several large ways. Religious tolerance was a new idea that Akbar brought with him, but this declined as other emperors came to power. He also appreciated the arts, and brought Islamic and Persian perspective to the artwork. The Mughal empire also merged their beliefs on the role of women and social classes into daily Indian life.
  • 14. SOCIAL AND CULTURAL Akbar was quite possibly the emperor with the most tolerance for Hindus. He abolished the discriminatory taxes on Hindus and even included non-Muslims in his group of advisors. He never began any wars for religious reasons (jihad), unlike many other emperors. Akbar was angry with the religious situation. He did not see the need for clashing of religions. Instead, he invited Hindus, Muslims and many others to come debate at his palace for entertainment purposes. Then, in 1581, he created the Divine Faith, a mixture of his own ideas and those from the debates.
  • 15. SOCIAL AND CULTURAL His new religion was never certified by the courts but he still had a huge impact on the citizens of his empire. "Akbar's bold attempts at religious reform encouraged many Hindus to believe they could live in peace with their conquerors." However, as other rulers came to power, the religious tolerance that Akbar had created started to diminish. Mughal emperors tried to convert Hindus, Hindu men married Muslim women and converted them and very few accepted any religion besides their own.
  • 16. CLASSES IN THE MUGHAL SOCIETY Society in Mughal times was organized on a feudal basis and the head of the social system was Emperor. He enjoyed an unparallel status. He was the ultimate authority in everything. Next in rank were the nobility along the zamindars. The Mughal nobles monopolized most of the jobs in the country. Socially and economically the Mughal nobility formed a privileged class. There were men of every type and nationality among the Mughal nobles. Clan or family links were the most important considerations for recruitment and admission to the aristocratic class of the society. Zamindars or the chieftains also constituted the nobility. They had their own armed forces and generally lived in forts or garhis which was both a place of refuge and a status symbol. There was a large class of merchants and traders. They had their own rights based on tradition and protection of life and property. They also maintained a high standard of living.
  • 17. WOMEN”S CONDITION IN MUGHAL PERIOD Mughal rule also brought about better treatment of women. They had always played an important role in Mughal society. Men in the government often relied on their wives for political advice and many rich or aristocratic women learned to read and write. Those women sometimes worked and received salaries, and were also allowed to own land .
  • 18. WOMEN”S CONDITION IN MUGHAL PERIOD Some women even fought in wars, right beside the men. Women of course were not treated equally, but the Mughals brought the Indian society closer to the equality of men and women than they had ever been before. However, the Mughals imposed several Islamic laws that restricted women, such as isolating women (purdah). Also, many of the Hindu laws remained intact, so women were clearly not treated equal to men.
  • 19. ART IN MUGHAL EMPIRE Akbar brought his love of the arts with him to India. His style was a mixture of Persian and Indian motifs. He also had his artists mimic the European style art work, focusing on perspective and life-like recreation. Also, the Islamic influence of not including humans in pictures lead to the floral motifs that are seen today in carpets, lamps and textiles.
  • 20. Mughal Paintings The very mention of Mughal Paintings evokes stylized images of richly draped figures involved in various court activities.
  • 21. Mughal Paintings Though there is very little regard to realism, these paintings capture ones imagination because of their unique style and choice of themes.
  • 22. Mughal Paintings The popular perception of Mughal paintings is not altogether an unfounded one, these paintings hardly follow the dictum of realism in style but their themes are as true to their period as possible. In fact they can be seen as the most substantial specimens of their times.
  • 23. Mughal Paintings A blend of the Indian and the Persian style, these paintings depicted various themes. From scenes of a Mughal court to lovers in intimate positions, the themes were both informative and provocative.
  • 24. ARCHITECTURE The love of beauty that the Mughals had was also seen in their architecture. The beautiful Taj Mahal was built in 1632, under the rule of Shan Jahan, in memory of his wife, Mumtaz Mahal. The architecture of this building combined Persian and Islamic styles and is constructed of sandstone and white marble. It is obvious that the Mughals treasured presious stones because the interior of the Taj Mahal, and of other amazing creations, is inlaid with geometirc patterns of beautiful black and colored stones, gold and other valuable stones. Lal Qila, the Red Fort, is another breathtaking structure built in 1639 by Shan Jahan. This building was constructed of red sand stone, and the interior was all gold, silver, white marble and other various stones.